AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
NecrosisTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaReceptors, Tumor Necrosis FactorReceptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type IIFat NecrosisFemur Head NecrosisKidney Papillary NecrosisKidney Cortex NecrosisCytokinesKidney Tubular Necrosis, AcuteInterleukin-1ApoptosisTumor Necrosis FactorsCells, CulturedLipopolysaccharidesNF-kappa BInterleukin-6RNA, MessengerInfectious pancreatic necrosis virusLymphotoxin-alphaInterferon-gammaMacrophagesMice, Inbred C57BLCell LineTumor Necrosis Factor Decoy ReceptorsTNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing LigandInflammationSignal TransductionRetinal Necrosis Syndrome, AcuteRecombinant ProteinsTime FactorsMonocytesDisease Models, AnimalDose-Response Relationship, DrugCaspasesGene Expression RegulationInfectious hematopoietic necrosis virusLiverAntibodies, MonoclonalCell DeathReceptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine KinasesMembrane GlycoproteinsInterleukin-8Cell SurvivalAntigens, CDMice, Inbred BALB CMice, KnockoutInterleukin-1betaTumor Cells, CulturedArthritis, RheumatoidApoptosis Regulatory ProteinsAntirheumatic AgentsGene ExpressionInflammation MediatorsInterleukin-10Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionReceptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing LigandUp-RegulationNeutrophilsImmunohistochemistryAnti-Inflammatory AgentsEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayCaspase 8EndotoxinsDrug-Induced Liver InjuryMolecular Sequence DataDrug SynergismTumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and ProteinsTNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2Flow CytometryMacrophage ActivationEnzyme ActivationCaspase 3Pancreatitis, Acute NecrotizingI-kappa B ProteinsEndothelium, VascularBlotting, WesternRats, Sprague-DawleyFish DiseasesTNF Receptor-Associated Factor 1PentoxifyllineTransfectionBiological MarkersOsteonecrosisBase SequenceIntercellular Adhesion Molecule-1Leukocytes, MononuclearLungGalactosamineMacrophages, PeritonealRats, WistarFibroblastsNitric OxideDown-RegulationAntigens, CD95Cell Line, TumorMice, Inbred C3HI-kappa B KinaseImmunoglobulin GEnzyme Inhibitors
Acute tubularAvascular necrosis of the talusOsteonecrosisApoptosis and necrosisTumourIschemic necrosisCoagulative necrosisOccursApoptoticRenalFibrinoidTumorsTissuePyroptosisTalarUnique fingerprintOccurCalciphylaxisTraumaticDiagnosisComplicationsInhibitorsDiagnosticVascularDermalCellularityProteinSurgicalCytokineMacrophagesProgressionPathologyDifferentiateCellsHypoxicEtiologyPhagocytesCerebralInflammationCommonlyTherapyEdemaTreatmentSymptomsPrimarilyDiseaseAffectsInfliximabDeathCellTypicallyDisulfide
Acute tubular6
  • The death of the cells forming the tubules that transport urine to the ureters causes acute tubular necrosis. (chemistryviews.org)
  • Using mice models, the scientists demonstrated that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of hyperpolarized [1,4- 13 C 2 ]fumarate's metabolism can identify renal acute tubular necrosis in its early phase, when histological changes are minor. (chemistryviews.org)
  • Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is kidney injury characterized by acute tubular cell injury and dysfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In others, particularly those with multiple disorders, testing is needed to differentiate prerenal from renal (acute tubular necrosis) causes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Go to Acute Renal Failure and Acute Tubular Necrosis for complete information on these topics. (medscape.com)
  • If this vasospasm is brief and vascular flow is reestablished, acute tubular necrosis results. (medscape.com)
Avascular necrosis of the talus2
  • Approximately 10% of Avascular necrosis of the talus is considered idiopathic: 15% is medication-induced and 75% from trauma. (caringmedical.com)
  • While arthroscopy with or without core decompression is the standard of care for unresolved cases of avascular necrosis of the talus, we present a case of avascular necrosis of the talar dome where symptoms resolved satisfactorily with direct bone marrow injections into structures into and around the ankle. (caringmedical.com)
Osteonecrosis2
Apoptosis and necrosis2
Tumour3
  • Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α is thought to be a key early cytokine in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, despite conflicting data. (ersjournals.com)
  • This study has demonstrated that a subset of mononuclear phagocytes, mature macrophages, are responsible for tumour necrosis factor secretion and this could have implications for targeted management in sarcoidosis in the future. (ersjournals.com)
  • Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a key early cytokine in a variety of chronic inflammatory responses, including fibrosing alveolitis and granulomatous disease 6 - 8 . (ersjournals.com)
Ischemic necrosis1
Coagulative necrosis5
  • There are six distinctive morphological patterns of necrosis: Coagulative necrosis is characterized by the formation of a gelatinous (gel-like) substance in dead tissues in which the architecture of the tissue is maintained, and can be observed by light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in tissues such as the kidney, heart and adrenal glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis), in contrast to coagulative necrosis, is characterized by the digestion of dead cells to form a viscous liquid mass. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gangrenous necrosis can be considered a type of coagulative necrosis that resembles mummified tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • The histological aspects of the liver were mostly centrilobular coagulative necrosis and hemorrhage, frequently extended to the midzonal region. (scielo.br)
Occurs9
  • If superimposed infection of dead tissues occurs, then liquefactive necrosis ensues (wet gangrene). (wikipedia.org)
  • Radiation necrosis, a focal structural lesion that usually occurs at the original tumor site, is a potential long-term central nervous system (CNS) complication of radiotherapy or radiosurgery. (medscape.com)
  • We now show that during early apoptosis limited membrane permeabilization occurs in blebs and apoptotic bodies, which allows release of proteins that may affect the proximal microenvironment before the catastrophic loss of membrane integrity during secondary necrosis. (nature.com)
  • These results indicate that limited membrane permeabilization occurs in blebs and apoptotic bodies before secondary necrosis, leading to acute and localized release of immunomodulatory proteins during the early phase of active apoptotic membrane blebbing. (nature.com)
  • Fat necrosis occurs in your adipose tissue (fat tissue) when it's been injured in some way. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • A lump occurs in the first stage of fat necrosis. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Fat necrosis occurs when injury to your adipose tissue causes cells to die. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • After 30 minutes a wheal occurs followed by necrosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Avascular necrosis (AVN) occurs when bone tissue begins to die due to a lack of sufficient supply of blood. (medgadget.com)
Apoptotic3
  • Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the apoptotic signal transduction pathway, but rather various receptors are activated and result in the loss of cell membrane integrity and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the extracellular space. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, the shift from apoptosis to secondary necrosis is more graded than a simple binary switch, with the membrane permeabilization of apoptotic bodies and consequent limited release of DAMPs contributing to the transition between these states. (nature.com)
  • During apoptosis, apoptotic bodies are formed within cells. (hindawi.com)
Renal10
  • Renal cortical necrosis is usually extensive, although focal and localized forms occur. (medscape.com)
  • Acute renal failure is typical in patients with renal cortical necrosis, with associated complications (eg, hyperkalemia, fluid overload). (medscape.com)
  • Cases of renal cortical necrosis are usually bilateral. (medscape.com)
  • More prolonged vasospasm can cause necrosis and thrombosis of the distal arterioles and glomeruli, and renal cortical necrosis ensues. (medscape.com)
  • Renal cortical necrosis in placental abruption may be due to a combination of a hypercoagulable state, endothelial injury, and intravascular thrombosis. (medscape.com)
  • Renal cortical necrosis accounts for 2% of all cases of acute renal failure in adults and more than 20% of acute renal failure during the third trimester of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Renal cortical necrosis was detected by postmortem examination in 5% of infants aged 3 months or younger at death. (medscape.com)
  • Renal cortical necrosis incidence is higher in developing countries, ranging from 6-7% of all cases of acute renal failure. (medscape.com)
  • The incidence of renal cortical necrosis was reported to be 3.12% of all cases of acute renal failure based on a study from India. (medscape.com)
  • [ 8 ] Acute cortical necrosis due to obstetric causes was observed in 56.2% of patients, whereas nonobstetric causes accounted for acute renal failure in 43.8% of the patients. (medscape.com)
Fibrinoid2
  • Fibrinoid necrosis is a special form of necrosis usually caused by immune-mediated vascular damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • NiV targeted medium-sized and small blood vessels resulting in endothelial multinucleated syncytia and fibrinoid necrosis. (nih.gov)
Tumors3
Tissue21
  • Necrosis (from Ancient Greek νέκρωσις (nékrōsis) 'death') is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, untreated necrosis results in a build-up of decomposing dead tissue and cell debris at or near the site of the cell death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypoxic infarcts in the brain presents as this type of necrosis, because the brain contains little connective tissue but high amounts of digestive enzymes and lipids, and cells therefore can be readily digested by their own enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fat necrosis is specialized necrosis of fat tissue, resulting from the action of activated lipases on fatty tissues such as the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are also very specific forms of necrosis such as gangrene (term used in clinical practices for limbs which have had severe hypoxia), gummatous necrosis (due to spirochaetal infections) and hemorrhagic necrosis (due to the blockage of venous drainage of an organ or tissue). (wikipedia.org)
  • Avascular necrosis happens when something blocks the flow of blood to your bone tissue. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Avascular necrosis can affect bone tissue in any joint, but typically targets your hip. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Bone fractures or disease that prevent blood flow to bone tissue causes avascular necrosis. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Fat necrosis is death of fat tissue due to injury and loss of blood supply. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Necrosis is tissue death, usually involving a loss of blood supply. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Fat necrosis can affect anyone who sustains an injury to their fatty tissue. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Fat necrosis most commonly affects breast tissue, and it's more likely the more breast tissue you have. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Fat transfer procedures, such as the Brazilian butt lift (BBL) , which take fat from one area and move it to another area, may injure the grafted fat along the way, causing necrosis and failure of the grafted tissue. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • A severe case of acute pancreatitis can sometimes cause fat necrosis in the fatty tissue surrounding your pancreas . (clevelandclinic.org)
  • You may notice fat necrosis when you see or feel changes in the texture of your fatty tissue and, sometimes, the skin over it. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Direct contact with phosgene oxime results in immediate pain, irritation, and tissue necrosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Albany, NY -- ( SBWIRE ) -- 12/28/2017 -- Acute cutaneous necrosis can be defined as a skin disease with sudden onset of tissue death that results in significant morbidity and is usually, but not always, excruciatingly painful. (sbwire.com)
  • Bacterial soft rots can kill the plant tissue through necrosis, which cause cankers to form on stems. (gardenguides.com)
  • All groups formed more mineralized tissue than necrotic tooth (p (bvsalud.org)
  • PBM associated with MTA , BC, or hDPSC formed more mineralized tissue (p (bvsalud.org)
Pyroptosis1
  • However, there are two forms of necrosis - necroptosis and pyroptosis - which are actively regulated by the cell and are now recognized as specialized forms of programmed cell death. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Talar4
  • This technique provides a more anatomic treatment for patients with severely deficient bone stock due to talar necrosis with ankle arthritis or failed ankle replacement. (jointrehab.com)
  • 2, 3 The most feared complication of talar injuries is Avascular necrosis. (caringmedical.com)
  • The body of the talus is wider anteriorly than posteriorly and contains the talar dome, which forms the talocrural joint with the tibia. (caringmedical.com)
  • Talar neck fractures represent 50% of all talar injuries and are responsible for 90% of all traumatic avascular necrosis. (caringmedical.com)
Unique fingerprint1
  • Together they form a unique fingerprint. (tau.ac.il)
Occur6
Calciphylaxis11
Traumatic1
Diagnosis2
  • MRFR's detailed report includes segmentation of the global avascular necrosis market on the basis of type, site, diagnosis, treatment, end-user, and region. (medgadget.com)
  • the former is a more preferred form of diagnosis as it is minimally invasive, and is vital is early diagnoses of the disease. (medgadget.com)
Complications2
Inhibitors1
  • No drugs have been proved to modify the course of the disease, although tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors (TNHi) and IL-17 inhibitors (IL-17i) appear to have potential as disease-modifying agents. (medscape.com)
Diagnostic1
  • In the clinical situation of a recurrent astrocytoma (postradiation therapy), radiation necrosis presents a diagnostic dilemma. (medscape.com)
Vascular3
  • The bacterial soft rot and vascular necrosis disease in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. (edu.au)
  • Artificial inoculation of isolates into the wounded sugar beet petioles led to black streaking, root rot and vascular necrosis from which the same bacterial isolates were re-isolated and identified. (edu.au)
  • The results shed light on the bacterial causal agents of the sugar beet soft rot and vascular necrosis disease in southeastren Iran, identifying Pectobacterium isolates as the main causal agents (61% of all isolates), and uncovered the phenotypic/genetic variability among the bacterial isolates. (edu.au)
Dermal8
  • Dermal necrosis can be diagnoses using biopsy testing as it gives the correct treatment guidance and thereby providing targeted treatment to the patient. (sbwire.com)
  • The dermal necrosis market is expected to witness growth as it is a highly undiscovered area. (sbwire.com)
  • This offers an area of unmet needs where market players can develop a molecule and form a strong position in the dermal necrosis treatment market. (sbwire.com)
  • In terms of geography, Dermal Necrosis Treatment market has been divided into five regions including North- America, Asia- Pacific, Middle-East & Africa, Latin America and Europe. (sbwire.com)
  • The presence of major market players, technology advancements and research investments has made North America the dominating region for the dermal necrosis treatment market. (sbwire.com)
  • Moreover, there are many startups who are trying to enter the dermal necrosis treatment market with new technologies and more sensitive tests. (sbwire.com)
  • Asia Pacific is expected to be the fastest growing region in the dermal necrosis treatment market. (sbwire.com)
  • Some of the dermal necrosis treatment market participants are Baxter International,Boston Therapeutics, Inc.,Amgen,AstraZeneca,Glaxo Smithkline Pharmaceuticals Ltd.,Systopic Laboratories (P) Ltd.,Sun Pharmaceuticals, RPG Life Sciences and Zydus Cadila Healthcare Ltd. (sbwire.com)
Cellularity1
  • 3 Most gliomas, especially high-grade ones, show a high degree of regional heterogeneity within the tumor based on tumor cellularity, edema, and necrosis. (ajnr.org)
Protein4
  • The TNFRSF1A gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Outside the cell, the TNFR1 protein attaches (binds) to another protein called tumor necrosis factor (TNF). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The interaction of the TNF protein with the TNFR1 protein causes the TNFR1 protein to bind to two other TNFR1 proteins, forming a three-protein complex called a trimer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When cysteines within the TNFR1 protein are replaced with other amino acids, the disulfide bonds are not formed, and the protein is misfolded. (medlineplus.gov)
Surgical1
  • A late 2020 surgical paper ( 1 ) states plainly: "Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the talus remains a clinical challenge with suboptimal outcomes after treatment. (jointrehab.com)
Cytokine3
  • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), the first pro-inflammatory cytokine to be released by an inflammatory response, suppresses the translation of the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis (arylalkylamine- N -acetyltransferase, Aanat ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokine in RA may be involved in the development of the disturbed lipid metabolism. (researchgate.net)
  • Three models of hepatocyte cell death were studied: glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA)-induced cell death as a model for bile acid toxicity, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)/ actinomycin D (ActD, an inhibitor of transcription) as a model for cytokine-induced toxicity and menadione-induced cell death (menadione is a superoxide anion donor) as a model for oxidative stress-induced toxicity. (rug.nl)
Macrophages4
  • Therefore, the main objective of this study was to elucidate how iron-depleted, iron-saturated, and manganese-saturated forms of lactoferrin regulate intestinal barrier function via interactions with epithelial cells and macrophages. (springer.com)
  • None of the tested forms induced a pro-inflammatory response in Caco-2 cells or in macrophages either. (springer.com)
  • However, the various lactoferrin forms did effectively inhibit the pro-inflammatory response in macrophages that were activated with lipopolysaccharide with the most potent effect observed for apolactoferrin. (springer.com)
  • On the other hand, phagosomes are formed when the pathogen is engulfed by macrophages and fuse with lysosomes to release enzymes and toxic substances, resulting in killing or having cytotoxic effects on bacteria and tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
Progression2
  • citation needed] Structural signs that indicate irreversible cell injury and the progression of necrosis include dense clumping and progressive disruption of genetic material, and disruption to membranes of cells and organelles. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1 child who continued to decline on bevacizumab, it was later determined that the patient had disease progression, not radiation necrosis. (medscape.com)
Pathology1
  • The term "necrosis" came about in the mid-19th century and is commonly attributed to German pathologist Rudolf Virchow in, who is often regarded as one of the founders of modern pathology. (wikipedia.org)
Differentiate1
  • Glioblastoma multiforme's hallmark histology of pseudopalisading necrosis makes it difficult to differentiate radiation necrosis from recurrent astrocytoma using MRI. (medscape.com)
Cells3
  • It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation.The TNF intracellular domain (ICD) form induces IL12 production in dendritic cells. (joplink.net)
  • Up until now, this form of cell death has only been thought to be a possible therapeutic approach to treat tumor cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Oval- to spindle-shaped cells forming a fascicle (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E] stain, high power). (medscape.com)
Hypoxic1
  • This pattern of necrosis is typically seen in hypoxic (low-oxygen) environments, such as infarction. (wikipedia.org)
Etiology1
Phagocytes1
  • Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on right lungs to recover phagocytes and BAL fluid to measure the production of nitric oxide (NO) and immunomodulatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and IL-10. (cdc.gov)
Cerebral1
  • As opposed to the focal nature of radiation necrosis, diffuse cerebral atrophy is characterized by bihemispheric sulci enlargement, brain atrophy, and ventriculomegaly. (medscape.com)
Inflammation1
Commonly3
  • Severe ischemia most commonly causes necrosis of this form. (wikipedia.org)
  • More than 60 mutations in the TNFRSF1A gene have been found to cause tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (commonly known as TRAPS). (medlineplus.gov)
  • An X-ray, or, much less commonly, X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. (hpathy.com)
Therapy4
  • They note that although radiation therapy can provide some palliation in such patients, it can also result in radiation necrosis and neurologic decline. (medscape.com)
  • Patient-reported outcomes included the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ DI), Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) Scale and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). (bmj.com)
  • Additional end points included scores on the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) Disability Index (DI), and Short Form 36 (SF-36) instruments, as well as Genant-modified Sharp radiographic scores at 24 weeks. (nih.gov)
  • Influence of photobiomodulation therapy on root development of rat molars with open apex and pulp necrosis. (bvsalud.org)
Edema1
  • Edema and the presence of tumor render the CNS parenchyma in the tumor bed more susceptible to radiation necrosis. (medscape.com)
Treatment3
  • What is the treatment for more advanced forms of avascular necrosis? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • In this article I will focus on the problem of avascular necrosis in the ankle, mainly the talus bone in the ankle, and to suggest if various injections may be an effective treatment in helping you avoid ankle replacement or ankle fusion surgery . (jointrehab.com)
  • To determine the efficacy and safety of treatment with rituximab plus methotrexate (MTX) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had an inadequate response to anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapies and to explore the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rituximab in this population. (nih.gov)
Symptoms2
Primarily1
  • The Americas is the leading regional segment for avascular necrosis primarily due to the concentration of market players in the region. (medgadget.com)
Disease2
  • RA is the most common form of rheumatic immune disease. (hindawi.com)
  • Because of the similarities between childhood Still's disease and the adult form (adult-onset Still's disease, AOSD), Ilaris is expected to have similar benefits in adults. (europa.eu)
Affects2
  • Nontraumatic avascular necrosis often affects the same bones on both sides of the body. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Pancreatic fat necrosis usually affects your abdominal region, but occasionally, it can infiltrate the subcutaneous fat layer under your skin and spread throughout your body (panniculitis). (clevelandclinic.org)
Infliximab1
  • Infliximab administration is associated with important increases in cholesterol levels in all its forms but as no significant beneficial effect on the atherogenic ratio. (researchgate.net)
Death3
  • Apoptosis is the most common form of cell death and is referred to as programmed cell suicide. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • First author and Humboldt fellow at the HMGU, Dr. Jose Pedro Friedmann Angeli sums it up as follows: "Our data show that we can use pharmacological approaches to stop this form of regulated cell death. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Death of GSCs was apparently due to the iron dependent form of programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides called ferroptosis. (nature.com)
Cell5
  • Scientists call this the passive form of necrosis, as it does not require any specific activity by the cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The antitumor effect of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in gliomas has thus far only been thoroughly established in tumor cell lines. (aacrjournals.org)
  • What happens to the organelles + cell in necrosis? (brainscape.com)
  • When the cell lysis (explodes) in necrosis what is attracted and what does this cause? (brainscape.com)
  • Moderate to marked immunolabeling was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of hepatocytes, predominantly on the periphery of areas of hepatic necrosis indicating cell apoptosis. (scielo.br)
Typically1
  • Caseous necrosis can be considered a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, typically caused by mycobacteria (e.g. tuberculosis), fungi and some foreign substances. (wikipedia.org)
Disulfide1
  • Cysteines contain sulfur atoms that form connections, called disulfide bonds, with other cysteines. (medlineplus.gov)