FertilizationFolliclesOvulationSpermExtracellular matrixEmbryonic developmentBovineOvariesMammalianOvaryGranulosa cellEmbryosEmbryo developmentOvarianOvumMenstrual cycleOogoniaReproductive techniquesFluidVivoPhysiologicalAssaysInduceAtresiaMeioticOccursMammalsSurvivalMeiosisGametesPregnancyDiameterFindingsGrowthDevelopmentFemaleHumanProcessPrimaryEssentialCultureYears
Fertilization12
- Upon fertilization by sperm, the secondary oocyte continues the second part of meiosis and becomes a zygote. (wikipedia.org)
- Usage of melatonin during in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures has been found to improve oocyte quality, survival, and fecundity. (jrhm.org)
- These protease-induced decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 likely cause increased levels of bioavailable (or free) IGFs that stimulate steroidogenesis and mitogenesis in developing dominant follicles, which ultimately prepare the follicle(s) and oocyte(s) for successful ovulation and fertilization. (bioone.org)
- 11 Among women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer in the United States, deliveries per oocyte retrieved decreased from 36.9 percent among women under the age of 35 years to 20.5 percent among women between the ages of 38 and 40 years and to 10.7 percent among women between the ages of 41 and 42 years. (ldysinger.com)
- On the one hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are mandatory mediators for essential cellular functions including the function of germ cells (oocytes and spermatozoa) and thereby the fertilization process. (hindawi.com)
- However, these techniques have to be carried out very carefully as they, if applied wrongly, bear risks of generating ROS damaging the germ cells and preventing fertilization. (hindawi.com)
- This has been shown for intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and ICSI, and increased incidences of chromosomal abnormalities, minor and major birth defects, or early childhood cancers, particularly in the male offspring, have been linked to these procedures [ 8 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
- During mammalian fertilization, sperm should be able to reach the cumulus-oocyte complex, get through the hyaluronic matrix of the cumulus and penetrate the zona pellucida (ZP) in order to fuse with the egg. (biomedcentral.com)
- The oocytes were fertilized by spermatozoa that had been capacitated with two groups of fertilization media, the first group containing melatonin and the second group containing cysteamine. (vetmedmosul.com)
- In the last decade, in vitro fertilization and sperm capacitation techniques have significantly advanced. (vetmedmosul.com)
- ROS are free radicals that are continuously produced by oxidative metabolic reactions and increase in vitro conditions, causing aging of both the oocyte (7) and sperm (8), as well as perhaps impairing fertilization and embryo development. (vetmedmosul.com)
- The ampulla serves as the physiologic site for final gamete maturation, fertilization, and early embryonic development. (medscape.com)
Follicles10
- For several primary oocytes that complete meiosis I each month, only one or a few functional oocyte, the dominant follicles, completes maturation and undergoes ovulation. (wikipedia.org)
- The primary oocyte turns into a secondary oocyte in mature ovarian follicles. (wikipedia.org)
- For in vitro culture of follicles, there are various techniques to optimize the growth of follicles, including the use of defined media, growth factors and three-dimensional extracellular matrix support. (wikipedia.org)
- As follicles grow, they acquire receptors for luteinizing hormone, a pituitary hormone that reinitiates meiosis in the oocyte and causes ovulation of a fertilizable egg. (wikipedia.org)
- The mammalian ovary has all the molecular machinery required for the biosynthesis of melatonin and interestingly concentration of melatonin in the follicular fluid of pre-ovulatory follicles is much higher than circulatory melatonin even in humans. (jrhm.org)
- Beginning on day 4 of culture, we observed significantly higher follicular and oocyte growth rates in follicles co-cultured with AOECs compared with follicles on gel or matrigel. (biomedcentral.com)
- This model is a novel platform for the in vitro maturation of early follicles and for the future exploration of endothelial-follicular communication. (biomedcentral.com)
- In vitro development of early follicles necessitates a complex interplay of growth factors and signals required for development. (biomedcentral.com)
- These drawbacks could be overcome by the ability to mature early follicles in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
- These hormones then travel to the ovaries through the bloodstream, stimulating the development of ovarian follicles and the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone (two important hormones in the female body) during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. (novoslabs.com)
Ovulation4
- These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- Cumulus oophorus is a cluster of cells (called cumulus cells) that surround the oocyte both in the ovarian follicle and after ovulation. (wikipedia.org)
- To tease apart the effects of high baseline cortisol Accepted 2 May 2012 levels and stress-induced elevation of cortisol titers, we determined how varying degrees of cortisol elevation Available online 8 May 2012 (i.e., acute and chronic) affected behavior, reproductive physiology, and reproductive success of adult femalepink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) relative to different states of ovulation (i.e., ripe and unripe). (health-articles.net)
- The purpose of the follicular phase is to develop a follicle capable of undergoing ovulation. (formularywatch.com)
Sperm15
- This study was conducted to evaluate in vivo and in vitro development of in vitro-matured equine oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (bioone.org)
- Oocytes were collected from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries, matured in vitro, and injected with frozen-thawed stallion sperm. (bioone.org)
- When the inability of male transgenic rats to transmit the transgene is not associated with mosaicism, microinsemination techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and round spermatid injection (ROSI) can be used for passage of the transgenes. (go.jp)
- Our ICSI procedure includes the use of a piezo-driven small-sized injection pipette (2-4 μm in diameter), isolated sperm heads, and freshly ovulated oocytes. (go.jp)
- These microinsemination techniques can be combined with cryopreservation of sperm and spermatid cells, leading to successful transmission of transgenes carried in male gametes. (go.jp)
- In addition, other corrective measures include sperm separation for assisted reproductive techniques. (hindawi.com)
- 5 If the oocyte becomes fertilized by a sperm cell, the result is pregnancy. (formularywatch.com)
- The mammalian oocyte extracellular matrix known as the zona pellucida (ZP) acts as a barrier to accomplish sperm fusion with the female gamete. (biomedcentral.com)
- oxidative stress is the most prominent one, which will cause damage or alter the genetic material of the sperm and reduce the quality of the oocytes, and has a crucial impact on the possibility of developing embryos even after implantation. (vetmedmosul.com)
- For this purpose, we have incubated ram sperm using four different treatments in terms of antioxidants: melatonin, cysteamine, vitamin C, and vitamin E. They were incubated by the standard methods of maturation and capacitation of sperm. (vetmedmosul.com)
- In conclusion, melatonin could be a promising tool for improving sperm competence for fertilizing oocytes and embryo development in sheep. (vetmedmosul.com)
- To fertilize the oocytes, sperm must undergo a series of physiological and biochemical alterations in vitro (3). (vetmedmosul.com)
- Oxidative stress is one of the key factors contributing to a decrease in sperm quality during the maturation and capacitation of the sperm (5). (vetmedmosul.com)
- thereby, oocytes and sperm are highly vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) attacks, affecting their quality and viability (6). (vetmedmosul.com)
- Blumenfeld Z, Makler A, Gershon H, Brandes JM: An improved sperm immobilization test based on multiple exposure photography technique. (sapub.org)
Extracellular matrix1
- The granulosa cells, in turn, are enclosed in a thin layer of extracellular matrix - the follicular basement membrane or basal lamina (fibro-vascular coat in picture). (wikipedia.org)
Embryonic development1
- Oogonia enter meiosis during embryonic development, becoming oocytes. (wikipedia.org)
Bovine1
- Melatonin supplementation has been shown to promote bovine and porcine oocytes' maturation rate and increase their blastocyst of IVF embryos (16). (vetmedmosul.com)
Ovaries3
- Once a month, one of the ovaries releases a mature egg (ovum), known as an oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
- It has been hypothesized that in gonadal dysgenesis various deletions on the X chromosome cause such rapid atresia of oocytes 5 that few girls with this condition reach puberty with functioning ovaries. (ldysinger.com)
- At the end of 15 days, five mice in each group were euthanized and the ovaries were analyzed for follicular morphometry and granulosa cell count. (biomedcentral.com)
Mammalian1
- Mammalian oocytes are maintained in meiotic prophase arrest for a very long time-months in mice, years in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Ovary2
- In humans, oocytes are established in the ovary before birth and may lie dormant awaiting initiation for up to 50 years. (wikipedia.org)
- Further, melatonin and its receptors play a significant role in antioxidant defense mechanism of ovary for follicular growth and maturation. (jrhm.org)
Granulosa cell1
- The aim of this study was to assess the effects of brief, intense exposure to tobacco smoke on granulosa cell number, oocyte growth, and follicle size during puberty in female Swiss mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Embryos2
- Oocytes, sperms, and embryos are shielded from oxidative stress in their natural environment by free radical scavengers found in oviductal and follicular fluids. (vetmedmosul.com)
- Oocytes and embryos are not provided with this level of protection when in vitro production (9). (vetmedmosul.com)
Embryo development2
- Moreover, the in vitro experiment demonstrated high glucose amounts' deleterious effect on embryo development [ 3 ]. (ejast.org)
- Scientists attempting to discover the basic requirements for successful embryo development have a hurdle when using in vitro embryo manufacturing strategies (2). (vetmedmosul.com)
Ovarian3
- Ovarian function may be measured by gynecologic ultrasonography of follicular volume. (wikipedia.org)
- The aim of this study is to investigate the role of activated ovarian endothelial cells in early in-vitro follicular development. (biomedcentral.com)
- We suggest that co-culture with activated ovarian ECs promotes early follicular development and survival. (biomedcentral.com)
Ovum3
- Each of them contains a single oocyte (immature ovum or egg cell). (wikipedia.org)
- Diagram showing the reduction in number of the chromosomes in the process of maturation of the ovum . (wikipedia.org)
- oocytogenesis , ootidogenesis , and finally maturation to form an ovum (oogenesis proper). (wikipedia.org)
Menstrual cycle1
- In the second half of the menstrual cycle, the oocyte travels to the uterus through the fallopian tube. (formularywatch.com)
Oogonia2
- After beginning the meiotic process, the oogonia (now called primary oocytes) can no longer replicate. (wikipedia.org)
- Oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes, which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary oocytes , a process called oocytogenesis . (wikipedia.org)
Reproductive techniques2
- Therefore, in future, melatonin can be implicated as preferable therapeutic especially in IVF and assisted reproductive techniques. (jrhm.org)
- This stress correlates with declining egg quality, impacting assisted reproductive techniques' success. (novoslabs.com)
Fluid1
- This protease activity has recently been ascribed to serine metalloprotease(s), including pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), which was first detected in human follicular fluid nearly 20 yr ago. (bioone.org)
Vivo3
- Two novel human antitumor immunoconjugates, engineered by fusion of a single-chain antibody fragment against human ErbB2 receptor, termed Erbicin, with either a human RNase or the Fc region of a human IgG(1) , are selectively cytotoxic for ErbB2-positive cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. (cirn-na.com)
- In vivo development was assessed after transfer of injected oocytes to the oviducts of recipient mares. (bioone.org)
- However, DFMO had been mainly without effect of these inside vitro or even in vivo assays. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
Physiological1
- Addressing those 'big questions' of high societal relevance have the merit of creating high visibility and also funding opportunities, however, classic comparative physiology and biochemistry is running the risk of becoming marginalized in this process, if the underlying physiological and biochemical processes cannot be visualized accordingly. (easychair.org)
Assays1
- Likewise, to further understand the species translatability of ASO-induced thrombocytopenia, in vitro platelet activity and aggregometry assays were performed using a panel of tool ASOs with different sequences and modifications. (uantwerpen.be)
Induce1
- Moreover, brief exposure during puberty may induce silent oocyte disruption, which could in turn lead to decreased fecundity rates. (biomedcentral.com)
Atresia3
- Female infants have 6 to 7 million oocytes at 20 weeks of gestation, when progressive atresia occurs, resulting in 1 to 2 million oocytes at birth, approximately 25,000 at the age of 37 years, and 1000 at the age of 51 years, the average age of natural menopause in the United States. (ldysinger.com)
- In normal women, at approximately 37.5 years of age, an accelerated atresia of the oocytes begins 1 , 2 ( Figure 1 ). (ldysinger.com)
- As atresia continues, both the number and quality of oocytes fall below a critical level, and the rate of aneuploidy increases - a finding that is related at least in part to problems of the meiotic spindle 15 , 16 resulting in nondisjunction. (ldysinger.com)
Meiotic3
- However, as the oocyte grows, these proteins are synthesized, and meiotic arrest becomes dependent on cyclic AMP . (wikipedia.org)
- Maintenance of meiotic arrest also depends on the presence of a multilayered complex of cells, known as a follicle, that surrounds the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
- In the oocyte, cyclic GMP prevents the breakdown of cyclic AMP by the phosphodiesterase PDE3, and thus maintains meiotic arrest. (wikipedia.org)
Occurs2
- Oocyte meiosis, important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division, occurs completely without the aid of spindle -coordinating centrosomes . (wikipedia.org)
- Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)
Mammals1
- This review summarizes evidence for the role of proteolytic enzymes that degrade and inactivate insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) during follicular development in mammals. (bioone.org)
Survival2
- Further knowledge of the integrin-mediated regulation of cell growth and cell survival may facilitate our understanding of many key aspects of development and physiology in reproduction. (go.jp)
- Follicular growth, survival and function were assessed. (biomedcentral.com)
Meiosis2
- Removal of the oocyte from the follicle causes meiosis to progress in the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
- [5] Because the granulosa cells and oocyte are connected by gap junctions, cyclic GMP also decreases in the oocyte, causing meiosis to resume. (wikipedia.org)
Gametes1
- The in vitro embryo production (IVEP) is very stressful for gametes. (vetmedmosul.com)
Pregnancy1
- AN - PRENATAL NUTRITION is also available HN - 2008 BX - Mother Nutrition BX - Nursing Mother Nutrition FX - Maternal Nutrition Physiology DH - Prenatal Nutrition DI - 052506 MN - SP6.021.082 MS - Nutrition of FETUS and mother during PREGNANCY. (bvsalud.org)
Diameter1
Findings1
- These findings are linked to melatonin's ability to reduce ROS and its adverse effects on oocytes, such as aging, apoptosis, and its capacity to bind to specific DNA sequences and interact with cytosolic molecules to regulate antioxidant genes (17). (vetmedmosul.com)
Growth1
- Duplicating the complex interaction of growth factors, cellular and hormonal signals required for follicular development and oocyte maturation in vitro is challenging. (biomedcentral.com)
Development3
- However, it is also possible that such genetic defects result in a smaller complement of oocytes during gonadal development. (ldysinger.com)
- However, the mechanisms underlying the association between impairment of follicular development and smoking are not well known. (biomedcentral.com)
- Angiogenesis has also been shown as critical in the process of early follicular development. (biomedcentral.com)
Female1
- Extensive research has unraveled a niche for melatonin that is of great significance for the female reproductive physiology. (jrhm.org)
Human2
- This review describes the available information regarding the role of integrins in human reproductive physiology and discusses their clinical implications. (go.jp)
- AN - check the tag INFANT HN - 2008 FX - Child Nutrition FX - Infant Nutrition Physiology FX - Milk FX - Milk, Human DH - Adolescent Nutrition DI - 052508 MN - SP6.021.067 MS - Nutrition of persons 10 through 19 years of age. (bvsalud.org)
Process1
- The progressive loss of oocytes from fetal life through menopause is a normal process. (ldysinger.com)
Primary1
- [2] It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation. (wikipedia.org)
Essential1
- In the farming setting, temperature outcomes in which probably interrupt food accessibility might be more essential as compared to outcomes IKK-16 in vitro immediately affecting your success of Whitened Stork children. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
Culture2
- This study aimed to determine the influence of antioxidants on the achievement of In vitro culture (IVC) and sperm's ability to adhere to and penetrate further into In vitro maturated oocytes. (vetmedmosul.com)
- As a result, developing a culture medium capable of effectively reducing ROS in vitro embryo production (IVEP) protocols is of tremendous importance (10). (vetmedmosul.com)
Years1
- 1 The images in Panel B - which shows histologic specimens of oocytes (arrows) taken from patients at birth, at the age of 25 years, and at the age of 50 years - are adapted from Erickson 8 and are reprinted with the permission of the publisher. (ldysinger.com)