Follicular helper germinal b cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

Upon cellular interaction and cross-signaling with their cognate follicular (Fo B) B cells, TFH cells trigger the formation and maintenance of germinal centers through the expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) and the secretion of IL-21 and IL-4. (wikipedia.org)
TFH cells also migrate from T cell zones into these seeded germinal centers, predominantly composed of rapidly dividing B cells mutating their Ig genes. (wikipedia.org)
Within germinal centers, TFH cells play a critical role in mediating the selection and survival of B cells that go on to differentiate either into long-lived plasma cells capable of producing high affinity antibodies against foreign antigen, or germinal center-dependent memory B cells capable of quick immune re-activation in the future if ever the same antigen is re-encountered. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, it has been shown that ICOS induces the secretion of IL-21 cytokine by activated CD4+ T cells and that IL-21 plays a crucial role in the development of TFH cells and germinal centers. (wikipedia.org)
In germinal centers, antigen-experienced TFH cells rapidly upregulate the expression of CD40L, which binds and stimulates the B cell surface receptor CD40. (wikipedia.org)
They are uniquely found predominantly at the border of the T cell zone that merges with the B cell follicles and germinal centers. (wikipedia.org)
however, they are also capable of driving follicular B cell development adjacent to and outside of germinal centers to produce quickly responsive but non-durable plasma cell-driven antibody responses (known as the extrafollicular response). (wikipedia.org)
they are primarily found in germinal centers (GCs) where their interaction with B cells supports humoral immune responses and efficient antibody production. (ox.ac.uk)
Loss of Bcl-6-Expressing T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Centers in COVID-19. (nih.gov)
We further identified SARS-CoV-2-specific germinal centers in the lung-associated LNs up to 6 months after infection. (nih.gov)
During influenza infection, both Tfh and B cells are present at germinal centers in the lymph nodes that drain the lungs. (uab.edu)
B7-H2 interaction costimulates T cell proliferation, development of B cells, plasma cells, follicular helper T cells, and germinal centers. (biolegend.com)
Dr. Muir's biomedical research in immunology and infectious diseases focuses on germinal centers (GC) in health, disease and vaccination. (drexel.edu)
SAP is required for proper T cell help in germinal centers (GCs). (lu.se)
Histological and flow cytometric examination of germinal centers, birthplaces of long-term humoral immunity, demonstrate their induction within 2 weeks of a primary infection and the presence of germinal center follicular helper T and B cells. (canlyme.com)
However, the apparent normal induction of germinal centers is followed by their rapid and global collapse in multiple lymphoid organs by day 45. (canlyme.com)
Together our data demonstrate that Bb infection suppresses the development of long-lived antibody production and immunological memory formation and indicates that Bb may achieve this by suppressing the function and/or causing the rapid and global collapse of germinal centers. (canlyme.com)
B-cell lymphomas arise from mutations affecting B-cell differentiation, particularly within germinal centers (GCs) where B-cells interact with T follicular helper cells ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)
B cells expressing high affinity antigen receptors are advantaged in germinal centers (GC), perhaps by increased acquisition of antigen for presentation to follicular helper T cells and improved T-cell help. (duke.edu)
These follicles, having true germinal centers, are similar to the follicles of the spleen and lymph nodes. (medscape.com)
they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)

It is possible that TFH cells might arise as branches in the Th1 and Th2 differentiation pathways but their precise lineage relationship to the other effector CD4+ T cell subsets is still uncertain. (wikipedia.org)
Monitoring specific dysfunctional myeloid cell subsets in peripheral blood may provide prognostic keys in COVID-19. (frontiersin.org)
She has authored many publications in her field, with a focus on how specialized cell subsets in the follicles can be targeted for novel vaccines against HIV and other viral infections. (drexel.edu)
Dr. Muir's recent work examines how cell subsets of the GC such as T follicular helper cells and GC B cells are known to be dysregulated in acute and chronic infections. (drexel.edu)
A number of the immunologic abnormalities seen in SARD, including changes in peripheral B (switched memory) and T (iNKT, T regulatory, activated memory T follicular helper) subsets and B cell activation, were also seen in asymptomatic ANA + subjects and those with UCTD. (biomedcentral.com)
ICOS is expressed on either CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive mature thymocytes, T cells, or subsets of Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC). (bdbiosciences.com)
Significant changes in the percentages of naïve, central memory T (TCM), and effector memory (TEM) cells and their CD4+ and CD8+ subsets were found in the peripheral blood of mice with colitis using flow cytometry. (sciencegate.app)
Maintaining the homeostasis of the multiple functionally distinct conventional dendritic cells (cDC) subsets that exist in vivo is crucial for regulating immune responses, with changes in numbers sufficient to break immune tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
She currently works in Dr. Marc Jenkins' lab as a PhD candidate, investigating the role of CD4 + T cell subsets in germinal center and memory B cell formation and isotype switching. (stemcell.com)
The focus of my work is to better understand the factors that drive the differentiation program of different CD4 + T helper cell subsets. (stemcell.com)
I am also interested in identifying how each of these subsets contribute to different aspects of the B cell response, such as the formation of plasma cells, germinal center B cells and memory B cells. (stemcell.com)
Homeostatic, repertoire and transcriptional relationships between colon T regulatory cell subsets. (preprintclub.com)

TFH cell-dependent paracrine activation of B cell CD40 results in B cell survival and differentiation, including the induction of AID (activation-induced (cytidine) deaminase). (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, in the absence of TFH cells, similar to B cell activation by T-cell independent antigens, a quick burst of low affinity plasma cell production is formed but this does not lead to germinal center induction nor permit antibody affinity maturation or the differentiation of effective memory B cells which are essential in fortifying the body against subsequent infections. (wikipedia.org)
Their differentiation is regulated by B-cell lymphoma 6. (ox.ac.uk)
André Ballesteros-Tato, Ph.D., and colleagues at the University of Alabama at Birmingham have now published a mouse-model study in the journal Immunity showing that interferon-gamma produced by T follicular helper cells, or Tfh cells, after intranasal influenza infection is required to initiate the path of B cell differentiation into lung-BRMs. (uab.edu)
The UAB researchers found that the preferential differentiation of lung-BRMs early after infection correlated with differences in the Tfh cell response early in the viral infection. (uab.edu)
In mechanistic details, the researchers found that intrinsic IFN-γ-STAT1 signaling in B cells in the germinal center of lung-draining lymph nodes promoted expression of the T-bet transcription factor, and T-bet was necessary for differentiation into pre-memory B cells that express the surface marker CXCR3. (uab.edu)
It has unique roles in T cell activation and differentiation, splenic germinal center formation, and immunoglobulin class switching. (biolegend.com)
The expression of ICOS within the first 48 hours after T cell activation suggests that it may contribute to the differentiation of T cells during the primary response. (biolegend.com)
These results suggest that this protein plays a pivotal role in T cell activation and Th1/Th2 differentiation. (biolegend.com)
It depends on a stage-wise developmental process that includes B cell activation, antigen processing and presentation to T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, proliferation and somatic hypermutation in GC, selection and eventual differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells (PC) or memory B cells. (umontreal.ca)
Background/Aim: B-cell lymphomas are characterized by diverse genetic anomalies affecting B-cell differentiation. (iiarjournals.org)
The complexities in B-cell lymphoma, including the common diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) subtype, originate from accumulated genetic anomalies during this differentiation process ( 3 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Figure 4: PD-1 hi CXCR5 − CD4 + T cells promote plasma cell differentiation through IL-21 and SLAMF5 interactions. (nature.com)
Therefore, elucidating the mechanism of Tfh cell differentiation will contribute to SLE treatment. (bmj.com)
Previous studies have found that DRDs can regulate differentiation of immune cells. (bmj.com)
Finally, in vitro experiments and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were used to explore the possible pathway by which DRDs regulate Tfh cell differentiation. (bmj.com)
In vitro induction experiments showed that differentiation of naïve T cells into Tfh cells was accompanied by an increase in D1-like receptor expression. (bmj.com)
RNA-seq and RT-qPCR results indicate that D1-like receptors might promote Tfh cell differentiation through the Phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1)/Kruppel-like factor 2 (Klf2) pathway. (bmj.com)
D1-like receptors may promote Tfh cell differentiation through the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1/Klf2 pathway. (bmj.com)
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) regulate the differentiation of germinal center B cells and maintain humoral immunity. (sciencegate.app)
These results suggested that curcumin effectively regulated the differentiation of naïve, TCM, and TEM cells in the peripheral blood to alleviate DSS-induced experimental colitis, which might be related to the inhibition of JAK1/STAT5 signaling activity. (sciencegate.app)
The differentiation into PD1hi Tfh is dependent on MHC class II interactions with B cells and requires CXCR5. (figshare.com)
Our data suggest a Tfh differentiation pathway that is initially B cell-independent, then dependent on non-cognate B cell interactions, and finally following cognate interaction with B cells and CXCR5-ligands allows the formation of GC-Tfh. (figshare.com)
Due to its potent effects on B cell proliferation and differentiation, IL-4 is considered a canonical Tfh cell cytokine, produced even during antimicrobial responses that elicit little IgG1 and no IgE. (yale.edu)
however, GC B cell formation and plasmablast differentiation were unaffected by the loss of IL-4 from Tfh cells. (yale.edu)

This small discrete sub-population of cells, called TFR cells (for T Follicular Regulatory cells), is important in helping to control and limit the magnitude of normal germinal center responses such that they avoid the potential to produce abnormally mutated or self-reactive autoimmune-associated antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
TFH cells are considered an indispensable T cell subset in the generation and maintenance of germinal center responses. (wikipedia.org)
However, the role of GC T FH cells in GC B cell responses following various simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine regimens in rhesus macaques (RMs) has not been fully investigated. (edu.pe)
GC T FH responses at day 3 post-mucosal priming were consistent with generation of Env-specific memory B cells in GCs and elicitation of prolonged Env-specific humoral immunity in the rectal mucosa. (edu.pe)
GC Env-specific memory B cell responses elicited early post-systemic boosting correlated significantly with decreased viremia postinfection. (edu.pe)
Our results highlight the importance of early GC T FH cell responses for robust GC maturation and generation of long-lasting SIV-specific humoral responses at mucosal and systemic sites. (edu.pe)
The immune responses associated with severe and fatal COVID-19 manifestations include defective antiviral mechanisms such as type I interferon (IFN) responses ( 3 , 4 ), imbalanced T cell responses ( 5 , 6 ), abnormal expansion of potentially dysfunctional B cells ( 7 ), exuberant inflammation driven by altered myeloid responses ( 8 , 9 ), and production of potentially pathogenic antibodies (autoantibodies and/or proinflammatory antibodies) ( 10 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Thus, Tfh cell help is required for class-switched-specific BRM responses to influenza. (uab.edu)
Platforms include Epibase™ In Silico for the prediction of T cell epitopes and Epibase™ In Vitro for the assessment of T cell and B cell responses in human donor PBMC. (pegsummit.com)
Dr. Muir's research also looks at the role of multiple adjuvant candidates that aim to improve vaccine responses by enhancing the innate immune and Tfh-B cell program, such as molecules that activate the STING pathway and the enzyme adenosine deaminase-1 (ADA-1). (drexel.edu)
Adaptive immune repertoires are composed by the ensemble of B and T-cell receptors within an individual, reflecting both past and current immune responses. (nature.com)
Allo-Specific Humoral Responses: New Methods for Screening Donor-Specific Antibody and Characterization of HLA-Specific Memory B Cells. (duke.edu)
T PH cells appear to be uniquely poised to promote B-cell responses and antibody production within pathologically inflamed non-lymphoid tissues. (nature.com)
Optimal germinal center responses require a multistage T cell:B cell adhesion process involving integrins, SLAM-associated protein, and CD84. (nature.com)
T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells are a specialized subset of Foxp3+ T cells that modulate antibody responses in the GC. (usda.gov)
Peanut-specific IgE levels and anaphylaxis responses were significantly blunted in TFR cell-deficient mice. (usda.gov)
Mice with augmented TFR cell responses had markedly higher levels of peanut-specific IgE, revealing an active helper function on antigen-specific IgE by TFR cells. (usda.gov)
Immunity against malaria depends on germinal center (GC)-derived antibody responses that are orchestrated by T follicular helper (TFH) cells. (uiowa.edu)
Emerging data show that the regulatory cytokine IL-10 plays an essential role in promoting GC B cell responses during both experimental malaria and virus infections. (uiowa.edu)
The critical functions of IL-10 manifested only before the orchestration of GC responses and were primarily localized outside of B cell follicles. (uiowa.edu)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells that instruct T cell responses through sensing environmental and inflammatory danger signals. (frontiersin.org)
As a consequence, cDC2 dependent CD4 + T cell proliferation and T follicular helper cell responses are increased. (frontiersin.org)
Collectively, our data demonstrate that PTPN22 controls cDC2 homeostasis, which in turn ensures appropriate cDC2-dependent T cell responses under antigenic challenge. (frontiersin.org)
Functionally, cDC1 cross-present exogenous antigens to activate CD8 + T cells and can promote IL-12 dependent Th1 responses ( 1 , 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Under polarizing inflammatory conditions, cDC2 induce Th2 responses in the lung ( 9 , 10 ), drive Th17 responses through IL-23 secretion ( 11 - 17 ), and initiate SIRPα dependent induction of T follicular helper cells (T FH ) and germinal center (GC) formation ( 18 ). (frontiersin.org)
This technology allows us to reasonably study physiological CD4 + T cell responses. (stemcell.com)
The PD1lo Tfh-like cells make early cytokine responses and may represent precursors of CD4 memory cells. (figshare.com)
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the conventional drivers of protective, germinal center (GC)-based antiviral antibody responses. (yale.edu)
However, given that IL-4 is also a switch factor that is sufficient for IgE induction, this raises the question of how Tfh cells produce IL-4 during type 1 immune responses without aberrantly inducing IgE. (yale.edu)
In addition, we found that Tfh cells during type 1 immune responses generated minimal IL-4 protein, with levels of IL-4 tightly regulated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. (yale.edu)
These data support the role of Tfh cell-derived IL-4 as a rheostat for the appropriate induction of IgG1 versus IgE antibodies during type 1 and type 2 immune responses, rather than as a pro-survival factor for GC B cells. (yale.edu)
Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)

AID expression (encoded by the AICDA gene) causes B cell antibodies to class switch from IgM/IgD to other antibody isotypes and drives somatic hypermutation during clonal proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
Also, secondary, but not primary, clonal proliferation of antigen-specific B cells is impaired in ICOS-KO mice, and therefore the generation of secondary antibody-secreting cells is also impaired. (biolegend.com)
Mechanistically, PTPN22 mediates cDC2 homeostasis in a cell intrinsic manner by restricting cDC2 proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
Even so, significant reductions in GC-B and Tfh cells, and decreased isotype turned B-cell proliferation, had been seen in LNs (supplemental Amount 2). (sciencepop.org)
Additionally, miR-146a silencing or restoration of FLAP led to a reduction of HepG2 cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration, and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)

Krenacs et al have suggested that the phenotype of neoplastic cells in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma appears consistent with the phenotype of activated follicular B-helper T cells. (medscape.com)

GC-resident T FH cells have been fully characterized in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (edu.pe)
The Role of CD4+ T Follicular Helper Cells in HIV Infection: From the Germinal Center to the Periphery. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, we report from examination of SARS-CoV-2 seropositive organ donors (ages 10 to 74) that CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and B cell memory generated in response to infection is present in the bone marrow, spleen, lung, and multiple lymph nodes (LNs) for up to 6 months after infection. (nih.gov)
Unlike antibody-producing B cells that help fight the current infection, the long-lived, non-circulating lung-BRMs migrate to the lungs from draining lymph nodes. (uab.edu)
Class-switched memory B cells that are primed against the influenza virus begin to appear in the lungs at day 10 of the infection, and their numbers peak at Day 30. (uab.edu)
They found that mice whose B cells lacked the receptor for INF-γ had significantly diminished numbers of flu-specific BRMs after influenza virus infection. (uab.edu)
The researchers found that mice whose B cells lacked STAT1 also failed to accumulate flu-specific BRMs after influenza infection. (uab.edu)
Here, we recovered transcriptome and immune repertoire information for polyclonal T follicular helper cells following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, CD8+ T cells with binding specificity restricted to two distinct LCMV peptides, and B and T cells isolated from the nervous system in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. (nature.com)
Remarkably, both T-dependent and T-independent antibodies disappear rapidly when infection is controlled by antibiotic treatment and Bb-specific memory B cells could not be recovered. (canlyme.com)
Distinct from reports of virus infection, we found that IL-10 expressed by conventional, Foxp3-negative effector CD4 T cells and functioned in a B cell-intrinsic manner only during the first 96 hours of Plasmodium infection to support humoral immunity. (uiowa.edu)
As T cell-B cell interactions and immunoglobulin class switching still occur in these patients, non-canonical pathways of antibody production may be operative during SARS-CoV-2 infection. (yale.edu)
At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)

When fluorochrome conjugated antibodies are bound to CompBeads, they have spectral properties very similar to cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Cells may be prepared, stained with antibodies and washed twice with wash buffer per established protocols for immunofluorescence staining, prior to acquisition on a flow cytometer. (bdbiosciences.com)
secreted version: antibodies) and T cell receptor (TCR), respectively. (nature.com)
Production of high affinity antibodies is a hallmark of the humoral immune response and occurs in the germinal center (GC). (umontreal.ca)
High affinity antigen-specific antibodies develop from B cells within the germinal center (GC) reaction. (usda.gov)
Spike-specific IgG and IgM are generated from both the early extrafollicular antibody response and the T follicular helper cell-supported germinal center reaction, which is associated with the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. (ox.ac.uk)

Follicular helper T cells (also known as follicular B helper T cells and abbreviated as TFH), are antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells found in the periphery within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen and Peyer's patches, and are identified by their constitutive expression of the B cell follicle homing receptor CXCR5. (wikipedia.org)
Recent advances in single-cell sequencing enable recovery of the complete adaptive immune receptor sequences in addition to transcriptional information. (nature.com)
B-cell receptor diversification, essential for adaptive immunity, depends on processes like V(D)J recombination and somatic hypermutation ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Yaa mice develop an expanded population of central memory (CM) CD8 + T cells with increased expression of the IL-15 receptor (IL-15R). (umaine.edu)
Another cytokine receptor, IL-6R, is also increased early on CD4 + T cells in the spleen, and BXSB.Yaa mice deficient in IL-6 do not develop disease. (umaine.edu)
TAPIR: a T-cell receptor language model for predicting rare and novel targets. (preprintclub.com)

This approach revealed a markedly expanded population of PD-1 hi CXCR5 − CD4 + T cells in synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (nature.com)
Rather, using multidimensional cytometry, transcriptomics, and functional assays, we define a population of PD-1 hi CXCR5 − 'peripheral helper' T (T PH ) cells that express factors enabling B-cell help, including IL-21, CXCL13, ICOS, and MAF. (nature.com)
Figure 1: Expanded PD-1 hi CXCR5 − CD4 + T cells in joints and blood of patients with seropositive RA. (nature.com)
Figure 2: Synovial PD-1 hi CXCR5 − CD4 + T cells express factors associated with B-cell help. (nature.com)
Figure 3: High-dimensional analyses of PD-1 hi CXCR5 − and PD-1 hi CXCR5 + cells identify shared and distinct features. (nature.com)
Additionally, our results suggest that a T follicular helper (Tfh)-like cell is driving this disease, differing from classical Tfh cells in that it is CXCR5 independent. (umaine.edu)
however, their entry to follicles is independent of CXCR5 or cognate interactions with B cells. (figshare.com)

in addition, the ICOS-negative T cells do not accumulate in B cell follicles. (biolegend.com)

Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) have been referred as a lineage that provides a help for B cells to proliferate and undergo antibody affinity maturation in the germinal center. (houstonmethodist.org)

We characterized GC T FH cells of RMs over the course of a mucosal/systemic vaccination regimen to elucidate GC formation and SIV humoral response generation. (edu.pe)

B ) Muzzle skin was digested and analyzed via FACS for Siglec F + eosinophils (left panels), Ly- 6G + neutrophils (middle panels), Ly-6C + MHC-II lo monocytes and Ly-6C + MHC-II hi monocyte-derived dendritic cells (right panels). (elifesciences.org)
Dendritic cells are present in the skin (as Langerhans cells), lymph nodes, and tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage (a different cell type than conventional dendritic cells), do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Studies have however shown that TFH have distinct gene expression profiles, supporting the theory that TFH are a subset of CD4+ T cells distinct from Th-1, Th-2, Th-17 or Tregs. (wikipedia.org)
Also Bcl-6 is a transcription factor identified in TFH cells, but it may have roles that extend beyond this subset, because it has also been implicated in memory CD8+ T cell development. (wikipedia.org)
D ) Muzzle-infiltrating cells were isolated from indicated mice, stimulated in vitro with PdBu/ionomycin, and analyzed for αβ T cell subset-specific production of IL-17A and IL-22 and for CD4 + T cell production of IL-4, and IL-13. (elifesciences.org)

Dr. Muir is also a senior level expert in flow cytometry and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) with 15 years' experience. (drexel.edu)
Peripheral blood cellular immunological changes were assessed by flow cytometry and transcript levels of BAFF , interferon (IFN)-induced and plasma cell-expressed genes were quantified by NanoString. (biomedcentral.com)
Methods We first detected plasma catecholamine concentrations in patients with SLE and healthy controls by mass spectrometry, followed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect DRD messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4 + T cells, and flow cytometry to detect DRD expression in Tfh cells. (bmj.com)
The results of flow cytometry showed that D1-like receptors were highly expressed in Tfh cells of patients with SLE and associated with disease activity. (bmj.com)
While flow cytometry is central to a lot of work done in immunology, a limitation is that cells are pooled together and analyzed during a snapshot in time. (stemcell.com)

Dr. Roshell Muir is an infectious disease immunologist and cell biologist with expertise in systems immunology studies that straddle the fields of basic science and applied clinical research. (drexel.edu)

Indeed, we found by epitope mapping and BCR sequencing that Tfh cells focused the B cell response and therefore, in the absence of Tfh cells, a more diverse clonal repertoire was maintained. (yale.edu)
[ 2 ] It has become clear that AILD is a clonal T-cell disorder involving deregulation of B-cells and endothelial cells against a background involving a unique malignant microenvironment. (medscape.com)

Here we investigated the cellular source and temporal role of IL-10, and whether IL-10 additionally signals to CD4 T-cells to support anti-Plasmodium humoral immunity. (uiowa.edu)

The inducible T-cell co-stimulator (CD278 or ICOS) is proven to provide a particularly critical signal for TFH cells since experimental mice deficient in ICOS are unable to develop any TFH. (wikipedia.org)
However, the UAB researchers found that, if mice were deficient in Tfh cells, or if the Tfh cells were blocked by an antibody, the lung-BRMs did not accumulate. (uab.edu)
Ballesteros-Tato and colleagues found that mice whose Tfh cells were unable to produce INF-γ had a dramatically reduced frequency and number of influenza-specific BRMs in the lungs. (uab.edu)
Furthermore, the absence of INF-γ-producing Tfh cells, and therefore fewer lung-BRMs, was shown to compromise immune protection when mice were later reinfected with a different strain of influenza. (uab.edu)
G ) Muzzle-infiltrating cells were isolated from LMC and Sox13 -/- mice and re-stimulated in vitro with PdBu/ionomycin to assess production of IL-5 and IL-13 by ILCs. (elifesciences.org)
Specific loss of Vγ2 + Tγδ17 cells, scratching behaviors and reciprocally enhanced effector function of ILCs in Sox13 -/- mice with dermatitis. (elifesciences.org)
H ) Increased skin γδ T cells, including Tγδ17 cells (TCRδ int ), in 4-6 week old Rora -/- mice. (elifesciences.org)
Aberrant αβ T cell activation in AD of Sox13 -/- mice. (elifesciences.org)
A ) Total number of the indicated T cell types recovered from skin of from 5-6mo mice were calculated using AccuCheck counting beads. (elifesciences.org)
B ) FACS analysis of CD4 neg CD8β neg skin T cells (gated on B220 - F4/80 - TCRβ + ) with control MR1/6-FP or MR1/5-OP-RU tetramer to identify MAIT cells in 5 mo mice. (elifesciences.org)
C ) Summary data of frequency of MAIT tetramer-reactive cells among total TCRβ + cells pooled from two independent experiments, performed as in Panel B analyzing a total of 5-6 mice/group. (elifesciences.org)
Here we analyzed the role of TFR cells in regulating food antigen-specific IgE using a peanut antigen-based food allergy model in mice. (usda.gov)
Mice lacking both CD8 + T cells and IL-15 succumb to SLE-like disease early (mean age 14 wks). (umaine.edu)
IL-21 is acting early in disease as IL-21R is upregulated on splenic B cell populations in very young mice. (umaine.edu)
Normal germinal center reactions are also not necessary for disease to proceed and an extrafollicular response exists with many plasma cells and plasmablasts located in the periarteriole lymphoid sheath of these mice. (umaine.edu)

Lung-resident memory B cells produced during influenza are long-living immune cells that migrate to the lungs from draining lymph nodes and lie in wait as early responders that can quickly react to future infections. (uab.edu)
Subsequently, CXCR3+ pre-memory B cells differentiated into CXCR3+ memory B cells, which exited the mediastinal lymph nodes and homed to the lung to become lung-BRMs. (uab.edu)
MALT may consist of a collection of lymphoid cells, or it may include small solitary lymph nodes. (medscape.com)
Lymph nodes contain a light-staining region (germinal center) and a peripheral dark-staining region. (medscape.com)

The interaction of human B7-H2 and CD28 can costimulate both human mouse naïve T cells and regulatory T cells (Treg). (biolegend.com)
Findings: A single vaccination generates spike-specific Th1 cells, Th1-like Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, polyfunctional spike-specific CD8+ T cells. (ox.ac.uk)

Upon antigen exposure, B-cells in the GC undergo somatic hypermutation, promoting the evolution of high-affinity antigen receptors and differentiating into memory B-cells or plasma cells ( 2 ). (iiarjournals.org)

The roles of the M cells include absorption, transport, processing, and presentation of antigens to subepithelial lymphoid cells. (medscape.com)
M cells in the intestinal epithelium overlying Peyer patches allow transport of antigens to the lymphoid tissue beneath it. (medscape.com)
Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) that are phagocytosed or endocytosed can be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs, which specialize in presenting antigens to CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)

However, global transcriptomics highlight differences between T PH cells and T follicular helper cells, including altered expression of BCL6 and BLIMP1 and unique expression of chemokine receptors that direct migration to inflamed sites, such as CCR2, CX3CR1, and CCR5, in T PH cells. (nature.com)
Conclusion Tfh cells in patients with SLE highly express D1-like receptors, which correlate with disease activity. (bmj.com)

Stimulation of B cells leads to the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) within the Peyer patches, preventing adherence of bacteria and viruses to the epithelium and thus blocking entry to the subepithelial layers of the intestine. (medscape.com)

TFH cells formed early in the nascent stages of a germinal center reaction are formally called pre-TFH cells. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, TFR cells are a uniquely inhibitory influence during a germinal center reaction. (wikipedia.org)

T follicular helper (T FH ) cells are fundamental in germinal center (GC) maturation and selection of antigen-specific B cells within secondary lymphoid organs. (edu.pe)

In comparison, cDC2s are potent activators of CD4 + T cells ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)

One important advance is the use of peptide:MHCII tetramer enrichment to identify rare polyclonal antigen-specific CD4 + T cells. (stemcell.com)

Results The plasma dopamine concentration in patients with SLE was significantly increased, and abnormal mRNA expression of DRDs was observed in both PBMCs and CD4 + T cells. (bmj.com)
We demonstrated that miR-146a expression is overexpressed, while FLAP protein and mRNA are suppressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and HepG2 cells compared to para-carcinoma tissues and HL-7702 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This study showed that miR-146a has a stimulatory role in HepG2 cells and promotes HepG2 cell migration and invasion by targeting FLAP mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)

MiR-146a has also been shown to promote the angiogenic activity of endothelial cells in HCC patients [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This development occurs under the influence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which is secreted by various cell types (eg, endothelial cells, fibroblasts). (msdmanuals.com)

She has significant knowledge of innate and adaptive immune cell biology and phenotyping, in vitro functional assays, ex vivo analysis of cells from mouse, human and non-human primate (NHP) models, and sorting of multiple immune populations for downstream assays and analyses, which is a significant component of her research methodology. (drexel.edu)

These results support a model of BXSB.Yaa lupus dependent on IL-21 and IL-6 with abnormal splenic organization of B cells and atypical Tfh cell phenotypes that is being suppressed by regulatory populations of IL-21-dependent CM CD8 + T cells and NK cells partially through perforin-mediated cell lytic mechanisms. (umaine.edu)

T follicular helper cells (Tfh) provide crucial signals for germinal center (GC) formation, but Tfh populations are heterogeneous. (figshare.com)

Longitudinal unbiased proteomic analysis of plasma and single-cell transcriptomics of peripheral blood cells conducted prior to and at multiple times after convalescent plasma transfusion identified the key biological processes associated with the transition from severe disease to disease-free state. (frontiersin.org)

CD8 + T cell immunological memory is critical for adequate suppression and development of this memory is dependent on the cytokine, IL-21. (umaine.edu)

Together, this dataset provides a resource for immunologists that can be integrated with future single-cell immune repertoire and transcriptome sequencing datasets. (nature.com)

Iron is critical for mucosal-associated invariant T cell metabolism and effector functions. (preprintclub.com)

the latter are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that function as memory cells interacting with type 1 THCs. (medscape.com)
Under these M cells and in close proximity, B cells, CD4 + T cells, and APCs (including dendritic follicular cells [DFCs]) are found. (medscape.com)

In this study, we examined peripheral blood T and B cell populations and their activation in asymptomatic ANA + individuals together with patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) and early SARD to determine whether the cellular immune characteristics found in SARD are distinct from those seen in asymptomatic ANA + individuals, most of whom will not progress to SARD. (biomedcentral.com)

Another advance is the implementation of two-photon microscopy to visualize the movement of CD4 + T cells and their interactions with antigen-presenting cells during an immune response. (stemcell.com)

On histopathology, this fibroinflammatory disease is characterized with specific findings such as lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, obliterative phlebitis, and storiform fibrosis, in most cases accompanied by increased levels of serum IgG4 [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
It has an essential role in B-cell development, influencing the transition of memory B-cells to plasma cells, while mutations in the TBL1XR1 gene have been observed to inhibit this progression and promote lymphomagenesis ( 7 , 8 ). (iiarjournals.org)
AILD has been reported to occur concurrently with plasma cell leukemia. (medscape.com)

6 Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. (nih.gov)
The research at Marc Jenkins' lab revolves around the basic biology of antigen-specific CD4 + T cells. (stemcell.com)
1. What do you consider to be the most important advances in the field of CD4 + T cells and MHCII biology, over the past 10 years? (stemcell.com)

While TFH cells are found primarily in the secondary lymphoid organs, a small proportion circulate in the blood and are termed "peripheral" T follicular helper cells (pTFH). (wikipedia.org)
Tfh cells are mostly located in secondary lymphoid organs, e.g. (bvsalud.org)

It is known to be a central component in the formation of GCs by binding and recruiting the majority of TBL1XR1/SMRT/NCOR1 complexes, a process mediated by B-cell lymphoma 6 ( BCL6 ) gene expression ( 5 ). (iiarjournals.org)

Here we collected the blood samples from 18 healthy donors (HD) and 38 COVID-19 patients to analyze changes in the adaptive immune cell populations and phenotypes. (medrxiv.org)

Materials and Methods: Digital RNA quantification (Nanostring) of previously curated 188 B-cell lymphoma specimens across four subtypes, follicular lymphoma (FL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS), primary testicular lymphoma (PTL), and plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), was reanalyzed with focus on TBL1XR1 and NCOR1 expression, juxtaposing them with 730 ontogenically linked genes. (iiarjournals.org)
The TBL1XR1-DDR genes connection offers insights into potential DNA repair roles, paving avenues for innovative therapies in B-cell lymphomas. (iiarjournals.org)

Dr. Muir's major interests lie in identifying causes of low recruitment and retention of a diverse healthcare and scientific workforce and highlighting the impact of low representation of diverse patient populations in clinical trials, with some of her work already published in Cell, Transfusion Apheresis Science and Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology . (drexel.edu)
Transcriptomic profiling of T-cell populations in non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer. (lu.se)

Their prognostic roles in various cancers are established, yet their precise impact on B-cell lymphoma is elusive. (iiarjournals.org)
Conclusion: Our exploratory findings unravel the expression patterns of TBL1XR1/NCOR1 in B-cell lymphoma variants. (iiarjournals.org)
AILD is a type of peripheral T-cell lymphoma that is clinically characterized by high fever and generalized lymphadenopathy. (medscape.com)
AILD-type dysplasia with an oligoclonal T-cell pattern has frequently been shown to progress into AILD-type lymphoma. (medscape.com)
AILD, specifically angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, is mainly derived from CD2 + CD3 + CD4 + CD5 + CD7 - mature T-helper cells with varying expression and partial loss of detectable CD4. (medscape.com)
Dunleavy et al noted that overexpression of the chemokine CXCL13 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A in angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma suggests that it may be derived from follicular helper T cells. (medscape.com)
[ 6 ] The lymphomatous infiltrate in some bone marrow specimens from these AILD patients contained numerous small or scattered large B cells, and these cells resembled either benign lymphoid aggregates or T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphoma, respectively. (medscape.com)

Anatomy39

Organisms18

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs114

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes53

Information Science3

Health Care1

Centers21

Subsets12

Differentiation25

Responses32

Proliferation5

Phenotype1

Infection12

Antibodies6

Receptor6

CXCR57

Follicles1

Antibody affinity maturation1

Systemic1

Dendritic cells4

Subset3

Flow cytometry5

Immunology1

Clonal2

Humoral immunity1

Mice15

Lymph nodes4

Regulatory T cel2

High affinity1

Antigens4

Receptors2

Immunoglobulin1

Reaction2

Antigen-specific B cells1

Potent1

Polyclonal1

MRNA3

Endothelial cells2

Vitro1

Splenic1

Crucial1

Transcriptomics1

Cytokine1

Transcriptome1

Effector1

APCs2

Distinct1

Interactions1

Plasma3

Biology3

Secondary2

BCL61

Adaptive1

Genes2

Populations2

Lymphoma7