Follicles and oocytes physiology in vitro oocyte maturation techniques. Medical search. Frequent questions

At the time of puberty, women have approximately 200,000 to 300,000 follicles, each with the potential to release an egg cell (ovum) at ovulation for fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Cumulus oophorus is a cluster of cells (called cumulus cells) that surround the oocyte both in the ovarian follicle and after ovulation. (wikipedia.org)
For several primary oocytes that complete meiosis I each month, only one or a few functional oocyte, the dominant follicles, completes maturation and undergoes ovulation. (wikipedia.org)
As follicles grow, they acquire receptors for luteinizing hormone, a pituitary hormone that reinitiates meiosis in the oocyte and causes ovulation of a fertilizable egg. (wikipedia.org)
These protease-induced decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 likely cause increased levels of bioavailable (or free) IGFs that stimulate steroidogenesis and mitogenesis in developing dominant follicles, which ultimately prepare the follicle(s) and oocyte(s) for successful ovulation and fertilization. (bioone.org)
Synchronization of estrus followed by induction of ovulation are basic techniques in all embryo transfer programs. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of the follicular phase is to develop a follicle capable of undergoing ovulation. (formularywatch.com)
As FSH levels decline, one of the follicles is selected for ovulation. (formularywatch.com)
Therefore, a potential conflict was observed between low-fat diets, which stimulate follicle growth and ovulation, and high-fat diets (insulin-depressing), which improve the development of the embryo and pregnancy outcome [ 15 ]. (ejast.org)
In a youthful ovary, multiple dormant primordial follicles with immature eggs activate and progress, and typically, only one follicle ultimately releases the mature egg/ovum (ovulation) as the dominant follicle. (novoslabs.com)

An ovarian follicle is a roughly spheroid cellular aggregation set found in the ovaries. (wikipedia.org)
Ovarian follicles are the basic units of female reproductive biology. (wikipedia.org)
The primary oocyte turns into a secondary oocyte in mature ovarian follicles. (wikipedia.org)
Any ovarian follicle that is larger than about three centimeters is termed an ovarian cyst. (wikipedia.org)
Presently, ovarian follicle volumes can be measured rapidly and automatically from three-dimensionally reconstructed ultrasound images. (wikipedia.org)
In mammals , the first part of oogenesis starts in the germinal epithelium , which gives rise to the development of ovarian follicles , the functional unit of the ovary . (wikipedia.org)
The number of corpora lutea (CL), unovulated follicles and overall ovarian activity were recorded for each ewe during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. (biomedcentral.com)
The number of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea also were not affected by treatment. (ejast.org)
Cigarette smoke is associated with decreased female fertility, causing damage to ovarian function and disturbing follicle development. (biomedcentral.com)
The aim of this study is to investigate the role of activated ovarian endothelial cells in early in-vitro follicular development. (biomedcentral.com)
After a constitutive activation of the Akt pathway was initiated, early follicles (50-150 um) were mechanically isolated from 8-day-old mice and co-cultured with these activated ovarian endothelial cells (AOEC) ( n = 32), gel ( n = 24) or within matrigel ( n = 27) in serum free media for 14 days. (biomedcentral.com)
We demonstrate that co-culture with ovarian ECs enables culture of primary and early secondary mouse ovarian follicles. (biomedcentral.com)
Ovarian aging constitutes a multifaceted progression of gradual decline and eventual depletion of ovarian functional units, namely the follicles and ovarian functions. (novoslabs.com)
These hormones then travel to the ovaries through the bloodstream, stimulating the development of ovarian follicles and the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone (two important hormones in the female body) during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. (novoslabs.com)
However, in an aging ovary or instances of premature ovarian insufficiency, the diminished number of ovarian follicles results in an estrogen deficiency, known as hypoestrogenism. (novoslabs.com)

In some species (e.g., bovine), evidence indicates that decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 levels in estrogen-dominant preovulatory follicles are likely due, in part, to increased protease activity, whereas lower levels of IGFBP-2 are not due to increased proteolysis. (bioone.org)
Increased IGFBP-4 and -5 protease along with lower amounts of IGFBP-4 binding activity and greater amounts of free IGF-I are some of the earliest developmental changes documented in bovine growing antral follicles. (bioone.org)
It could be concluded that the presence of urea at 40 mg/dL in maturation medium reduced the percentage of bovine oocyte maturation in vitro. (sciencegate.app)
ABSTRACT We aimed to assess the effects of melatonin in the in vitro production of bovine embryos. (sciencegate.app)
Our experiment was further divided into two: the first was to assess the effect of different concentrations of melatonin (treatments) on the maturation rate of COCs, and the second was to assess the effects of melatonin treatments on the in vitro production of bovine embryos. (sciencegate.app)
Melatonin supplementation has been shown to promote bovine and porcine oocytes' maturation rate and increase their blastocyst of IVF embryos (16). (vetmedmosul.com)

Upon fertilization by sperm, the secondary oocyte continues the second part of meiosis and becomes a zygote. (wikipedia.org)
Usage of melatonin during in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures has been found to improve oocyte quality, survival, and fecundity. (jrhm.org)
11 Among women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer in the United States, deliveries per oocyte retrieved decreased from 36.9 percent among women under the age of 35 years to 20.5 percent among women between the ages of 38 and 40 years and to 10.7 percent among women between the ages of 41 and 42 years. (ldysinger.com)
During mammalian fertilization, sperm should be able to reach the cumulus-oocyte complex, get through the hyaluronic matrix of the cumulus and penetrate the zona pellucida (ZP) in order to fuse with the egg. (biomedcentral.com)
On the one hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are mandatory mediators for essential cellular functions including the function of germ cells (oocytes and spermatozoa) and thereby the fertilization process. (hindawi.com)
However, these techniques have to be carried out very carefully as they, if applied wrongly, bear risks of generating ROS damaging the germ cells and preventing fertilization. (hindawi.com)
This has been shown for intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and ICSI, and increased incidences of chromosomal abnormalities, minor and major birth defects, or early childhood cancers, particularly in the male offspring, have been linked to these procedures [ 8 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro maturation rate of Bligon goat oocytes supplemented with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and their ability for further embryonic development after in vitro fertilization. (sciencegate.app)
To prove the ability of mature oocytes to develop into embryos, 900 oocytes were processed for fertilization in vitro. (sciencegate.app)
The oocytes were fertilized by spermatozoa that had been capacitated with two groups of fertilization media, the first group containing melatonin and the second group containing cysteamine. (vetmedmosul.com)
In the last decade, in vitro fertilization and sperm capacitation techniques have significantly advanced. (vetmedmosul.com)
ROS are free radicals that are continuously produced by oxidative metabolic reactions and increase in vitro conditions, causing aging of both the oocyte (7) and sperm (8), as well as perhaps impairing fertilization and embryo development. (vetmedmosul.com)

The paper "Formation of Genetically Mosaic Mouse Embryos and Early Development of Lethal (t12/t12)-Normal Mosaics," by Beatrice Mintz, describes a technique to fuse two mouse embryos into a single embryo. (asu.edu)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-encoding RNAs that actively regulate biological and physiological processes, and play an important role in regulating gene expression in all cells, especially in most animal cells, including oocytes and embryos. (bvsalud.org)
Although assisted reproductive techniques (ART) have helped to solve many infertility problems, they cause changes in the expression of miRNA and genes in oocytes and preimplantation embryos, and the effect of these changes on the future of offspring is unknown, and has caused concerns. (bvsalud.org)
With the development of new techniques for genomic evaluation of preimplantation embryos, it has been possible to better understand the effects of ART. (bvsalud.org)
The synchronization and ovulatory responses of Sangsari cross bred ewes and metabolism of energy substrates in 8-cell stage embryos to hatched blastocysts stage produced in vitro or in vivo were investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
Surgical embryo recovery was performed on Days 4 and 6 after onset of estrus (Day 0) and recovered embryos were subjected to comparative metabolism studies with in vitro derived embryos at the same stage of development. (biomedcentral.com)
While the pattern of oxidation was similar among in vitro and in vivo derived embryos, a low pyruvate to lactate ratio was the preferred substrate of embryos derived in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
The production of CO2 from glucose by sheep embryos has been determined[ 3 ] and results have indicated that little glucose is utilized by the embryos of sheep and that blastocysts derived from oocytes, matured and fertilized in vitro , oxidized glucose at a lower rate than those developed in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
The blastocyst stage of oocyte developed embryos was reached by 12.43±2.15% and 22.28±4.86% of the control and treatment groups, respectively. (sciencegate.app)
oxidative stress is the most prominent one, which will cause damage or alter the genetic material of the sperm and reduce the quality of the oocytes, and has a crucial impact on the possibility of developing embryos even after implantation. (vetmedmosul.com)
Oocytes, sperms, and embryos are shielded from oxidative stress in their natural environment by free radical scavengers found in oviductal and follicular fluids. (vetmedmosul.com)
Oocytes and embryos are not provided with this level of protection when in vitro production (9). (vetmedmosul.com)

In humans, oocytes are established in the ovary before birth and may lie dormant awaiting initiation for up to 50 years. (wikipedia.org)
The mammalian ovary has all the molecular machinery required for the biosynthesis of melatonin and interestingly concentration of melatonin in the follicular fluid of pre-ovulatory follicles is much higher than circulatory melatonin even in humans. (jrhm.org)
Further, melatonin and its receptors play a significant role in antioxidant defense mechanism of ovary for follicular growth and maturation. (jrhm.org)
After the onset of puberty and menses, the female human ovary recruits at least 30-50 oocytes during each menstrual cycle. (medscape.com)

In a larger perspective, the whole folliculogenesis from primordial to preovulatory follicle is located in the stage of meiosis I of ootidogenesis in oogenesis. (wikipedia.org)

This study investigated the effect of the flavonoid-based compound isorhamnetin (ISO) on maturation and developmental competence in oxidative stress-exposed porcine oocytes in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
Treatment with 2 µM ISO (2 ISO) increases the developmental rate of oxidative stress-exposed porcine oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM). (bvsalud.org)
These results demonstrate that 2 ISO improves the quality of porcine oocytes by protecting them against oxidative stress during IVM and enhances subsequent embryo development in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
Ewes were assigned randomly to receive 37.5 IU of porcine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH-P) daily for the 3 days preceding implant removal (Day 0). (biomedcentral.com)

This dominant follicle develops and secretes increasing levels of estradiol, which exerts a negative feedback effect on hypothalamic secretion of GnRH and pituitary secretion of FSH. (formularywatch.com)
this reduction may be due to an increase in testosterone levels and testosterone to estradiol ratio, which will affect gonad maturation (Friesen et al. (researchgate.net)

Each of them contains a single oocyte (immature ovum or egg cell). (wikipedia.org)
Once a month, one of the ovaries releases a mature egg (ovum), known as an oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
Diagram showing the reduction in number of the chromosomes in the process of maturation of the ovum . (wikipedia.org)
oocytogenesis , ootidogenesis , and finally maturation to form an ovum (oogenesis proper). (wikipedia.org)
HN - 2008 BX - Von Ebner's Glands MH - Cumulus Cells UI - D054885 MN - A05.360.319.114.630.535.200.500 MN - A06.407.312.497.535.300.500 MN - A11.436.300.500 MS - The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. (bvsalud.org)

This study was conducted to evaluate in vivo and in vitro development of in vitro-matured equine oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (bioone.org)
When the inability of male transgenic rats to transmit the transgene is not associated with mosaicism, microinsemination techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and round spermatid injection (ROSI) can be used for passage of the transgenes. (go.jp)

[2] It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation. (wikipedia.org)

Luteinizing hormone acts on receptors in the outer layers of granulosa cells of the follicle, causing a decrease in cyclic GMP in the granulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
In response to the secretions, the anterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). (formularywatch.com)
Within the HPO axis, the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which travels to the pituitary gland, triggering the secretion of two hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). (novoslabs.com)

The oocytes compete with one another to become the dominant follicle and eventually ovulate to be released as an egg capable of being fertilized. (medscape.com)

Oogonia enter meiosis during embryonic development, becoming oocytes. (wikipedia.org)
Understanding the biological functions of miRNAs in frozen maturated oocytes may provide a better understanding of embryonic development and a comparison of fertility conservation in female mammals. (bvsalud.org)

Oocytes were collected from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries, matured in vitro, and injected with frozen-thawed stallion sperm. (bioone.org)
Our ICSI procedure includes the use of a piezo-driven small-sized injection pipette (2-4 μm in diameter), isolated sperm heads, and freshly ovulated oocytes. (go.jp)
These microinsemination techniques can be combined with cryopreservation of sperm and spermatid cells, leading to successful transmission of transgenes carried in male gametes. (go.jp)
5 If the oocyte becomes fertilized by a sperm cell, the result is pregnancy. (formularywatch.com)
The mammalian oocyte extracellular matrix known as the zona pellucida (ZP) acts as a barrier to accomplish sperm fusion with the female gamete. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, other corrective measures include sperm separation for assisted reproductive techniques. (hindawi.com)
For this purpose, we have incubated ram sperm using four different treatments in terms of antioxidants: melatonin, cysteamine, vitamin C, and vitamin E. They were incubated by the standard methods of maturation and capacitation of sperm. (vetmedmosul.com)
In conclusion, melatonin could be a promising tool for improving sperm competence for fertilizing oocytes and embryo development in sheep. (vetmedmosul.com)
To fertilize the oocytes, sperm must undergo a series of physiological and biochemical alterations in vitro (3). (vetmedmosul.com)
Oxidative stress is one of the key factors contributing to a decrease in sperm quality during the maturation and capacitation of the sperm (5). (vetmedmosul.com)
thereby, oocytes and sperm are highly vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) attacks, affecting their quality and viability (6). (vetmedmosul.com)

This accelerated loss is poorly understood and is often associated with a small monotropic rise in the level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and decreased fecundity, 9 , 10 as well as an increased risk of aneuploidy. (ldysinger.com)
Moreover, brief exposure during puberty may induce silent oocyte disruption, which could in turn lead to decreased fecundity rates. (biomedcentral.com)

Duplicating the complex interaction of growth factors, cellular and hormonal signals required for follicular development and oocyte maturation in vitro is challenging. (biomedcentral.com)

Primordial follicles are indiscernible to the naked eye. (wikipedia.org)
Primordial and primary follicles receive their nutrition and oxygen supply via passive diffusion from stromal blood vessels. (biomedcentral.com)

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of brief, intense exposure to tobacco smoke on granulosa cell number, oocyte growth, and follicle size during puberty in female Swiss mice. (biomedcentral.com)

In the second half of the menstrual cycle, the oocyte travels to the uterus through the fallopian tube. (formularywatch.com)

After beginning the meiotic process, the oogonia (now called primary oocytes) can no longer replicate. (wikipedia.org)
Oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes, which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary oocytes , a process called oocytogenesis . (wikipedia.org)
The decline in the number of oocytes begins at 20 weeks' gestation when the female fetus has approximately 6-7 million oogonia (largest lifetime endowment). (medscape.com)

The results of various articles have shown that freezing of oocytes and the cryopreservation method are effective for the expression of miRNAs and, in some cases, cause changes in the expression of miRNAs and epigenetic changes in the resulting embryo. (bvsalud.org)
This literature review study aimed to investigate the effects of oocyte cryopreservation in both pre-maturation and post-maturation stages, the cryopreservation method and the type of cryoprotectants (CPA) used on the expression of some epigenetic-related genes and miRNAs. (bvsalud.org)

It has been hypothesized that in gonadal dysgenesis various deletions on the X chromosome cause such rapid atresia of oocytes 5 that few girls with this condition reach puberty with functioning ovaries. (ldysinger.com)
Materials and Methods: Experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, using Bligon goat ovaries obtained from local slaughterhouse around Yogyakarta. (sciencegate.app)
Both the developing follicles and those that have ruptured release sex hormones to contribute to the proper functioning of the ovaries. (novoslabs.com)

Using integrative physiology to improve the sustainability of fish aquaculture. (exeter.ac.uk)

In vivo development was assessed after transfer of injected oocytes to the oviducts of recipient mares. (bioone.org)
However, DFMO had been mainly without effect of these inside vitro or even in vivo assays. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
This review focuses on the differential responses of cell types to ATZ toxicity, testicular effects of ATZ in both in vitro and in vivo models and chemopreventive strategies, so as to highlight the current state of the art on the toxicological outcomes of ATZ exposure in several experimental model systems. (frontiersin.org)

Mammalian oocytes are maintained in meiotic prophase arrest for a very long time-months in mice, years in humans. (wikipedia.org)

First, matured oocytes were evaluated its morphology based on the expansion of cumulus cells and PB1 extrusion. (sciencegate.app)

The number and quality of a woman's oocytes declines with age. (medscape.com)

Beginning on day 4 of culture, we observed significantly higher follicular and oocyte growth rates in follicles co-cultured with AOECs compared with follicles on gel or matrigel. (biomedcentral.com)
Results: The results indicated that FSH supplementation significantly increased oocyte maturation rate (65.21±7.26 vs. 43.25±6.23%) as indicated by extrusion of PB1 and homologous chromosome pairing and lined in the equator. (sciencegate.app)
Conclusion: FSH supplementation significantly improves oocyte maturation and yields mature oocytes for future embryo development in vitro. (sciencegate.app)

Oocyte meiosis, important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division, occurs completely without the aid of spindle -coordinating centrosomes . (wikipedia.org)
Female infants have 6 to 7 million oocytes at 20 weeks of gestation, when progressive atresia occurs, resulting in 1 to 2 million oocytes at birth, approximately 25,000 at the age of 37 years, and 1000 at the age of 51 years, the average age of natural menopause in the United States. (ldysinger.com)
Prior to the onset of menopause (10-15 y), menstrual cycles shorten and rapid follicular loss occurs because more oocytes are being recruited. (medscape.com)

Extensive research has unraveled a niche for melatonin that is of great significance for the female reproductive physiology. (jrhm.org)
Therefore, in future, melatonin can be implicated as preferable therapeutic especially in IVF and assisted reproductive techniques. (jrhm.org)
The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were distributed among treatments at concentrations of 0, 10-1, 10-3 and 10-5 µMol/L melatonin. (sciencegate.app)

In normal women, at approximately 37.5 years of age, an accelerated atresia of the oocytes begins 1 , 2 ( Figure 1 ). (ldysinger.com)
The subtle increase in the level of FSH is thought to increase atresia, which is coupled with an accelerated loss of follicles and a further increase in FSH, thus resulting in a positive-feedback loop. (ldysinger.com)
As atresia continues, both the number and quality of oocytes fall below a critical level, and the rate of aneuploidy increases - a finding that is related at least in part to problems of the meiotic spindle 15 , 16 resulting in nondisjunction. (ldysinger.com)
After 14 days of culture, 73% of primary follicles and 83% of secondary follicles co-cultured with AOEC survived, whereas the majority of follicles cultured on gel or matrigel underwent atresia. (biomedcentral.com)

[5] Because the granulosa cells and oocyte are connected by gap junctions, cyclic GMP also decreases in the oocyte, causing meiosis to resume. (wikipedia.org)
Cycle fecundability decreases as the number of oocytes decreases. (medscape.com)
The number of oocytes decreases to approximately 2-3 million at birth and decreases again to 300,000 by the time of puberty. (medscape.com)

Aceto-orcein staining was conducted to evaluate the maturation of oocytes based on the achievement of metaphase II phase that is indicated by the presence of metaphase plate and/or first polar body. (sciencegate.app)

Next, 600 oocytes were then stained with 1% aceto-orcein to examine maturation based on changes in the configuration of chromosomes and nuclear membrane breakdown. (sciencegate.app)

This review describes the available information regarding the role of integrins in human reproductive physiology and discusses their clinical implications. (go.jp)

The expression of miRNAs at the right time and place is crucial for the oocyte's maturation and the embryo's subsequent development. (bvsalud.org)

However, these eventually develop into primary, secondary and tertiary vesicular follicles. (wikipedia.org)
Stromal cells that surround follicles in the secondary stage or later become organized into thecal layers, in which the innermost part contains blood vessels. (biomedcentral.com)

Likewise, to further understand the species translatability of ASO-induced thrombocytopenia, in vitro platelet activity and aggregometry assays were performed using a panel of tool ASOs with different sequences and modifications. (uantwerpen.be)

Decline in the Number of Oocytes from Birth to Menopause. (ldysinger.com)

24 What is in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET). (2womenshealth.com)

However, as the oocyte grows, these proteins are synthesized, and meiotic arrest becomes dependent on cyclic AMP . (wikipedia.org)
Maintenance of meiotic arrest also depends on the presence of a multilayered complex of cells, known as a follicle, that surrounds the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
In the oocyte, cyclic GMP prevents the breakdown of cyclic AMP by the phosphodiesterase PDE3, and thus maintains meiotic arrest. (wikipedia.org)

In vitro development of early follicles necessitates a complex interplay of growth factors and signals required for development. (biomedcentral.com)

Moreover, the in vitro experiment demonstrated high glucose amounts' deleterious effect on embryo development [ 3 ]. (ejast.org)

Further knowledge of the integrin-mediated regulation of cell growth and cell survival may facilitate our understanding of many key aspects of development and physiology in reproduction. (go.jp)
However, it is also possible that such genetic defects result in a smaller complement of oocytes during gonadal development. (ldysinger.com)
The result is that the remaining follicles cease development. (formularywatch.com)
The development of this approach is currently hampered by the lack of knowledge regarding signals responsible for early follicle activation. (biomedcentral.com)
Scientists attempting to discover the basic requirements for successful embryo development have a hurdle when using in vitro embryo manufacturing strategies (2). (vetmedmosul.com)

In vitro maturation allows female goat (does) contributes toward reproduction despite the fact that the animal has been slaughtered. (sciencegate.app)

Removal of the oocyte from the follicle causes meiosis to progress in the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)

For in vitro culture of follicles, there are various techniques to optimize the growth of follicles, including the use of defined media, growth factors and three-dimensional extracellular matrix support. (wikipedia.org)
When in vitro experimental models are exposed to ATZ, they are faced with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity and decreased growth rate at dosages that may vary with cell types. (frontiersin.org)
This increase in FSH stimulates the growth of a group of follicles, ranging from 3 to 30. (formularywatch.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms2

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes6

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Ovulation11

Ovarian15

Bovine6

Fertilization12

Embryos12

Ovary4

Preovulatory1

Porcine4

Estradiol2

Ovum5

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Inj2

Primary oocyte1

Luteinizing hormone3

Dominant1

Embryonic development2

Sperm11

Fecundity2

Follicular development1

Primordial2

Granulosa cell1

Menstrual cycle1

Oogonia3

Cryopreservation2

Ovaries3

Integrative physiology1

Vivo3

Mammalian1

Cumulus cells1

Woman's1

Significantly3

Occurs3

Melatonin3

Atresia4

Decreases3

Conducted to evaluate1

Chromosomes1

Reproductive physiology1

Oocyte's1

Secondary2

Assays1

Decline1

Embryo transfer1

Meiotic3

Interplay1

Glucose1

Development5

Female1

Meiosis1

Growth3