• This talk will introduce the concept and introduce examples of flux measurements of a range of pollutants (including greenhouse gases, aerosols, NH3 , VOCs, CO, O3, …) from a number of cities, with focus on Edinburgh, London and Beijing, together with some of the sometimes surprising results. (cam.ac.uk)
  • In oxygen minimum zone, the fate of the organic matter is a key question as the low oxygen condition would preserve the OM and thus enhance the biological carbon pump while the high microbial activity would foster the remineralisation and the greenhouse gases emission. (copernicus.org)
  • Substances like biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), the various nitrogen oxides, carbonaceous particles, ozone or methane act in the atmosphere either directly as greenhouse gases and aerosols, or as key precursors for greenhouse gases and secondary organic aerosol. (lu.se)
  • Studies underline that these changes are predominantly caused by our way of living - how we travel, supply energy, produce goods, the food we eat, how we live - as these involve the use of fossil fuels and land use change, with concomitant emissions of greenhouse gases into the climate system. (lu.se)
  • For simulations of past and future changes in climate, GCMs (and other climate models) apply concentrations of greenhouse gases and other radiatively active compounds (e.g. aerosols from volcanic or anthropogenic activity) as forcing. (lu.se)
  • Air pollution control and cleaner energy production have reduced anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and selenium, which has led to lower atmospheric deposition fluxes of these elements. (syr.edu)
  • The model is run using an analytical chemical mechanism for gas phase and aerosols (SAPRC99 coupled with VBS and MOSAIC) for present-day (2012) and future (2050) conditions with ECLIPSE anthropogenic emissions and Winter et al. (hal.science)
  • The southern hemisphere climate faces limited anthropogenic emissions, because only 10 percent of the world population can contribute with less pollutant providing activities, and hasn't changed, but that could well be because it is equally influenced and driven, like the northern hemisphere, by the variation of sun activity in diverse cycles. (scirp.org)
  • The welding particles were composed of (from highest to lowest concentration) iron, chromium, manganese , and nickel as measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. (cdc.gov)
  • As determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the generated aerosols were mostly arranged as chain-like agglomerates of primary particles. (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose of this study, Determine the nature of atmospheric aerosols and simulation of the concentration of these particles in order to detect the sources of their emissions to the west and southwest regions of Iran. (ac.ir)
  • Aerosol particles and their role for clouds and climate is an important part of climate research and of huge importance for air quality around the world. (lu.se)
  • VHL is equipped with meteorological instrumentation and can measure gases, aerosol particles, and precipitation chemistry. (lu.se)
  • Examples of such processes include formation of small particles (aerosols) in the atmosphere, cloud formation, radiative transfer, large-scale circulation in the atmosphere and oceans. (lu.se)
  • Aerosol - a suspension of solid and/or liquid particles in a gas (like air). (cdc.gov)
  • Crop burning is calculated to cause important increases in surface ozone (+7%) and fine aerosol concentrations (+18%) in the North China Plain in June. (nature.com)
  • Independent verification of such emission inventories is difficult and usually done indirectly by assessing how well the models reproduce measured concentrations using a given estimate of emissions. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Increasing atmospheric nitrogen concentrations are therefore predicted to have an impact on VOC emission. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • Different versions of JULES have been employed to quantify the effects on the land carbon sink of climate change, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, changing atmospheric aerosols and tropospheric ozone, and the response of methane emissions from wetlands to climate change. (copernicus.org)
  • Equally important is to account for past environments so as to improve Holocene calculations of terrestrial emissions which have an effect on, e.g., the atmosphere's level of oxidants and thus methane lifetime and concentration, the preindustrial burden of O 3 and hence its present anthropogenic radiative forcing, as well as estimates of the continental pristine SOA particle concentrations which affect cloud physics. (lu.se)
  • A future increase in temperature and/or solar radiation is expected to lead to larger biogenic emissions, and therefore to higher ozone concentrations. (euro-cordex.be)
  • Biodiesel combustion emissions had higher concentrations of PAHs, OPAHs, and nitrogen-containing PAHs (NPAHs) compared with other fuels. (bvsalud.org)
  • We take into account different future growth scenarios, such as CLE (current legislation) and HGS (high growth scenario), toinvestigate possible future changes in surface concentrations, total column burden and deposition fluxes. (hal.science)
  • Here, we use an eight-year record (2005-2012) of formaldehyde measurements from space to constrain the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in this region. (nature.com)
  • Our study indicates that the top-down crop burning fluxes of VOCs in June exceed by almost a factor of 2 the combined emissions from other anthropogenic activities in this region, underscoring the need for targeted actions towards changes in agricultural management practices. (nature.com)
  • It is now recognised that biogenically sourced VOCs are far more significant on a global scale than those from anthropogenic sources, with up to 10 times greater emissions. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • Mixing ratios and fluxes of VOCs measured within and above a Douglas fir forest were the first canopy-scale measurements for this species. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • Emissions of oxygenated VOCs were also found to be significant, highlighting the importance of quantifying a wider variety of VOCs from biogenic sources, other than isoprene and monoterpenes. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • The theoretical parts encompass soil-vegetation-atmosphere transport, internal boundary-layer theories and flux footprint analyses. (copernicus.org)
  • Specific focus is given to outstanding problems in land surface boundary layer descriptions such as complex terrain, effects of horizontal heterogeneity on sub-meso-scale transport processes, energy balance closure, stable stratification and night time fluxes, dynamic interactions with atmosphere, plants (in canopy and above canopy) and soils. (copernicus.org)
  • Global eddy-covariance (EC) flux measurement networks have provided invaluable insights into ecosystem-atmosphere exchanges of gases, energy and momentum. (copernicus.org)
  • If this hypothesis were correct, an increase in the GCR flux, creating an increase in cloud condensation nuclei, would lead to more cloud cover in our lower atmosphere, reflecting more sunlight and resulting in a global cooling effect. (skepticalscience.com)
  • Because accurate estimation of energy and mass fluxes is critical for the closure of the ocean energy budget and the ocean's impact on the atmosphere, this session also welcomes works dealing with processes at the ocean's boundaries. (copernicus.org)
  • However, the flux of GCRs incident to the Earth's atmosphere is attenuated by the solar wind magnetic field in the heliosphere and is thus dependent on the evolution of the configuration and its direction ( Jokipii & Thomas, 1981 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The variability of the shortwave radiative fluxes at the surface and top of atmosphere (TOA) is examined in a pre-industrial modelling setup using the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) as a possible pacemaker of atmospheric decadal-scale variability. (essopenarchive.org)
  • The trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a degradation product of the algal metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), is the largest natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere, accounting for over 90 % of global biogenic sulfur emissions (Simó, 2001). (copernicus.org)
  • The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) is a process-based model that simulates the fluxes of carbon, water, energy and momentum between the land surface and the atmosphere. (copernicus.org)
  • Future developments include using geostationary satellite data to rapidly update inputs to the NAQFC and incorporating of current science for sub-seasonal and seasonal interoperable earth model development to fulfill NWS needs for emission forecasting, wildfire modeling, and surface-atmosphere interchange understanding. (noaa.gov)
  • Aerosols play an important role in balancing Earth and atmosphere energy. (ac.ir)
  • The purpose of this Working Group is to provide a forum to discuss current and new developments in GEOS-Chem associated with land-atmosphere and ocean-atmosphere sources, sinks, and fluxes of trace gases and aerosols. (harvard.edu)
  • g) studies of the nocturnal oxidation of nitrogen oxides and of the diurnal behaviour of nitrate aerosol in the urban atmosphere, and (h) new information on the chemical composition and source apportionment of particulate matter size fractions in the atmosphere of London derived both from bulk chemical analysis and aerosol mass spectrometry with two instrument types. (ung.si)
  • In addition, estimated averaged emissions reduction in Europe during the COVID-19 lockdown were reported (−33% for nitrogen oxides (NO x ), −8% for non-methane volatile organic compounds, −7% for sulfur oxides (SO x ), and −7% for PM2.5) with an 85% contribution of the road transport to the total reductions expect for SO 2 for which reductions were mainly driven by the energy and manufacturing industry sectors 17 . (nature.com)
  • Smaller fluxes originate from volcanic emissions and biomass burning. (wikipedia.org)
  • To quote its authors, it is, "unlikely to be comparable to the effect of large variations in natural primary aerosol emissions" - things like volcanic eruptions, wildfires and so on. (skepticalscience.com)
  • The next oddity was that the sum of the radiative forcings for "LLGHG+Ozone+Aerosols+LandUse" is positive, about 1.4 W m-2. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Features include a multi-layer canopy scheme for light interception, including a sunfleck penetration scheme, a coupled scheme of leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, representation of the effects of ozone on leaf physiology, and a description of methane emissions from wetlands. (copernicus.org)
  • In addition, the TOA Aerosol Direct radiative forcing changes very little during the period 1950-2000, while the corresponding surface forcing changes greatly. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Shortwave radiative flux variability through the lens of the Pacific Decadal Oscillat. (essopenarchive.org)
  • Within models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project - Phase 6, downwelling shortwave radiation at the surface, the net shortwave fluxes at the surface and TOA, as well as cloud radiative effects show remarkably similar patterns associated with the PDO. (essopenarchive.org)
  • The direct radiative impact of a dust outbreak over West Africa, for example, reduced net downward shortwave flux at the surface by 200 W.m -2 (Milton et al 2008) while numerical simulations demonstrate a strong influence of North African dust on tropic-wide precipitation (in the Sahel, approaching the amplitude of the long-term drought) as well as the mean extratropical circulations (Rodwell and Jung 2008). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Her current research projects include studying emissions of dimethylsulphide (DMS) and isoprene and their influence on aerosols and climate in the Southern Ocean, using aerial drones to measure atmospheric concentration gradients, deploying autonomous CO2 eddy covariance flux systems on ships of opportunity, investigating marine sulfur emissions and their influence on tropospheric and stratospheric sulfur loading/climate, and investigating air-sea interactions of trace elements in oxygen minimum zones. (asu.edu)
  • These measurements will be used, along with a range of numerical models of aerosol and cloud processes, and atmospheric dynamics to evaluate the interactions between sea ice extent, aerosol production and cloud properties. (ukri.org)
  • Potential chemistry-climate feedbacks are also examined such as those related to aerosol-cloud interactions or changes in photolysis rates due to shipping. (hal.science)
  • The terrestrial carbon cycle and aerosol-cloud-climate interactions are key components in the climate system, but they are complex to describe in climate models. (lu.se)
  • Finally we will undertake a series of climate simulations to examine how future climate will evolve, and the feedbacks between warming of the Arctic, melting of sea ice, production of aerosol, and the properties of clouds evaluated. (ukri.org)
  • The overall aim of RA3 is to formulate and validate a model framework - linking vegetation, aerosols, clouds and their climate feedbacks. (lu.se)
  • In this study, we found that the aerosol impacts are quite different for varied species. (copernicus.org)
  • Scattering aerosols such as sulfate and organic carbon promote photosynthesis while absorbing aerosols such as black carbon have negative impacts. (copernicus.org)
  • This indicates that future expansion of bioenergy crops, and hence species selection, should take resultant air quality and human health impacts - due to changing VOC emissions - into account. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • Additionally, to assess the impact of nitrogen deposition on VOC fluxes, BVOC measurements were taken from sample plots in a pre-existing, long-term field manipulation study to assess impacts of wet nitrate or ammonium deposition on peatland. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • We consider the impacts of bidirectional exchange on the model representation of ammonia and ammonium nitrate aerosol. (aer.com)
  • We also compare the impacts of ammonia bi-directional fluxes to constraints on ammonia sources from remote sensing observations (TES). (aer.com)
  • The process-based descriptions of key ecological processes and trace gas fluxes in JULES mean that this community model is well-suited for use in carbon cycle, climate change and impacts studies, either in standalone mode or as the land component of a coupled Earth system model. (copernicus.org)
  • These results will help to assess the robustness of ecosystem C flux estimates made in the past with EC and give clues on how to move forward with EC measurements during the decoupled periods. (copernicus.org)
  • The impact of crop fires is also found in satellite observations of other species, glyoxal, nitrogen dioxide and methanol and we show that those measurements validate the magnitude of the top-down fluxes. (nature.com)
  • depending on the measurement height such flux measurements integrate the emission from several km2. (cam.ac.uk)
  • This thesis presents mixing ratio and flux measurements of BVOC from a range of temperate plant canopies: Douglas fir, short-rotation coppice willow, Miscanthus and mixed peatland vegetation. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • Fluxes of BVOC from a Scottish peatland are the first reported measurements for this ecosystem in a temperate climate. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • This project will make airborne in situ measurements of cloud microphysical properties, the vertical structure of the boundary layer and aerosol properties, and the fluxes of solar and infra red radiation above, below, and within cloud. (ukri.org)
  • This coupled bi-directional ammonia exchange modeling system is evaluated by comparing estimates of surface ammonia, aerosol ammonium and nitrate, and nitrogen wet deposition to independent surface measurements (AMoN, NTN, IMPROVE). (aer.com)
  • Airborne and ground-based mixing ratio and flux measurements using eddy covariance (EC) and for the first time the mixed layer gradient (MLG) and mixed layer variance (MLV) techniques are used to assess the impact of isoprene and monoterpene emissions on atmospheric chemistry in the Amazon basin. (nasa.gov)
  • Average noon isoprene (7.8 ± 2.3 mg/m2/h) and monoterpene fluxes (1.2 ± 0.5 mg/m2/h) compared well between ground and airborne measurements and are higher than fluxes estimated in this region during other seasons. (nasa.gov)
  • It incorporates a large number of available flux measurements and uses the distribution of basal emission rates. (euro-cordex.be)
  • A wide range of measurements of airborne particle physical metrics and chemical composition were made as well as measurements of a considerable range of gas phase species and the fluxes of both particulate and gas phase substances. (ung.si)
  • Her expertise is in direct air-sea trace gas flux measurements using the eddy covariance technique and process studies in the ocean's euphotic zone. (asu.edu)
  • Meteorological properties are measured in meteorological stations that are often part of a network by a national meteorological service, or set up to complement ecological observations, e.g. eddy covariance measurements of ecosystem fluxes. (lu.se)
  • Instead, we have pioneered the use of micrometeorological flux measurement techniques, more commonly applied to measure the pollutant exchange with vegetation, to quantify directly the vertical flux above the city. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Inventories currently used in most air quality models are based on the assumption of unidirectional ammonia emissions from soil and vegetation canopies. (aer.com)
  • This paper describes the consolidation of these advances in the modelling of carbon fluxes and stores, in both the vegetation and soil, in version 2.2 of JULES. (copernicus.org)
  • For that reason dynamic global vegetation models are increasingly being developed to improve their capacity to simulate emissions of non-CO 2 trace gases. (lu.se)
  • Figure 1.Simulated future leaf area index and forest isoprene emissions at a location in southern Sweden using the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ-GUESS. (lu.se)
  • The MEGAN-MOHYCAN model enables the calculation of fluxes emitted by the vegetation. (euro-cordex.be)
  • We utilize data from various contrasting EC sites to 1) evaluate whether the new method is free from site-specific thresholds also in practice, 2) compare the flux filtering methods in different conditions and 3) assess the effect of these methods on ecosystem respiration, gross primary productivity and carbon (C) balance estimates. (copernicus.org)
  • Using inverse modelling, we derive that satellite-based post-harvest burning fluxes are, on average, at least a factor of 2 higher than state-of-the-art bottom-up statistical estimates, although with significant interannual variability. (nature.com)
  • The performance of such model is never better than the underlying estimates of the emissions. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The biogenic emission model, Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), estimates fluxes that are within the model and measurement uncertainty and can describe the large observed variations associated with land-use change in the region north-west of Manaus. (nasa.gov)
  • This includes energy and trace gas fluxes (inert and reactive) as well as water, carbon dioxide and other GHG fluxes. (copernicus.org)
  • Trace gas emission modelling is not only important for future chemistry-climate and chemistry-climate-feedback studies. (lu.se)
  • Isoprene emissions were reduced by both nitrate and ammonium treatment, while nitrate increased β- pinene fluxes. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • As an illustration, the figure below shows how present day isoprene emissions (HIST) could increase in the future (2077-2099) according to different climate projection scenarios provided by the ALARO-0 regional model. (euro-cordex.be)
  • Spatial distribution of isoprene emissions for present day conditions (HIST) as well as future (2077-2099) RCP climate projection scenarios provided by the ALARO-0 regional model. (euro-cordex.be)
  • Through ensemble simulations designed with a pure PDO pattern in the North Pacific only, we show that the PDO relates to about 20-40% of the unforced year-to-year variability of these shortwave fluxes over the Northern Hemispheric continents. (essopenarchive.org)
  • 2016. CMS: Forest Carbon Stocks, Emissions, and Net Flux for the Conterminous US: 2005-2010. (ornl.gov)
  • A primary goal of the project is the development and implementation of new/improved parameterizations of aerosol, cloud, and boundary layer processes within the UM. (ukri.org)
  • With the development of this novel system, it will be possible to establish an animal model using controlled welding exposures from automated gas metal arc and flux-cored arc welding processes to investigate how welding fumes affect health. (cdc.gov)
  • Detailed chemical and aerosol processes are tested in process models where explicit formulations can be used. (lu.se)
  • Flow reactors and chambers are used to test reaction mechanisms and aerosol processes, while larger oxidation chambers and the access to European infrastructures within strategic research collaboration, e.g. the Plan chamber in Julich and the SAPHIR chamber, allow to mimick atmospheric conditions. (lu.se)
  • Chamber studies showed that the rate of loss of α-pinene from the gas-phase during oxidation - and hence potential formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) - decreased with increasing isoprene mixing ratio. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • the subsequent atmospheric oxidation of BVOCs and their secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential, with consequences for clouds, global radiation and precipitation. (lu.se)
  • Small amounts of carbon disulfide have also been detected in a landfill simulator (Vogt and Walsh 1985) and in the odoriferous emissions from a sewage treatment plant (Ruby et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Yellow numbers are natural fluxes, and red are human contributions in gigatons of carbon per year. (lu.se)
  • Ammonia emissions are known to be primarily from agricultural sources, however there is persistent uncertainty in the magnitude and seasonal trends of these sources. (aer.com)
  • This allowed near-instantaneous spatial maps of the aerosol scattering field to be derived behind aircraft in ground run and flight. (confex.com)
  • Sea salt aerosols play an important role in the radiation budget and atmospheric composition over the Arctic, where the climate is rapidly changing. (copernicus.org)
  • Here, we use a global aerosol-chemistry-climate model to map recent (2005-2009) sulfur and selenium deposition, and project future (2095-2099) changes under two socioeconomic scenarios. (syr.edu)
  • In the last two decades, aerosols have been recognized as one of the key factors in the global climate change assessment. (ac.ir)
  • The overall aim of this research is to collect the first dust source-area process data tailored to climate model grid-box resolution from targeted remote sensing and fieldwork in order to develop a new generation of model dust emission schemes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It couples two sub-models, namely the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN, Guenther et al. (euro-cordex.be)
  • MEGAN is the most widely used emission model for hydrocarbon emissions from the biosphere. (euro-cordex.be)
  • This includes representation of the full terrestrial nitrogen cycle and hence emissions of nitrogen oxides, emissions of BVOC, accounting for wetlands and emissions of methane, and inclusion of fire as a naturally- or anthropogenically-caused episodic event. (lu.se)
  • Here, we investigate the impact of implementing bi-directional ammonia fluxes in the global GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. (aer.com)
  • Historical Development == Original work on the adjoint of GEOS-Chem v6 began in 2003, focusing on the adjoint of the offline aerosol simulation. (harvard.edu)
  • All users interested in adding/updating the GEOS-Chem emissions inventories are encouraged to subscribe to the emissions email list (click on the link in the contact information section below). (harvard.edu)
  • Return to Start page for Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Names PLEASE DO NOT USE THE NAVIGATION BAR ON THE LEFT HAND SIDE! (esipfed.org)
  • The proposed standard_names listed below are based on the ideas provided at Construction of Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Terms and Future Standard_Names . (esipfed.org)
  • Space-based remote sensing observations of atmospheric gases offer an alternative and independent way to constrain the crop fire fluxes. (nature.com)
  • Our new observations fill in an important observational gap in the Arctic Ocean and provide additional information on sea-air DMS fluxes from this ocean region. (copernicus.org)
  • Fluxes of monoterpenes were comparable to previous studies while isoprene was also detected (standard emissions factors up to 1.15 μg gdw-1 h-1 and 0.18 μg gdw-1 h-1, respectively). (nerc.ac.uk)
  • Most notable responses were found in August over tropical land areas, suggesting that the susceptivity of clouds to GCRs depends on the depth of convective activities and the abundance of aerosol precursor materials. (frontiersin.org)
  • In particular the study concluded that the effect of changes in cosmic ray flux intensity on the cloud condensation process is small. (skepticalscience.com)
  • Atmospheric DMS is rapidly oxidized to sulfate aerosols that act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), backscattering incoming radiation, increasing the albedo of low-altitude clouds and potentially cooling the Earth (Charlson et al. (copernicus.org)
  • 2019) estimated that SO 2 emissions could be reduced by 74.0% when ships use 0.5%-sulfur instead of 2.7%-sulfur fuel while docking at the Shanghai Port. (aaqr.org)
  • Diffuse sources such as represented by urban areas are usually estimated through bottom-up emission inventories, where activity figures (e.g.: vehicle kilometres driven in each 1 km2 grid cell) are combined with emission factors (e.g.: grams of NO2 emitted per vehicle kilometre driven), which are often derived under non-representative (laboratory) conditions. (cam.ac.uk)
  • As a result emission inventories are subject to considerable uncertainty. (cam.ac.uk)
  • In a sense, this is a variant of the "It's the Sun" argument, because the cosmic ray flux falls when the Sun is in the active phase of its 11-year sunspot cycle and the Solar wind is typically stronger. (skepticalscience.com)
  • As a result, the flux of GCRs is dependent on the solar magnetic polarity that reverses every solar cycle maximum (see Supplementary Figure S1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Activity factors account for the response of the emission to leaf-level temperature and solar radiation, as well as leaf age, soil moisture, and the leaf area index. (euro-cordex.be)
  • The SST imprint on shortwave-flux variability over land is larger for spatially aggregated time series as compared to smaller areas, due to the blurring effect of small-scale atmospheric noise. (essopenarchive.org)
  • Ship emissions contribute to air pollution in the city center and nearby urban areas. (aaqr.org)
  • In response, the international maritime organization (IMO) spearheaded the development of the international treaty, Marine Pollution Convention (MARPOL) Annex VI, to address ship emissions and progressively reduces air pollution from ships. (aaqr.org)
  • Traffic emissions typically contribute 30-45% to urban air pollution 9 . (nature.com)
  • Very few field-based studies of fluxes from plant canopies have been undertaken, particularly for non-terpenoid compounds. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • Results from this thesis provide valuable experimental data for a range of temperate plant canopies, which will help constrain modelled predictions of future VOC emissions. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • The MALINA oceanographic expedition: how do changes in ice cover, permafrost and UV radiation impact biodiversity and biogeochemical fluxes in the Arctic Ocean? (copernicus.org)
  • conservation of biodiversity, and mitigation of GHG emissions and eutrophication. (lu.se)
  • Aerosols enhance plant photosynthesis by increasing diffuse radiation. (copernicus.org)
  • Christa received her PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 2007, where she developed an open ocean eddy covariance system to measure DMS and acetone fluxes. (asu.edu)
  • NO x and SO 2 are the main pollutants of concern from ship emissions. (aaqr.org)
  • However, EC technique underestimates surface fluxes during periods when the turbulent flow is decoupled from the surface and this deficiency casts a shade on the validity of EC flux networks. (copernicus.org)
  • It will also measure the production rates and properties of aerosol at the surface and their variability with season and extent of sea ice cover. (ukri.org)
  • It seems they are saying the aerosols make little difference to the TOA forcings but a large difference to the surface forcings … which seems possible, but if so, why would "Land Use" not show the same discrepancy between surface and TOA forcing? (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Statistical information is however not available for every year and cannot be used to assess interannual variability or evaluate emission abatement measures. (nature.com)
  • However, because of electrical charge, caused by friction or due to anthropogenic negatively charged nano structured particle, emissions will travel up to the lower stratosphere and become neutralized at the electro sphere level, and they do also have a tendency to move to the Arctic. (scirp.org)