• The assay uses a solid-phase type of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a ligand (commonly a protein) in a liquid sample using antibodies directed against the protein to be measured. (wikipedia.org)
  • The detection antibody can be covalently linked to an enzyme or can itself be detected by a secondary antibody that is linked to an enzyme through bioconjugation. (wikipedia.org)
  • α-Glucosidase (α-D-Glucosidase), a carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme, catalyzes the liberation of α-glucose from the non-reducing end of the substrate. (medchemexpress.com)
  • However PON1 is considered as a promiscuous enzyme having also the ability to hydrolyze many other substrates such as other organophosphorous compounds, non phosphorous arylesters and also lactones, which have been considered as its primary substrates [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Membrane-bound proteins are generally detected using secondary antibodies that are labeled with radioisotopes or colloidal gold, or that are conjugated to fluorescent molecules (fluorophores) or an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase (AP) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP). (bio-rad.com)
  • In these methods, when the enzyme substrate is added, either a colored precipitate is deposited on the blot (colorimetric detection) or a chemiluminescent or fluorescent product is formed and the light signal is captured on film or with a digital imaging system (see figure above). (bio-rad.com)
  • HRP systems have an advantage over other detection systems in that both the enzyme conjugate and colorimetric detection substrates are economical. (bio-rad.com)
  • This substrate forms a soluble green fluorescent product upon hydrolysis. (amerigoscientific.com)
  • By the enzymatic reaction, SPiDER-βGal produces a quinone methide and forms covalent bond with nucleophic functional groups of the proteins in the vicinity of the molecules, producing a fluorescent product that is well retained by cells. (amerigoscientific.com)
  • 4-Methylumbelliferyl caprylate is a fluorogenic substrate for esterase with C8 activity, yielding a blue fluorescent solution upon cleavage and is used for the identification of Salmonella spp. (goldbio.com)
  • Colorimetric AP systems use soluble 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) as substrates to produce a stable reaction product that will not fade (see Figure below). (bio-rad.com)
  • 4-Nitrophenyl-α-D- galactopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate yielding a soluble chromophor for the colorimetric assay of alpha-D-galactosidase upon cleavage. (goldbio.com)
  • The most common substrates for colorimetric HRP are 4-Chloro-1-naphthol (4CN) (Hawkes et al. (bio-rad.com)
  • One problem with conventional multiplex assays is that they typically cannot detect more than about five analytes simultaneously, because of difficulties with simultaneous detection and differentiation of more than about five analytes. (justia.com)
  • Fluorescein Di-β-D-galactopyranoside (FDG), which is a fluorescein-based galactosidase substrates, and is used for detection of β-Galactosidase. (amerigoscientific.com)
  • Secondary antibodies conjugated to fluorophores are gaining popularity and can be directly visualized and captured with a compatible imager, without the need for additional liquid substrate (see Fluorescence Detection ). (bio-rad.com)
  • In ELISA, a liquid sample is added onto a stationary solid phase with special binding properties and is followed by multiple liquid reagents that are sequentially added, incubated, and washed, followed by some optical change (e.g., color development by the product of an enzymatic reaction) in the final liquid in the well from which the quantity of the analyte is measured. (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzymatic reaction can be monitored and stopped when the desired signal over background is reached. (bio-rad.com)
  • This invention relates to materials and methods for detecting nucleic acids in samples and, more particularly, to solid phase assays wherein transponders are associated with the beads constituting the solid phase, nucleic acid probes are bound to the surface of the particles and data concerning the assay is encoded on the transponders. (justia.com)
  • Multiple probing of the same membrane with alternative antibody probes can be performed using substrates that produce different colors, such as blue and red (Blake et al. (bio-rad.com)
  • DAB and 4CN are commonly used chromogenic substrates for HRP. (bio-rad.com)
  • X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) is widely used as a chromogenic substrate for β-Galactosidase in the reporter gene assay. (amerigoscientific.com)
  • The spectrophotometric assays based on the ability of PON1 to hydrolyse substrates are currently more widely used, probably due to their low cost and availability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is a continuous and expanding need for rapid, highly specific methods of detecting and quantifying chemical, biochemical and biological substances as analytes in research and diagnostic mixtures. (justia.com)
  • Capable of detecting bacteria even in very low concentrations. (condalab.com)
  • For example, radioactive labels are quite versatile, and can be detected at very low concentrations. (justia.com)
  • These agents produce insoluble precipitates of various colors in screening for the presence of certain enzymatic activity. (goldbio.com)
  • CondaChrome ® culture media have in their composition a colorless chromogenic substrate, which thanks to the specific enzymatic activity of each microorganism, is degraded releasing a part of it, called chromophore, giving the colony an intense and specific color that makes it possible to identify the bacteria at first sight. (condalab.com)
  • PON1 can be evaluated by its different activities , for example its paraxonase activity (when paraoxon is used as substrate), arylesterase activity (when a non phosphorous arylester such as phenyl acetate or 4 (p)-nitrophenyl acetate is used as substrate) or by its lactonase activity (when 5-thiobutil butyrolactone -TBBL- or other lactones such as dihydrocoumarin are used as substrate). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Maybe it would be more appropriate to use the general term "PON1 activity" that can be measured by different substrates such as paroxon, phenyl acetate, 4-nitrophenyl acetate, TBBL or dihydrocoumarin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RESULTS: A combined kinetic assay was developed in conditions to optimally measure FAP as well as PREP activity with Z-Gly-Pro-AMC as substrate. (inra.fr)
  • After the final wash step, the plate is developed by adding an enzymatic substrate to produce a visible signal, which indicates the quantity of antigen in the sample. (wikipedia.org)
  • IHC employs a combination of histology, anatomy, immunology and biochemistry to detect the amount, distribution and localization of a specific target within a tissue. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The structures of the substrate binding sites were also conserved, except for the region called S2-extensive, which is exploited by specific human DPP4 inhibitors currently used as antidiabetic drugs. (inra.fr)
  • The specific labeling method chosen often dictates the usefulness and versatility of a particular system for detecting an analyte of interest. (justia.com)
  • In the presence of H 2 O 2 , HRP catalyzes the oxidation of the substrate into a product that is visible on a blot. (bio-rad.com)
  • These substrates (Table 1 ) are currently the most frequently used. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enzymes such as AP and HRP convert several substrates to a colored precipitate (see table below). (bio-rad.com)
  • In the final step, a substance containing the enzyme's substrate is added. (wikipedia.org)
  • Through gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology, cedrol was the most obvious compound in the signal peak of the volatile components detected in the C. obtusa EO. (bvsalud.org)
  • 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the at least one signal generator is disposed on the substrate proximate to the at least one electromagnetic field generator. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • The tissue samples are prepared following specialized techniques to enable the entry of the antibodies, and the label is detected using light or electron microscopy (Figure 2). (technologynetworks.com)
  • After necessary washes, incubations and additions are performed, the solid phase is analyzed to detect a label indicative of binding of nucleic acid in the sample to the oligonucleotide on the transponder, such as fluorescence, color, radioactivity or the like. (justia.com)
  • andat least one electromagnetic field generator disposed on the substrate,wherein the at least one electromagnetic field generator, when energized, is configured to deliver power only to a localized area comprising a thin region proximate to the substrate. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the thin region has a dimension of up to approximately 100 micrometers from and normal to a surface of the substrate. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one electromagnetic field generator is configured to deliver power to the thin region in an area parallel to a surface of the substrate having dimensions of approximately 8 millimeters by 8 millimeters. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the array of conductors comprises a periodic array of equally spaced electrodes, and wherein an extent of the thin region from and normal to a surface of the substrate is based at least in part on a spacing between adjacent electrodes of the periodic array. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • Upon caspase-3/7 cleavage, Ac-DEVD-AFC generates the AFC fluorophore which has bright blue fluorescence and can be detected at Ex/Em=380 nm/500 nm. (eurogentec.com)
  • Can be used as a substrate for carboxyl esterase, yielding a blue precipitate upon cleavage. (goldbio.com)
  • While the development of this important technique could not have been possible without the discovery of antibodies by Emil von Behring and Shibasabura Kitasato in 1890, 1 it wasn't until 1923 that the antigen - antibody complex was detected by Michael Heidelberger using labeled antigens. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The assay is extremely sensitive and can detect ATP concentrations in the picomolar range. (biotoxicity.com)
  • RESULTS: A combined kinetic assay was developed in conditions to optimally measure FAP as well as PREP activity with Z-Gly-Pro-AMC as substrate. (inra.fr)
  • We detect the presence and quantity of bacterial indicators which serve as markers for fecal contamination. (biotoxicity.com)
  • Nutrient indicators X-Gal and MUG contained in the plate bottoms detect viable Coliforms and E. Coli by reacting with specific enzymes within the different bacterial species. (biotoxicity.com)
  • The chromogenic and fluorogenic changes in the wells is measured visually and spectrophotometrically to give a quantitative indication of each species of bacterial contamination. (biotoxicity.com)
  • The functional similarity between human and bacterial DPP4 was confirmed using 124 potential peptide substrates. (inra.fr)