• This study examined the performance of a novel hybrid system of forward osmosis (FO) combined with vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) for reclaiming water from shale gas drilling flow-back fluid (SGDF). (bath.ac.uk)
  • The shale gas extraction industry generates a large quantity of highly contaminated flowback and produced water (FPW), with great impacts on human health and the environment. (polito.it)
  • While the Nation seeks greater energy independence and greener sources of energy, Federal agencies with environmental responsibilities, state and local regulators and water-resource agencies, and citizens throughout areas of unconventional shale gas development have concerns about the environmental effects of high volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF), including those in the Appalachian Basin in the northeastern United States (fig. 1). (usgs.gov)
  • The research team will develop practical and cost-effective methods to address three environmental risks associated with shale gas development: potential emissions of volatile air contaminants from produced water impoundments, potential impacts of methane and other gases on groundwater resources, and ineffective treatment, disposal, or reuse of produced water. (greencarcongress.com)
  • Flowback water, a by-product of shale gas extraction, represents an extremely complex industrial wastewater characterized by high organic compounds content and high salinity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Based on mass-balance calculations, we estimate that only 4-8% of FP water is composed of returned hydraulic fracturing fluids, while the remaining 92-96% of FP water is derived from naturally occurring formation brines that is extracted together with oil and gas. (duke.edu)
  • Flowback refers to process fluids that return from the well bore and are collected on the surface after hydraulic fracturing. (cdc.gov)
  • After separation, flowback fluids are typically stored temporarily in tanks or surface impoundments (lined pits, ponds) and recovered oil is pumped to production tanks, which are fixed systems at the well pad. (cdc.gov)
  • Chemicals linked to cancer are present in nearly all of the steps of extraction -- in the fracking fluids, the release of radioactive and other hazardous materials from the shale, and in transportation and drilling related air pollution and contaminated water disposal. (prwatch.org)
  • Leading solutions for completion fluids and water management. (tetratec.com)
  • This study aims to systematically reveal the role of fluid-rock interactions during hydraulic fracturing in shale reservoirs from both geochemical and geomechanical perspectives by conducting comprehensive physicochemical modelling with combination of spontaneous imbibition tests and rock mechanics experiments to understand the impact of fluid-rock interactions on shale wettability, water uptake ability, flowback water chemistry and geomechanical behaviours. (edu.au)
  • Workers periodically gauge the fluid levels in both flowback and production tanks with hand-held gauges (sticks and tapes) through access hatches at the top of the tank. (cdc.gov)
  • CAPP and its member companies have developed and adhere to best practices and guiding principles concerning groundwater testing, fresh water use, fluid handling, wellbore construction, chemical additive use and induced seismicity. (capp.ca)
  • Primary carrier fluid is the base fluid, such as water, into which chemical additives are mixed to form the hydraulic fracturing fluid. (watershedcouncil.org)
  • Not only has the chemical cocktail inserted into the ground been shown to contaminate groundwater and drinking water, but fracking fluid also picks up toxins on its trip down to the bedrock and back up again that had previously been safely locked away underground. (prwatch.org)
  • Reduction of the freshwater footprint for each fracturing operation through reuse of the flowback fluid. (asce.org)
  • This "flowback" fluid contains the original fracking chemicals, plus heavy metals and radioactive material that also lay safely buried in the shale. (tomdispatch.com)
  • The water blocking damage is caused by fracturing fluid seepage among small pore-throats. (atlantis-press.com)
  • The slick water fracturing fluid system is field applied on 16 wells. (atlantis-press.com)
  • The fluid is predominantly water. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hydraulic fracturing is used to extract the shale's resources, which requires large amounts of water and can result in mineral-rich flowback waters containing hazardous contaminants. (mdpi.com)
  • At a Glance : Enhanced EPA Oversight and Action Can Further Protect Water Resources From the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing. (epa.gov)
  • Draft plans to study the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources. (epa.gov)
  • Fracking our future : measuring water & community impacts from hydraulic fracturing. (epa.gov)
  • Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, extracts oil and gas from deep underground by injecting water into the ground and breaking the rocks in which the valuable hydrocarbons are trapped. (livescience.com)
  • Hydraulic fracturing involves the pressurized injection of a mixture of water, chemicals, and sand in underground formations to allow natural gas and oil to flow more freely from rock pores to the surface. (watershedcouncil.org)
  • The New York's Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) analyzed 13 samples of water, contaminated by the fracking process, as a result of the hydraulic fracturing of the shale during the extraction process. (prwatch.org)
  • The results will provide new guidelines on optimal choices for hydraulic fracturing treatment design and the treatment and reuse of fracture flowback water. (greencarcongress.com)
  • The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) actively promotes the use of good engineering and industry practices that protect public health, safety, water resources, and the environment during the exploration and production of oil and natural gas energy resources by means of hydraulic fracturing. (asce.org)
  • Promotion of research and studies on the human health, environmental, ecosystem, and water resources impacts associated with both surface and subsurface hydraulic fracturing activities. (asce.org)
  • Safe and hydrologically sound acquisition of water used in the hydraulic fracturing process. (asce.org)
  • EPA estimates show that between 2000 and 2013, hydraulic fracturing had occurred within one mile of approximately 3,900 public water systems serving more than 8.6 million people. (asce.org)
  • Although a December 2016 report by EPA did not find evidence that hydraulic fracturing had widespread, systematic impacts on drinking water resources, the report indicates that this finding was based on very limited data and information. (asce.org)
  • However, EPA found scientific evidence that hydraulic fracturing activities can impact drinking water resources under certain circumstances. (asce.org)
  • Location, age, construction, and operation of the well will also have a significant impact on the protection of water resources from hydraulic fracturing practices. (asce.org)
  • There is a need for improved pre- and post-hydraulic fracturing monitoring and reporting, required disclosure of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing and additional research regarding the impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources and human health. (asce.org)
  • Drillers use water that flows back after a hydraulic fracturing job, or flow-back water, to drill new wells. (journalrecord.com)
  • Horizontal wellbores are getting longer and drillers are using more water and more sand for hydraulic fracturing than they did two years ago. (journalrecord.com)
  • This blog describes NIOSH evaluations of worker exposures to specific chemicals during oil and gas extraction flowback and production testing activities. (cdc.gov)
  • Increasing energy efficiency in bitumen extraction and processing means less water is needed to make hot water (mining operations) or steam (in situ developments). (capp.ca)
  • Some of these concerns were addressed in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Fact Sheet 2009-3032 (Soeder and Kappel, 2009) about potential critical effects on water resources associated with the development of gas extraction from the Marcellus Shale of the Hamilton Group (Ver Straeten and others, 1994). (usgs.gov)
  • At present, the water flooding recovery mode is adopted in the oil field mostly, 1 ton of crude oil of every extraction needs approximately to the ground 2-3 cubic meter water of making a bet back. (google.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Quantity of flowback and produced waters from unconventional oil and gas exploration. (duke.edu)
  • The management and disposal of flowback and produced waters (FP water) is one of the greatest challenges associated with unconventional oil and gas development. (duke.edu)
  • We analyzed production data using multiple statistical methods to estimate the total FP water generated per well from six of the major unconventional oil and gas formations in the United States. (duke.edu)
  • Using temporal volume production and water quality data, we show a rapid increase of the salinity associated with a decrease of FP production rates during the first months of unconventional oil and gas production. (duke.edu)
  • Projects range from testing innovative technologies for cleaning fracture flowback water, to finding new ways to improve casing cement jobs, to increasing the understanding of the relationship between underground water disposal and induced seismicity. (greencarcongress.com)
  • In the hybrid FO-VMD system, FO functions as a pre-treatment step to remove most contaminants and constituents that may foul or scale the membrane distillation (MD) membrane, whereas MD produces high quality water. (bath.ac.uk)
  • For two years, the team monitored sediments and river water above and below the treatment plant, as well as the discharge coming directly from the plant, for various contaminants and levels of radioactivity. (livescience.com)
  • Researchers say they are sure the contaminants are coming from fracking because the Josephine facility treats this oil and gas wastewater, and the water contains the same chemical signature as rocks in the Marcellus Shale Formation , Vengosh said. (livescience.com)
  • The flowback water also brings up such naturally occurring contaminants as barium, strontium and radium. (manufacturing.net)
  • after being treated by the filtration of the suspended sludge blanket, the sewage is led to a filtered water tank through a pipeline from the water outlet, and the sewage enters downwards and comes out upwards. (google.com)
  • With OSHA regulations and monitoring of sludge to keep out of the water drains increasing exponentially in recent years, closed-loop water recycling systems have become very prevalent in almost every fabrication shop these days. (stoneworld.com)
  • OSHA regulations and monitoring of sludge has increased exponentially over the last several years to keep the sludge out of the water drains. (stoneworld.com)
  • The sludge sinks to the bottom and clean water stays on top and then flows to clean water holding tanks for reuse back to the machines. (stoneworld.com)
  • However, the current water intensity and wastewater generated from shale wells needs to be addressed. (aiche.org)
  • OHIO is developing a supercritical water (SCW)-based process for the treatment and reuse of flowback and produced water generated by shale wells. (aiche.org)
  • The New York Times has reported on radium and gross alpha radiation levels in wastewater (also called flowback) from natural gas wells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wells are subject to strict rules to protect freshwater resources and prevent water contamination. (capp.ca)
  • Wells are designed and constructed to ensure underground water sources are protected. (capp.ca)
  • However, much of the water used in fracking is treated by oil and gas companies and reused, or injected into deep wells, said Lisa Kasianowitz, an information specialist at the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). (livescience.com)
  • The water that flows from active gas wells is contaminated with traces of chemicals used in drilling andfracking, which breaks up the shale to release natural gas. (manufacturing.net)
  • Most of the trips during drilling and completion of the wells would involve bringing fresh water to the site and hauling out wastewater, the application said. (aspentimes.com)
  • Drinking water aquifers are generally much shallower, between 18 and 150 meters from the surface. (capp.ca)
  • This drilling is deeper and requires substantially more fresh water (millions of gallons rather than 50-100,000 gallons), greater volumes of chemicals, and produces larger quantities of wastewater. (watershedcouncil.org)
  • Those systems often struggle to find resources to address legacy issues like aging drinking water and stormwater facilities and emerging challenges like new standards for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) "forever chemicals. (michigan.gov)
  • The process, which injects water and chemicals into the ground to release "natural" gas and oil from shale bedrock, has been shown to contribute significantly to air and water pollution and has even been linked to earthquakes . (prwatch.org)
  • A New York Times expose in 2011, released secret EPA documents that illustrated how this water is sometimes sent to sewage plants that are not designed to process the dangerous chemicals or radiation which in some instances are used in municipal drinking supplies or are released into rivers and streams that supply drinking water. (prwatch.org)
  • They gather the flow-back water or wastewater from a producing well, filter out sediment, treat it with chemicals and add freshwater from streams and farm ponds. (journalrecord.com)
  • One gas well can produce over a million gallons of contaminated water. (prwatch.org)
  • Millions of gallons of chemical and sand-laced water are then propelled into the ground at high pressures, fracturing the shale and forcing the methane it contains out. (tomdispatch.com)
  • With the release of that gas come thousands of gallons of contaminated water. (tomdispatch.com)
  • This study focuses on a geochemical analysis of the flowback waters and an evaluation of the potential environmental impacts on water and soil quality. (mdpi.com)
  • Reducing the volume of surface water and fresh groundwater used in natural gas and oil development is a priority. (capp.ca)
  • Using low quality or otherwise unusable sources of water such as saline groundwater. (capp.ca)
  • The Big Lost every year disappears somewhere along its path, but exactly where that happens depends on a combination of precipitation and the amount local farmers draw from surface water and groundwater to grow hay and grass. (eenews.net)
  • We conducted biological monitoring by collecting pre- and post-shift urine samples from flowback workers to evaluate exposure to benzene. (cdc.gov)
  • Figure 1 shows two separators (white), six flowback tanks (tan), and multiple water tanks (yellow) arranged in a typical side-by-side manner in the background of the photo. (cdc.gov)
  • The average full-shift time-weighted average (TWA) personal breathing zone benzene exposure (± 1 standard deviation) for workers gauging flowback or production tanks (n=17) was 0.25 ± 0.16 parts per million (ppm). (cdc.gov)
  • vii] Task-based personal breathing zone samples for benzene collected during tank gauging on flowback tanks exceeded the NIOSH short-term exposure limit (STEL) for benzene (1 ppm as a 15-minute TWA). (cdc.gov)
  • Do both recommend water storage tanks for flow back to the machines? (stoneworld.com)
  • Both systems use pumps to send the water from the water storage tanks back to the machines. (stoneworld.com)
  • FPSO Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading facilities, face unique challenges for water treatment due to remote locations, deep-water, weather movement and practices such as storage of produced water in slop/cargo tanks. (mineralstech.com)
  • Water filtration and clarification systems have become so critically important for fabricators like never before. (stoneworld.com)
  • From a cost perspective, if a shop is spending at least $400 or more per month on water, the Return on Investment (ROI) on a closed-loop water filtration system is very short - less than five years. (stoneworld.com)
  • There are two basic types of closed-loop water filtration systems found in the stone industry. (stoneworld.com)
  • Cartridge filters: Poor filtration without a rise in pressure may indicate torn or worn-out cartridges that are allowing water to pass through without filtering. (poolspanews.com)
  • This wastewater is often called "flowback," as it's the water that flows back to the surface from underground after being injected into rocks in the fracking process. (livescience.com)
  • The high bromide concentrations that were found were particularly concerning, since bromide can react with chlorine and ozone - which is used to disinfect river water and produce drinking water - to yield highly toxic byproducts. (livescience.com)
  • Therefore, this study investigated the effects of flowback water and sterile flowback water at two different concentrations on the Nmin rates of three distinct soil types. (bvsalud.org)
  • In a study published today (Oct. 2) in the journal Environmental Science and Technology, researchers found high levels of radioactivity, salts and metals in the water and sediments downstream from a fracking wastewater plant on Blacklick Creek in western Pennsylvania. (livescience.com)
  • Among the most alarming findings was that downstream river sediments contain 200 times more radium than mud that's naturally present upstream of the plant, said Avner Vengosh, a co-author of the study and a professor of geochemistry and water quality at Duke University. (livescience.com)
  • In the discharge and downstream water, researchers found high levels of chloride, sulfate and bromide. (livescience.com)
  • After it's treated, the effluent is usually discharged into rivers that also provide drinking water to communities downstream. (manufacturing.net)
  • The confusion could soon reach a resolution under the Trump administration's Waters of the U.S., or WOTUS, rule, which would explicitly eliminate Clean Water Act protections for waters without surface connections downstream. (eenews.net)
  • Sharing sources of water in multiple operations or with other operators. (capp.ca)
  • Water is continuously recycled within oil sands operations. (capp.ca)
  • Extensive ditch systems intercept surface runoff and diverts this water safely around mining and in situ operations. (capp.ca)
  • Water contaminated by fracking operations in Pennsylvania. (livescience.com)
  • Levels of salinity in the plant's discharge were up to 200 times higher than what is allowed under the Clean Water Act - and 10 times saltier than ocean water, Vengosh said. (livescience.com)
  • The DEC found that the resulting water contained levels of radium-226, some as high as 267 times the limit for safe discharge into the environment and more than 3000 times the limit safe for people to drink. (prwatch.org)
  • In addition, environmental regulations for overboard discharge or for re-injection and are becoming more stringent every year, creating the need for reliable, complex water treatment systems. (mineralstech.com)
  • As the impeller spins, it uses centrifugal force to push water to the pump's sides and out the discharge. (carverpump.com)
  • This snail-shape forces water out of the discharge instead of spinning the water around the casing. (carverpump.com)
  • Once water leaves the discharge, it creates low pressure, which pulls in more water. (carverpump.com)
  • Because centrifugal types rely on centrifugal force and water leaving the discharge to pull in more water, they can't run until they are full of water first. (carverpump.com)
  • Compared to centrifugal types, positive displacement types can discharge higher pressures of water. (carverpump.com)
  • In the hybrid FO-VMD system, water permeated through the FO membrane into a draw solution reservoir, and the VMD process was used for draw solute recovery and clean water production. (bath.ac.uk)
  • In addition, fracking releases naturally occurring heavy metals and radioactive materials from shale deposits, and these substances return to the surface with flowback, also referred to as wastewater. (wikipedia.org)
  • Concerns have been expressed that both naturally occurring radionuclides and radioactive tracers may return to the surface with flowback and during blow outs. (wikipedia.org)
  • A contaminant, such as used water in a pool or bathtub, can flow back into your water supply. (norfolk.gov)
  • In some locations, bays are connected to the open ocean through narrow openings, forcing tidal waters to flow back and forth like a reversing river. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The utility model relates to a kind of oil field extracted water, petroleum chemical enterprise's oily(waste)water purification techniques, refer in particular to a kind of oily(waste)water of handling to remove oil and the suspended substance in the water, reach the oily(waste)water refining plant and the purification system of the index request of oil field reinjection water or petrochemical industry reuse water. (google.com)
  • They have to reuse water, he said. (journalrecord.com)
  • The MI Clean Water Plan grants, through EGLE's Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF), Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF), and Substantial Public Health Risk Project Program (SPHRP) aim to help communities upgrade aging infrastructure to ensure healthy drinking water and protect Michigan's environment. (michigan.gov)
  • Governor Gretchen Whitmer, the Michigan Legislature, and federal agencies have ramped up funding for aging water infrastructure - a critical move to help ensure those water systems continue to protect public health and the environment, including Michigan's unmatched freshwater resources. (michigan.gov)
  • the almost whole after treatment re-injections of oil field extracted water, annotate back undergroundly if will contain the sewage of a large amount of suspended substances, oil in water emulsion and other pollutent, and will influence the later oil offtake in oil field.Therefore, disposing polluted water in oil re-injection technology and equipment is extremely important for Oilfield developing, production. (google.com)
  • The purpose of this program is to protect the health and welfare of the citizens of Norfolk by ensuring that the City's drinking water supply is protected from harmful substances. (norfolk.gov)
  • FPW), is a complex hyper-saline solution that is known to negatively impact the survival and the fitness of the water flea Daphnia magna, but to date effects on behavior are unstudied. (athabascau.ca)
  • This effect was not observed in salinity pre-exposed animals, however these daphnids displayed a significantly reduced phototactic response when tested in saline waters, indicating a loss of the positive phototaxis seen in naïve organisms. (athabascau.ca)
  • Similarly, oil sands operators take steps to protect surface water and to reduce the volume of fresh water drawn from the Athabasca River or other sources. (capp.ca)
  • Runoff within mining and in situ operating areas is intercepted and diverted away from undisturbed areas to prevent contamination of creeks, ponds, bogs and other surface water features. (capp.ca)
  • Using 80 barrel-water trucks, approximately 548 round trips are needed to deliver the completion water to location. (aspentimes.com)
  • Of the components in the process, the Supercritical Water Reactor (SCWR) will be responsible in the treatment of the major salt constituents and remaining hydrocarbons. (aiche.org)
  • The Josephine water treatment plant is shown in black. (livescience.com)
  • In Pennsylvania, some of this water is transported by oil and gas companies to treatment locations like the Josephine facility, where it is processed and released into streams and rivers. (livescience.com)
  • As the industry leader in water treatment solutions for the offshore Oil & Gas market, we offer a comprehensive program for short, medium and long-term remediation to help customers maintain production without interruption. (mineralstech.com)
  • The development and production of unconventional natural gas and oil is projected to increase in the coming years, and a better understanding of the volume and quality of FP water is crucial for the safe management of the associated wastewater. (duke.edu)
  • Laboratory test shows that water blocking damage is the major factor which restricts production of these gas oils. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Our FPSO Water Solutions enables customers to maintain production offshore without interruption, making produced water lifecycle management onboard offshore vessels more cost-effective than ever before. (mineralstech.com)
  • The traditional tried-and-true gravity silo decanter system works by pumping the water into the silo, mixed with flocculant chemical and allowing the water to separate. (stoneworld.com)
  • Everyone and their dog was scrambling through the brush to come take a look' at water finally flowing below the basalt rock formation, Wood recalled. (eenews.net)
  • Protecting water resources is a priority for Canada's natural gas and oil industry. (capp.ca)
  • There's always been an uneasiness about how to handle the parts of the river that sink,' said EPA's Heather Dean, who works on water resources issues in Region 10. (eenews.net)
  • Benzene, which the U.S. EPA has classified as a Group A, human carcinogen, is released in the fracking process through air pollution and in the water contaminated by the drilling process. (prwatch.org)
  • the complete set of purification system device is simple in structure and short in process flow, and can realize to lead water from an oil station to directly enter into the purification system. (google.com)
  • Certain compounds, such as toluene, that are released as gas at the wellhead and also found in water contaminated by fracking have the potential to harm pregnant women or women wishing to become pregnant. (prwatch.org)
  • Like all Canadians, the natural gas and oil industry values fresh water and the industry works to prevent water contamination. (capp.ca)
  • Do both systems offer full closed-loop systems and drastically reduce/eliminate water bills? (stoneworld.com)
  • The prospect of flowback water entering the soil through various approaches concerns regarding its ecological risk. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nitrogen mineralization (Nmin), a key rate-limiting step in the soil N cycle, might be adversely affected by flowback water. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nonetheless, no previous studies have examined the effects of flowback water on soil Nmin rates, let alone quantified the relative contributions of the major components of flowback water to changes in Nmin rates. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study aimed to elucidate the predominant influence of the key constituents within flowback water on the changes in soil Nmin rates. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results showed that soil soluble salt content, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DN) content significantly increased by 8.37 times, 9.5 % and 26.4 %, respectively, in soils contaminated by flowback water. (bvsalud.org)
  • Seventy percent of Michiganders are served by more than 1,000 community wastewater systems and a similar percentage get drinking water from community water systems. (michigan.gov)
  • The TETRA automated sand flushing system safely flushes sand captured by sand traps and other flowback sand-management systems, like the TETRA SandStorm™ advanced cyclone technology. (tetratec.com)
  • Both systems can be built for any size water consumption needed. (stoneworld.com)
  • Both systems are tailored/built for each specific fabricator based on building layout, machines, water consumption and future growth. (stoneworld.com)
  • Quality of the reclaimed water was comparable to that of bottled water. (bath.ac.uk)
  • It is envisioned that the FO-VMD system can recover high quality water not only from SGDF but also other wastewaters with high salinity and complex compositions. (bath.ac.uk)
  • This would seriously affect the quality of your water. (norfolk.gov)
  • Filter press systems use a high-pressure press system created inside the filtering chambers through special pumps that filter the water. (stoneworld.com)
  • Figure 2 A flowback technician gauging a flowback tank through a hatch on top of the tank. (cdc.gov)
  • General tips: As dirt accumulates on the filter media, water flow is restricted - and pressure within the tank rises. (poolspanews.com)
  • But the deleterious substance definition used in the ordinance was so broad it could encompass treated water or freshwater. (journalrecord.com)
  • Investing in research to develop technologies that require less water. (capp.ca)
  • Using a SGDF sample obtained from a drilling site in China, the hybrid system could achieve almost 90% water recovery. (bath.ac.uk)
  • But in Florida's Indian River Lagoon, the seagrass is disappearing fast due to algae, which is caused by pollution in the water. (sciencefriday.com)