• We report the cloning and characterization of the gene ABNORMAL FLORAL ORGANS (AFO), which is required for normal flower development in Arabidopsis. (edu.sa)
  • The expression of AFO mRNA by northern blot analysis in combination with mutant phenotype suggests that the AFO gene product plays an important role in Arabidopsis flower development. (edu.sa)
  • FAD2 was first identified in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana [2]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Among them, class A genes, such as APETALA1 ( AP1 ) in Arabidopsis , specify the outer-most floral organs, the sepals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression pattern of RhAG , a rose homolog of the Arabidopsis thaliana AGAMOUS C-function gene, is associated with low temperature regulated flower development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 4. Temporal relationship between the transcription of two Arabidopsis MADS box genes and the floral organ identity genes. (cngb.org)
  • 5. Regulation of SUP expression identifies multiple regulators involved in arabidopsis floral meristem development. (cngb.org)
  • Moreover, the phenotypic alterations of lateral organs in ta-siRNA-deficient mutants and the regulation of downstream targets by the ta-siRNA pathway in L. japonicus were similar to those in the monocots but different from Arabidopsis, indicating many parallels between L. japonicus and the monocots in the control of lateral organ development by the ta-siRNA pathway. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In order to explore the function of PI gene in the development of petals and stamens, the PI gene in Arabidopsis thaliana was used as the research object, and the AtPI gene was amplified from cDNA by PCR, and the plant expression vector(pROKⅡ- AtPI ) was constructed and transformed into tobacco. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Construction of Plant Expression Vector and Genetic Transformation Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana AtPI Gene in Nicotiana tabacum [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2016, 36(3): 388-394. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • The SEP4 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana functions in floral organ and meristem identity[J].Curr Biol,2004,14(21):1935-1940. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • 17. Yanofsky M F. Floral meristems to floral organs:genes controlling early events in Arabidopsis flower development[J].Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol,1995,46:167-188. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • 19. Mara C D,Huang T,Irish V F. The Arabidopsis floral homeotic proteins APETALA3 and PISTILLATA negatively regulate the BANQUO genes implicated in light signaling[J].Plant Cell,2010,22(3):690-702. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Floral inducers including FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), FD, SUPPRESSOR OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1), and LFEAY (LFY) activate the transcription of the majority of genes floral genes, promoting Arabidopsis bolting and flowering ( Johansson and Staiger, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • therefore, meristem and organ fate are intimately connected. (cngb.org)
  • Inflorescence morphogenesis in grasses (Poaceae) is complex and relies on a specialized floral meristem, called spikelet meristem, that gives rise to all other floral organs and ultimately the grain. (cngb.org)
  • The post-embryonic development of above-ground tissues in plants is dependent upon the maintenance and differentiation of stem cells at the shoot meristem. (biologists.com)
  • The plant shoot meristem is established at the apical end of the embryo, and is responsible for generating all of the organs and lateral meristems found above ground. (biologists.com)
  • A functional shoot meristem is maintained through a tightly controlled balance between the proliferation of a group of stem cells residing in the center, and the differentiation of their peripheral and basal progeny cells for the formation of organ primordia and other differentiated tissues. (biologists.com)
  • Homeotic genes are genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as echinoderms, insects, mammals, and plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Homeotic genes often encode transcription factor proteins, and these proteins affect development by regulating downstream gene networks involved in body patterning. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, Hox genes play a role of regulating expression of genes as well as aiding in development and assignment of specific structures during embryonic growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • They also include the MADS-box-containing genes involved in the ABC model of flower development. (wikipedia.org)
  • The antennapedia complex consists of five genes, including proboscipedia, and is involved in the development of the front of the embryo, forming the segments of the head and thorax. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bithorax complex consists of three main genes and is involved in the development of the back of the embryo, namely the abdomen and the posterior segments of the thorax. (wikipedia.org)
  • During development (starting at the blastoderm stage of the embryo), these genes are constantly expressed to assign structures and roles to the different segments of the fly's body. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, in one study, a pathogenic phytoplasma caused homeotic genes in a flowering plant to either be significantly upregulated or downregulated. (wikipedia.org)
  • These studies, along with many others, show the importance of homeotic genes even after development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another challenge to using transgenic plant technology in citrus is the long juvenile phase of immature tissues that ranges from 5 to 20 years, which greatly delays analysis of the effects of candidate genes. (springer.com)
  • Floral integrator genes such as FT , SOC1 , and AGL24 , converge various cues and activate the floral identity genes (e.g. (nature.com)
  • A key advance in the field of flower development has been the uncovering of a direct role for the FM-identity gene LEAFY (LFY) in activation of the floral organ-identity genes. (oboolo.com)
  • LFY encodes a novel plant-specific DNA-binding protein that can bind in vitro to the promoters of several floral organ-identity genes. (oboolo.com)
  • Expression of each of the floral organ-identity genes. (oboolo.com)
  • Expression of each of the floral organ-identity genes continues throughout most of flower development. (oboolo.com)
  • The majority of the gene ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment responses were for membrane-building and ploidy-related processes, consistent with the excessive floral organs and altered cell size observed in the mutant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There were 29 MADS-box genes, as well as a large number of floral-related regulators and hormone-responsive genes, considered as candidates regulating floral patterning of C. goeringii . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Small RNA sequencing revealed 132 conserved miRNA families expressed in flowers of C. goeringii , and 11 miRNAs corresponding to 455 putative target genes were considered to be responsible for multi-tepal development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes controlling floral organ identity have been identified through the genetic analysis of homeotic mutants, leading to the ABCDE model, in which five classes of regulatory genes (A, B, C, D and E) work in a combinatorial manner to confer the organ identities of the four whorls [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Class B genes, such as APETALA3 ( AP3 ) and PISTILLATA ( PI ), specify petals and male organs in concert with class A and C genes, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ABCE model, a broadly accepted model of flower development that was first proposed two decades ago, describes how the combinatorial activity of four classes of homeotic genes determines floral organ identity [ 1 - 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A total of 159 genes were differentially expressed between male and female flowers at all development stages. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Floral MADS-box genes are well known for their significant role in flower development [ 8 ]. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Concurrent mutations in REL genes also compromise flower development and result in radial symmetric floral organs. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 2. Carpenter R,Coen E S. Floral homeotic mutations produced by transposon-mutagenesis in Antirrhinum majus [J].Genes Dev,1990,4(9):1483-1493. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Analysis of the APETALA3- and PISTILLATA -like genes in Hedyosmum orientale (Chloranthaceae) provides insight into the evolution of the floral homeotic B-function in angiosperms[J].Ann Bot,2013,112(7):1239-5121. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Several floral integrator genes including LsCO , LsFT , and LsLFY were co-expressed with LsARF3 in the overexpression and knockout lettuce plants. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, these results demonstrate that LsARF3 could promote lettuce bolting in response to the high temperature by directly or indirectly activating the expression of floral genes such as LsCO, which provides new insights into lettuce bolting in the context of ARFs signaling and heat response. (frontiersin.org)
  • It has been demonstrated that the bolting and flowering signals from internal or external factors usually converge on a few integrator genes which serve as flowering inducers or repressors during floral transition. (frontiersin.org)
  • EN] Plant architecture s defined as the tridimensional spatial disposition of plant organs after their development and differentiation. (upv.es)
  • however, the mechanisms by which temperature regulates floral organ differentiation remain largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings provide a genetic basis for flower development and differentiation in T. fortunei, and improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sexual differentiation in T. fortunei . (beds.ac.uk)
  • A survey of agricultural technologies influencing the biosynthesis and accumulation of phenolic compounds in crop plants is presented, including observations on the effects of light, temperature, mineral nutrition, water management, grafting, elevated atmospheric CO 2 , growth and differentiation of the plant and application of elicitors, stimulating agents and plant activators. (mdpi.com)
  • They have various functions depending on the organism including flower development, proto-oncogene transcription, and gene regulation in specific cells (such as muscle cells). (wikipedia.org)
  • A possible model for AP2 regulation by miRNA172 can be envisioned in which expression of miRNA172 in the inner two floral whorls causes' translational inhibition of AP2 mRNA in these whorls. (oboolo.com)
  • However, functional genomic studies and the gene discovery associated with floral pattern regulation remains greatly limited in C. goeringii [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results provide highlights in the role of RhAG gene in petal number determination and add a new layer of complexity in the regulation of floral organ development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the ranunculid, Thalictrum thalictroides , down-regulation of the AG homolog ThtAG1 has been shown to result in homeotic conversion of stamens and carpels into sepaloid organs, as well as a loss of flower determinacy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Internal factors such as age of plants, hormones and external (a) biotic factors affects the regulation of leaf senescence [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • afo mutant flowers show defects in all four floral whorls. (edu.sa)
  • In this way, AP2 protein (and thus activity) could be restricted to the outer two floral whorls. (oboolo.com)
  • No physical interaction or cooperation of binding was observed in gel shift experiments Transcriptional repression of AG The lack of AG expression in vegetative tissues and the outer two floral whorls is a consequence of both the absence of AG activators and the activity of AG repressors. (oboolo.com)
  • and the stamens and carpels, which are the male and female reproductive organs, respectively, and form the inner two whorls. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The flower is the main reproductive organs of the plants, plays an extremely important role in the process of breeding and the PISTILLATA(PI) gene, and as a member of the B functional gene, plays an important role in floral organ development. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • This led to severe phenotypic changes including dwarfing, defects in the pistils, hypopigmentation, and the development of leaf-like structures on most floral organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The use of plant models in deep learning: an application to leaf counting in rosette plants. (algorithmicbotany.org)
  • Thus far, however, no one has made a comparative histogenetic study of the mode of initiation of the foliage leaf and floral organs within the same species, together with an interpretation of the homologous or analogous nature of these structures. (ucanr.edu)
  • 4 As a background, accordingly, for the interpretation of the carpel, the vegetative apex and the production of foliage-leaf primordia have been studied, by the present author, within the same species in order to permit a comparison with the floral apex and initiation of floral organs, with particular emphasis on the carpel. (ucanr.edu)
  • Leaf senescence is an integral part of the final stages of plant development, and is controlled by a fine-tuned complex regulatory network [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These observations, together with the expression and functional data, demonstrated that the ta-siRNA pathway plays conserved yet distinct roles in the control of compound leaf and flower development in L. japonicus. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) is a leafy vegetable whose edible organs usually are leaf or stems, and thus high-temperature induced bolting followed by flower initiation is an undesirable trait in lettuce production. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2016) utilized Illumina sequencing to integrate transcriptomic changes shoot apical meristems of floral buds in response to ethylene 16 , indicating that LTI, FT , and VRN1 involved in the process of floral development. (nature.com)
  • Transcriptional landscapes of floral meristems in barley. (cngb.org)
  • Here, we examined the transcriptional landscapes of floral meristems in the temperate crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using RNA-seq of laser capture microdissected tissues from immature, developing floral structures. (cngb.org)
  • Our unbiased, high-resolution approach revealed fundamental regulatory networks, previously unknown pathways, and key regulators of barley floral fate and will equally be indispensable for comparative transcriptional studies of grass meristems. (cngb.org)
  • The adult plant body is generated from the continuous and re-iterative organogenesis at two stem-cell containing structures: the shoot and root meristems. (biologists.com)
  • Flower meristems initiated during inflorescence development function similarly to shoot meristems, except for the transient nature of their stem-cell population. (biologists.com)
  • Mosaic first whorl organs are common, with some sepals taking on petaloid or staminoid characteristics. (edu.sa)
  • A number of ornamental plants, including rose ( Rosa hybrida ), peony ( Paeonia suffruticosa ), carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus ), and camellia ( Camellia japonica ), have flowers with greater numbers of petals (termed double flowers) and consequently are popular garden plants, due to their attractive appearance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The specific participation in the development of stamens, petals and ovary meanwhile plays a crucial role is gene AtPI . (nefu.edu.cn)
  • This Special Issue, "Plant Cell Wall Proteins and Development", will cover a selection of recent research topics in the field of cell wall biology focused on cell wall proteins and their roles during development. (mdpi.com)
  • Current Opinion in Plant Biology (2022) 69: 102262. (biologists.com)
  • In a review published in Trends in Plant Science, researchers led by Prof. XIE Qi from the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences comprehensively synthesized and discussed the evolutionary process of cereal floral organ and the genetic and molecular networks regulating cereal threshability. (foodonline.com)
  • 11. Theissen G,Saedler H. Plant biology. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • 1. Novel spatial expression of soybean WUSCHEL in the incipient floral primordia. (cngb.org)
  • Bolting is characterized as the elongation of the floral stem, accompanied with the initiation of the flowering ( Pouteau and Albertini, 2009 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • article{westin_apical_1999, title = {Apical mitotic activity and growth in clones of {Norway} spruce in relation to cold hardiness}, volume = {29}, doi = {10/dgsxgs}, abstract = {Seasonal development of apical mitotic activity and growth in three clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. (upsc.se)
  • Silencing of RhAG mimicked the impact of low temperature treatments on petal development by significantly increasing petal number through an increased production of petaloid stamens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transgenic tobacco plants exist obvious phenotype compared to wild-type tobacco, such as smaller corolla, shorter stamens, and abnormal ovary, which is 5-10 mm longer than wild-type tobacco. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Mutations that lead to development of ectopic structures are usually lethal. (wikipedia.org)
  • of structures or organs) developing in an unusual position, e.g. of roots originating from a stem node. (botswanaflora.com)
  • Starch it is extracted from many different plants and tissues, like tubers (e.g. potato) or seeds (e.g. cereals). (uzh.ch)
  • The endogenous trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) pathway plays a conserved role in adaxial-abaxial patterning of lateral organs in simple-leafed plant species. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The transition from vegetative growth to flowering is a crucial developmental change for flowering plants. (nature.com)
  • Since, however, reproduction should be treated as a function of the entire plant, the reproductive shoot cannot be understood except in relation to the vegetative body (Arber, 1937). (ucanr.edu)
  • The most notable of these is the outermost floral organ of the spikelet-glume. (foodonline.com)
  • miR172 regulates the expression of AP2 at the post-transcriptional or translational levels, thus regulating plant floral development, phase transition, spikelet morphology, tuber and fruit development, nodulation in legumes and stress response. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • One major limitation associated with existing protocols when used on economically important citrus species is likely low plant regeneration frequencies. (springer.com)
  • Furthermore, ectopic expression of Ms-cd1PΔ-597 confers DGMS in both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant species. (bvsalud.org)
  • The roots of most vascular plant species enter into symbiosis with certain fungi to form mycorrhizae , and a large range of other organisms including bacteria also closely associate with roots. (wikimili.com)
  • This system can be extremely complex and is dependent upon multiple factors such as the species of the plant itself, the composition of the soil and the availability of nutrients. (wikimili.com)
  • This so called storage starch takes the form of insoluble, semi-crystalline granules which differ in shape, size distribution and functional properties between plant species. (uzh.ch)
  • Complementation of plant mutants with large genomic DNA fragments by a transformation-competent artificial chromosome vector accelerates positional cloning[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1999,96(11):6535-6540. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Back in Paris, wrote his famous notes about organographie, organogenesis and physiology of the plants, and presents his book at the Institute on 1 April 1835 for the contest of experimental physiology founded by Montyon. (botanicalcabinet.com)
  • Plant Physiology , 152 (2), 797-807. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The plant hormone gibberellin appears to be an important regulator of homeotic gene expression in later stages of flower development (Yu et al. (oboolo.com)
  • When dissected, the arrangement of the cells in a root is root hair , epidermis , epiblem , cortex , endodermis , pericycle and, lastly, the vascular tissue in the centre of a root to transport the water absorbed by the root to other places of the plant. (wikimili.com)
  • On the other hand, transgenic plants produced from mature tissue via genetic transformation can drastically shorten flowering and fruiting time and thus speed up field evaluation studies. (springer.com)
  • Outlines are given for genetic engineering and plant breeding. (mdpi.com)
  • It has also been shown that the kn1 mRNA can be transported bidirectionally via phloem cells in plants (Duan et al. (springer.com)
  • Integrated mRNA and miRNA profiling data provided comprehensive gene expression information on the wild-type and multi-tepal mutant at the transcriptional level that could facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of floral patterning of C. goeringii . (biomedcentral.com)
  • MicroRNA (miRNA), a kind of regulatory non-coding small RNA, induces degradation of target mRNA or inhibits its translation by specific or non-specific binding, thereby regulating plant growth and development. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • The T2 generation plants were detected by qRT-PCR, and AtPI was also expressed at the level of mRNA. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Bonnett O. T. The development of the barley spike. (ucanr.edu)
  • My industrial partner, Carlsberg Research Laboratory, provides facilities and expertise in barley breeding and trait development. (uzh.ch)
  • Dr. Ilka Braumann, expert in trait development and pre-breeding related to improving plant stability, climate tolerance and starch quality in barley. (uzh.ch)
  • A key advancement in the field of flower development. (oboolo.com)
  • Flower development is central to angiosperm reproduction and is regulated by a broad range of endogenous and exogenous stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversely, cytokinin dehydrogenase 6 ( CKX6 ) was found to be up-regulated in male flowers of T. fortunei , suggesting that a lower concentration of CK is more conducive to male flower development [ 6 ]. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Cymbidium goeringii is a very famous traditional orchid plant in China, which is well known for its spectacular and diverse flower morphology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various mutations occur frequently in this orchid family, which greatly diversify the floral morphology and provide substantial commercial value. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bancroft H. A review of researches concerning floral morphology. (ucanr.edu)
  • These data could also be used as an important resource for investigating the genetics of floral morphogenesis and various biological mechanisms of orchid plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The majority of kn1 over-expressing citrus plants grow and develop normally at young seedling stages, similar to those of the wild type plants. (springer.com)
  • Specific inhibition of GhFAD2-3 using the RNA interference approach resulted in male sterility due to impaired anther development at the stages from meiosis to maturation. (researchsquare.com)
  • We propose that RhAG plays an essential role in rose flower patterning by regulating petal development, and that low temperatures increase petal number, at least in part, by suppressing RhAG expression via enhancing DNA CHH hypermethylation of the RhAG promoter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recessive loci Pps-1 and OM differentially regulate PISTILLATA-1 and APETALA3-1 expression for sepal and petal development in Papaver somniferum [J].PLoS One,2014,9(6):e101272. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • [4] The first root in seed producing plants is the radicle , which expands from the plant embryo after seed germination. (wikimili.com)
  • Besides flower-producing plants, the MADS-box motif is also present in other organisms such as insects, yeasts, and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Translational repression of AP2 The only floral organ-identity gene that does not encode a MADS-domain protein is the class A gene AP2. (oboolo.com)
  • 10. Theissen G. Development of floral organ identity:stories from the MADS house[J].Curr Opin Plant Biol,2001,4(1):75-85. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Evidence for and against Goethe's classical theory of metamorphosis in reference to the flower has been presented from a study of the vascular system of floral organs, paleobotanical material, and ontogeny. (ucanr.edu)
  • In vascular plants , the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. (wikimili.com)
  • Our work demonstrated the importance of C18:2 and/or C18:3 in development of pollen exine and anther cuticle in cotton, and provided clue for further investigation of the physiological significance of the fatty acid composition in plant growth and development. (researchsquare.com)
  • EN] Auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development. (upv.es)
  • but the histological method associates these modes of growth and development with the localization, the type, and the duration of the different kinds of meristematic phenomena. (ucanr.edu)
  • High transformation efficiency of citrus is of great importance for large scale characterization of gene functions and also cultivar development via transgenic and genome editing technologies. (springer.com)
  • We reported the molecular characterization of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) GhFAD2 gene family and the essential role of GhFAD2-3 in cotton anther development. (researchsquare.com)
  • Floral organ-identity gene expression. (oboolo.com)
  • In this study, transcriptome sequencing with Illumina and Pacific BioSciences (PacBio) single-molecule real-time (SMRT) platforms were used to investigate gene expression differences between male and female T. fortunei plants. (beds.ac.uk)
  • and the miR319/TCP4-miR396/GRF regulatory cascade probably regulating cell proliferation of the multi-tepal development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2. The far-upstream regulatory region of RFL is required for its precise spatial-temporal expression for floral development in rice. (cngb.org)
  • f., which belongs to the subgenus Jensoa of the genus Cymbidium , is one of the most horticulturally important and popular ornamental plants in the orchid family (Orchidaceae) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a typical ornamental plant, C. goeringii is characterized by highly specialized reproductive strategies and extremely diversified flowers [ 3 , 4 , 5 ], and commercially plays a very important role in world flower markets, especially in Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Trachycarpus fortunei is a plant with significant economic and ornamental value. (beds.ac.uk)
  • However, the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of floral patterning and multi-tepal development is limited. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While no effective HLB control methods or HLB resistance citrus cultivars have been commercialized, transgenic plant technologies have been recognized as a powerful tool to control the HLB disease. (springer.com)
  • Flowering of strict photoperiodic Nicotiana varieties in non-inductive conditions by transgenic approaches[J].Plant Mol Biol,2007,65(3):233-242. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Both male and female flowers of T. fortunei originate as bisexual flowers, and selective abortion occurs during floral development. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Abnormal organ structure is evident from an early stage. (edu.sa)
  • These are human health and plant resistance to pathogens and to biotic and abiotic stress factors. (mdpi.com)
  • Two main fields of interest form the background of actual demand for optimized levels of phenolic compounds in crop plants. (mdpi.com)