• The reprocessed uranium and plutonium is then reused in the reactors. (mirfali.com)
  • Apart from the current LWR recycling experience, another closed fuel cycle practice is the recycle of nuclear materials in fast reactors in which, reprocessed uranium and plutonium are used for production of Fast Reactor (FR) fuel. (mirfali.com)
  • Alpha particle ( ionizing radiation ) - two neutrons and two protons bound as a single particle (a helium nucleus) that is emitted from the nucleus of certain radioactive isotopes in the process of disintegration. (cdc.gov)
  • Background radioactivity - radioactive elements in the natural environment including those in the crust of the earth (like radioactive potassium, uranium, and thorium isotopes) and those produced by cosmic rays. (cdc.gov)
  • Beta particle ( ionizing radiation ) - a charged particle emitted from the nucleus of certain unstable atomic nuclei (radioactive isotopes), having the charge and mass of an electron. (cdc.gov)
  • Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). (ipfs.io)
  • Radioactive fallout from a nuclear reactor can be considered in two groups: isotopes of the noble gases (xenon, krypton-133) are radioactive elements with a very low chemical reactivity, relatively short half-lives, are not retained by the body and they remain and become dispersed in the air without ground deposition. (apjjf.org)
  • The second and more dangerous radioactive fallout group is represented by mainly the radioactive isotopes of iodine, cesium, and tellurium. (apjjf.org)
  • On March 23, experts were asked, on television and in the press, about the blue neutron beam, and stated that it might be due to the presence of uranium and plutonium radioactive isotopes, and an indication of spontaneous random re-criticality. (blogspot.com)
  • Activation products - radionuclides that result from the absorption of neutrons by uranium, and other materials present in a nuclear reactor. (cdc.gov)
  • The neutrons that are released by one atomic fission go on to fission other nuclei, triggering a chain reaction that produces heat, radiation, and radioactive waste products. (nrdc.org)
  • That's why power plants use "control rods" that absorb some of the released neutrons, preventing them from causing further fissions. (nrdc.org)
  • Another key difference is that the Chernobyl reactor used carbon to slow down neutrons, a key part of the fission reaction, while Fukushima's reactor cores are cooled by light-water, which greatly reduces the amount of radioactive soot in the wind . (scientificamerican.com)
  • Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile , meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor . (ipfs.io)
  • uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. (ipfs.io)
  • Neutrons in itself are not radioactive. (bay12forums.com)
  • For more things about radioactive effects of neutrons. (bay12forums.com)
  • The fuel rods constitute the fission material and release huge amount of energy when bombarded with slow moving neutrons. (eeeguide.com)
  • Cadmium is strong neutron absorber and thus regulates the supply of neutrons for fission. (eeeguide.com)
  • When the control rods are pushed in deep enough they absorb most of fission neutrons and hence few are available for chain reaction which, therefore, stops. (eeeguide.com)
  • However, as they are being withdrawn, more and more of these fission neutrons cause fis-sion and hence the intensity of chain reaction (or heat produced) is increased. (eeeguide.com)
  • About 56 used (spent) fuel assemblies will be removed from the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and 56 fresh assemblies will be inserted. (countercurrents.org)
  • Refueling releases a huge radioactive emissions plume The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) in which heat is generated by the fission of uranium atoms is like a pressure cooker. (countercurrents.org)
  • Furthermore, the reactor pressure vessel may also melt leaking the melted fuel which may escape into the environment if the primary and secondary containment structures (concrete) have been damaged. (apjjf.org)
  • A nuclear reactor is a cylindrical stout pressure vessel and houses fuel rods of Uranium, moderator and control rods (See Fig. 2.8). (eeeguide.com)
  • Luckily, a nuclear meltdown was avoided due to release of coolant in the facility. (theseoultimes.com)
  • This neutron capture occurs in the corrosion products and other impurities in the coolant circulating through the reactor core, and in the structural components of the reactor that are exposed to high radiation levels. (mirfali.com)
  • In addition, small quantities of radioactive fission products occur in the reactor coolant and fuel storage basin water as a result of an occasional fuel cladding failure. (mirfali.com)
  • March 13 o Second explosion at Fukushima o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7crIPPhmVI * o http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/77451.html o The plant operator, Tokyo Electric Power Co., commonly known as TEPCO, began injecting fresh water into the No. 3 reactor on Sunday after coolant water levels fell, while letting out radioactive steam to relieve pressure that had built up inside. (blogspot.com)
  • These "new" radioactive substances are called nuclides, which are so dangerous that, if inhaled, even just a thousandth of a gram of Plutonium-239 induces massive fibrosis of the lungs and can cause death within days (A pinch of uranium, a touch of technocracy and a lot of luck, by Richard Pollack). (umich.edu)
  • Trained by the Tennessee Valley Authority to operate this same type of reactor. (johndearmond.com)
  • The nuclear fuel cycle includes several nuclear fuel cycles may be considered, depending on the type of reactor and the fuel used and whether or not the irradiated fuel is reprocessed and the nuclear material is recycled. (mirfali.com)
  • In the north of Ukraine, then a Soviet republic, Chernobyl nuclear power plant was a thriving extensive enterprise served by the purpose-built town of Pripyat when on April 26th, 1986, reactor No 4 exploded, vaporising about five per cent of the core and spewing radioactive flames and gases high into the air. (drb.ie)
  • The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear reactor accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union. (theseoultimes.com)
  • Reactor number 4 of Chernobyl power station, situated near Pripyat in Ukraine , exploded. (theseoultimes.com)
  • Nucleur fission occurs when these atoms absorb a neutron, this then forces the nucleus to split. (getrevising.co.uk)
  • But when a neutron strikes the nucleus of certain atoms-uranium, for example-this atomic center can break into pieces in a process called nuclear fission, releasing enormous energy in the form of heat and radiation. (nrdc.org)
  • Its atoms are more easily split apart in nuclear reactors. (nrdc.org)
  • In fission, the nuclear fuel is placed in a nuclear reactor core and the atoms making up the fuel are broken into pieces, releasing energy. (nrdc.org)
  • The energy released from the fission of uranium atoms heats water, which produces steam. (nrdc.org)
  • The differences between fission and fusion are myriad: Nuclear fusion involves the fusing together of atomic nuclei, while fission involves splitting atoms. (forbes.com)
  • As is well known, a nuclear reactor releases radioactive gases like tritium, argon, xenon, carbon14 and iodine, regularly during normal operations, mainly through its 100 meters high stack. (countercurrents.org)
  • There may also be some radioactive materials produced at fusion plants, such as tritium. (forbes.com)
  • The Indian scientists have managed to extract highly enriched tritium from heavy water used in power reactors. (ccnr.org)
  • They argue that the project is being executed to prevent the many health hazards associated with the leakage of tritium from reactors. (ccnr.org)
  • When asked what is exactly being done to the highly radioactive tritium so recovered, the scientists refuse to talk - even under conditions of anonymity. (ccnr.org)
  • However, since the proposal for a global repository in Australia (which has never produced nuclear power, and has one research reactor) was raised, domestic political objections have been loud and sustained, making such a facility in Australia unlikely. (wikipedia.org)
  • The National Research Reactor suffered a failure that shut down the facility due to operational poor decisions and a chain reaction that the operators we unable to control. (umich.edu)
  • What you're reading took numerous hours of research over many days to discover the theoretical timeline of Plutonium radioactive isotope leakage at the Fukushima Daiichi facility. (blogspot.com)
  • The International Panel on Fissile Materials has said: It is widely accepted that spent nuclear fuel and high-level reprocessing and plutonium wastes require well-designed storage for periods ranging from tens of thousands to a million years, to minimize releases of the contained radioactivity into the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike fission, fusion doesn't require fissile materials, like plutonium or uranium-233 or -235, which can be used in the production of nuclear weapons. (forbes.com)
  • This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons . (ipfs.io)
  • By suitable operation, such a reactor can produce more fissile plutonium than it consumes. (mirfali.com)
  • The International Panel on Fissile Materials ( IPFM ) is in the process of finalizing an analysis of the policy and technical challenges faced internationally over the past five decades by efforts at long-term storage and disposal of spent fuel from nuclear power reactors. (thebulletin.org)
  • Uranium and plutonium in fuel rods are used again, however other radioactive waste from the fuel rods are emptied into secure conditions until it all decays . (getrevising.co.uk)
  • Fuel rods in nuclear reactor cores are filled with uranium oxide ceramic pellets in zirconium cladding. (scientificamerican.com)
  • When the 'spent' rods are removed from the reactor core they are stored in pools with racks of rods at the bottom or dry casks , usually on site. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Periodically the fuel rods are removed from reactor cores and refreshed. (scientificamerican.com)
  • While such rods are spent in terms of their usefulness in the reactor core, they still contain deadly radioisotopes that remain hazardous. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Like the fuel rods in the reactor core, spent fuel rods must be kept cool or the release of cesium-137 and strontium-90, among other deadly radioisotopes, could result. (scientificamerican.com)
  • There's less heat in the spent fuel rods than in the reactor core's fuel rods, so the danger posed is less intense, but in an encompassing crisis such as a magnitude 9.0 earthquake affecting multiple sites at once, the ability to cool storage pools can be greatly impaired. (scientificamerican.com)
  • While it takes longer for the spent fuel rods to become as hazardous as a reactor core meltdown, the ongoing nature of Japan's crisis presents a unique hazard. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Only about 1-2% of the uranium in fuel rods is actually used up in a reactor. (apjjf.org)
  • The control rods are of cadmium and are inserted into the reactor. (eeeguide.com)
  • Therefore, by pulling out the control rods, power of the nuclear reactor is increased, whereas by pushing them in, it is reduced. (eeeguide.com)
  • 2. Plutonium is created in small quantities by the nuclear fission process in the spent fuel rods. (blogspot.com)
  • A Cold War-era liquid-fueled reactor design could transform thorium - a radioactive waste from mining - into a practically limitless energy source. (businessinsider.com)
  • In nuclear power station, heavy elements such as Uranium (U 235 ) or Thorium (Th 232 ) are sub-jected to nuclear fission in a special apparatus known as a reactor . (eeeguide.com)
  • This act triggered an explosion which destroyed the reactor core and released the reactor fuel. (umich.edu)
  • There was no explosion, though fission products were progressively released inside the building. (world-nuclear.org)
  • The nuclear fission explosion lasted for 20 hours. (theseoultimes.com)
  • If the chain reaction is not controlled, the result will be an explosion due to the fast increase in the energy released. (eeeguide.com)
  • In order to gather the most thorough evidence to date, we poured through countless news stories from Japan and the World, as well as official press releases from TEPCO, NRC documents, Areva status documents, and a JAIF report in order to determine the truth at Fukushima. (blogspot.com)
  • March 14 o http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11040901-e.html o Extreme pressure at #3 per TEPCO chronology dated April 9th 2011 * o Two new explosions at Fukushima and high radiation. (blogspot.com)
  • Massive amounts of these beta radionuclides have escaped into the air and Pacific Ocean at Fukushima Japan which is in its fifth year of an ongoing triple meltdown that began March 11, 2011 after an earthquake and tsunami destroyed most of a huge reactor complex there. (enviroreporter.com)
  • The silicon carbide layer, in particular, is so dense up to temperatures of 1650°C that no radiologically significant quantities of gaseous or metallic fission products are released from the fuel elements. (modernpowersystems.com)
  • Gaseous fission products also are released to the plant off-gas systems during the breaching and dissolving operations. (mirfali.com)
  • The data of annual releases from each commercial reactor in the world are reported by the United Nations' Scientific Committee on Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) periodically. (countercurrents.org)
  • Actinides - radioactive elements with atomic numbers equal to or greater than that of actinium (i.e., 88). (cdc.gov)
  • Although nuclear energy dates back to 1943 when the first controlled nuclear fission reaction too place in Chicago as part of the Manhattan Project, the American public did not comprehend its significance until August 1945 when two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan to end World War II. (umich.edu)
  • In the years following World War II, the nuclear fission inside the atomic bomb was turned to a new use: creating electricity. (theverge.com)
  • During their long reaction period about 5.4 tonnes of fission products as well as 1.5 tonnes of plutonium together with other transuranic elements were generated in the uranium ore body. (wikipedia.org)
  • A chain reaction is when each fission event causes more fission event. (getrevising.co.uk)
  • If uncontrolled, that chain reaction could produce so much heat that the nuclear reactor core itself could actually melt and release dangerous radiation. (nrdc.org)
  • If power is cut, the reaction simply stops, whereas at a fission plant, it can be self-sustaining, potentially leading to catastrophe. (forbes.com)
  • At the point of criticality, the nuclear fission chain reaction became self-sustaining and began to emit intense gamma and neutron radiation, triggering alarms. (world-nuclear.org)
  • It controls the chain reaction* that starts once the fission is done. (eeeguide.com)
  • Nuclear power reactors are fueled mostly with low-enriched and natural uranium, which undergoes a fission chain reaction releasing heat and creating radioactive fission products and plutonium and other transuranic elements. (thebulletin.org)
  • Both the cooker and the RPV release small quantities of gases during 'cooking', and massive quantities when the lid of the vessel is opened. (countercurrents.org)
  • During December 2016, the world's first Generation-III pressusrized water reactor (PWR)at Kudamkulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP) in India will be shut down for its second refueling. (countercurrents.org)
  • Nuclear power plants can generate bountiful, carbon-free electricity, but their solid fuel is problematic, and aging reactors are being shut down. (businessinsider.com)
  • Today, they supply about 20% of America's energy, though by the 2040s, this share may drop to 10% as companies shut down decades-old reactors, according to a January 2017 report released by Idaho National Laboratory (INL). (businessinsider.com)
  • Over the next few years, a few reactors are scheduled to be shut down , including California's last nuclear reactor in 2025. (nrdc.org)
  • Some reactors are being shut down before their operating licenses expire because of a combination of safety concerns and economic competition. (nrdc.org)
  • The reactors shut down as designed and the core cooling systems kicked in, again as designed, powered by the diesel generators. (johndearmond.com)
  • The intensely hot and highly radioactive spent nuclear fuel from power reactors is unloaded into a water-filled pool immediately adjacent to the reactor to allow its heat and radiation level to decrease. (thebulletin.org)
  • They emit alpha particles which are a health hazard if breathed in. (getrevising.co.uk)
  • Thousands of nuclear fission particles escaped into the atmosphere along with a million liters of contaminated water near the Ottawa River. (umich.edu)
  • After the reactor products had fallen, nuclear particles were able to enter the buildings ventilation system that was stuck in the "open" position. (umich.edu)
  • These elements form fine suspended particles in the air (aerosols), which due to their weight will gradually end up falling on the ground when released into the air, contaminating all vegetation, clothing and any other surfaces including water sources. (apjjf.org)
  • Probably the most important safety feature of the PBMR is that radioactive fission products produced during system operation are confined within the fuel during all operating and accident conditions in such a way that there will be no significant release of radioactivity from the fuel particles. (modernpowersystems.com)
  • But the neutron (not radioactive in itself), if absorbed by other particles, can often make the said particles radioactive, like the inner plating (which will then be radioactive waste). (bay12forums.com)
  • Some of the most dangerous radioactive elements known to man are created in nuclear power plants. (umich.edu)
  • A nuclear reactor core meltdown occurs when the fuel rod in the reactor core is unable to remain cool. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Earlier versions of the fast breeder reactor were commercial failures and safety disasters. (whatisnuclear.com)
  • The US fast breeder program (see Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant) was one of these, and did indeed get canceled in part due to cost overruns. (whatisnuclear.com)
  • On 30 September three workers were preparing a small batch of fuel for the Joyo experimental fast breeder reactor, using uranium enriched to 18.8% U-235. (world-nuclear.org)
  • A 2010 IPFM report examined the efforts to commercialize fast breeder reactors in six countries and showed how cost and reliability problems defeated these efforts. (thebulletin.org)
  • Called a molten-salt reactor , the technology was conceived during the Cold War and forgoes solid nuclear fuel for a liquid one, which it can "burn" with far greater efficiency than any power technology in existence. (businessinsider.com)
  • If there is a loss of water or a failure of replenishment, the spent fuel will overheat and catch fire, releasing its radiotoxic contents. (apjjf.org)
  • Note that the longer fuel is irradiated in the reactor core, the more radioactive it becomes due to the build-up of fission by-products which also contaminate the fuel limiting its usable life. (apjjf.org)
  • In order to displace a significant amount of carbon-emitting fossil fuel generation, another 1,000 to 1,500 new 1,000+ Megawatt reactors would need to come on line worldwide by 2050, a completely prohibitive proposition. (whatisnuclear.com)
  • In 1999 three workers received high doses of radiation in a small Japanese plant preparing fuel for an experimental reactor. (world-nuclear.org)
  • The 1999 Tokaimura accident occurred in a small fuel preparation plant operated by JCO (formerly Japan Nuclear Fuel Conversion Co.), a subsidiary of Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. The plant supplied various specialised research and experimental reactors and was not part of the electricity production fuel cycle. (world-nuclear.org)
  • It was JCO's first batch of fuel for that reactor in three years, and no proper qualification and training requirements had been established to prepare those workers for the job. (world-nuclear.org)
  • It is an apparatus in which nuclear fuel (U 235 ) is subjected to nuclear fission. (eeeguide.com)
  • Nuclear fuel is defined as the fissionable nuclear material in the form of fabricated elements for loading into the reactor core of a nuclear power plant and the nuclear fuel cycle is referred to the various activities associated with the production of electricity from nuclear reactors. (mirfali.com)
  • The cycle also includes the processes for dealing with spent nuclear fuel which is classified as radioactive waste. (mirfali.com)
  • The radioactive contaminants of main concern are fission products resulting from nuclear fission in the fuel elements. (mirfali.com)
  • These fission products are released at the fuel reprocessing plant, where the fuel cladding is either chemically or mechanically breached and the fuel is dissolved. (mirfali.com)
  • The open fuel cycle is the mode of operation in which the nuclear material passes through the reactor just once. (mirfali.com)
  • After irradiation, the fuel is kept in at-reactor pools until it is sent to away from-reactor storage. (mirfali.com)
  • The closed fuel cycle is the mode of operation in which, after a sufficient cooling period, the spent fuel is reprocessed to extract the remaining uranium and plutonium from the fission products and other actinides. (mirfali.com)
  • This recycle strategy has been adopted by some countries mainly in Light Water Reactors (LWR) in the form of mixed oxide (MOX) fuel. (mirfali.com)
  • In a few countries, spent fuel is sent to a reprocessing plant, where the fuel is dissolved and the plutonium and uranium recovered for potential use in reactor fuel. (thebulletin.org)
  • These processes also produce high-level wastes that contain the fission products and other radioisotopes from the spent fuel - as well as other streams of radioactive waste, including plutonium waste from the manufacture of plutonium-containing fuel. (thebulletin.org)
  • by the end of 2010, the total US stockpile of spent power-reactor fuel was 64,500 tons, including 15,350 tons in dry casks, according to the US Department of Energy's Office of Disposal Operations. (thebulletin.org)
  • These numbers come mostly from national reports under the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management . (thebulletin.org)
  • Countries initially justified civilian reprocessing by the need for separated plutonium to provide startup fuel for plutonium breeder reactors, but breeder reactors have not materialized. (thebulletin.org)
  • 1. #3 Reactor was loaded with MOX fuel some four months before it was to be de-comissioned. (blogspot.com)
  • Most of these are stored in the fuel storage pool at #4 reactor. (blogspot.com)
  • Experts like Michio Kaku mentioned that Plutonium could be released from the MOX fuel, and then when the explosions began occurring so often (beginning on March 12), many nuclear experts stated that plutonium is a byproduct of the nuclear fission process. (blogspot.com)
  • Although U.S. nuclear power plant regulators monitor operational safety, natural hazards (such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes), human error, mechanical failure, and design flaws can still trigger the release of radioactive contamination. (nrdc.org)
  • The particular JCO plant at Tokai was commissioned in 1988 and processed up to 3 tonnes per year of uranium enriched up to 20% U-235, a much higher enrichment level than for ordinary power reactors, using a wet process. (world-nuclear.org)
  • Failure to maintain this system leaves the country at a huge loss should radiological releases happen due to nuclear plant malfunctions and meltdowns as well as terrorism by an expanding list of American enemies who vow to destroy it. (enviroreporter.com)
  • The radionuclides remaining in the solution after recovery of the uranium and plutonium are the fission products and the actinides, also called the transuranics, which include the unrecovered plutonium and the heavier elements (Np, Am, Cm, etc.) of the actinide series formed by neutron capture. (mirfali.com)
  • The radioactivity induced by neutron capture is the major source of radioactive waste that requires management at the power reactor site. (mirfali.com)
  • As the reactor was not housed in a reinforced concrete shield, large amounts of debris escaped in the atmosphere. (theseoultimes.com)
  • But traces of radioactive debris were found in nearly every country in the Northern Hemisphere. (theseoultimes.com)
  • Inside, it is filled with tips like "Six Facts You Need to Know About KI-Potassium Iodide" (No. 1: it can protect your thyroid if you are exposed to radioactive iodine) and "helpful answers" to questions like "Could Indian Point explode like a bomb? (ipsecinfo.org)
  • The fission products and alpha-emitters contaminate all materials with which they come in contact and this contamination is passed along the contact chain. (mirfali.com)
  • The 1000 MW WWER reactor, a joint venture of Russia's Rosatom and the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) was grid connected three years ago. (countercurrents.org)
  • Operating nuclear power plants (NPPs) contain large volumes of radioactive gases at high pressures and temperatures. (countercurrents.org)
  • These recycled metals should only be used under control conditions at DOE sites or possibly in the construction of nuclear reactors and associated equipment at nuclear power plants,' the recommendation states. (wise-uranium.org)
  • Nuclear power comes from the energy that is released in the process of nuclear fission. (nrdc.org)
  • In the United States, as of January 1, 2022, there are 55 commercially operating nuclear power plants running 93 nuclear reactors in 28 states. (nrdc.org)
  • All commercial nuclear power plants operating across the globe today are fission ones, while fusion is not yet a commercially viable or proven technology. (forbes.com)
  • However, the NRC notes in its white paper that, "Radioactive releases and risk levels … are generally agreed to be lower for fusion devices than current generation fission-based power stations" and that, "the majority of the waste output from a fusion facility should consist of low-level radioactive waste. (forbes.com)
  • Like nuclear power, which has 'peaceful' and 'wartime' uses, radioisotopes can be deadly when released unexpectedly into the environment in large doses but can also be used for medicinal purposes . (scientificamerican.com)
  • Depleted uranium is left over after uranium has been enriched for use in nuclear reactors or weapons, blurring the line between peaceful and wartime uses of nuclear power. (scientificamerican.com)
  • When nuclear disasters occur the nuclear power plants could suffer a meltdown, meaning the melting through of the containment structure and releasing radiation to the ground and air. (umich.edu)
  • Leading critic, Dr. Henry W Kendall of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, once said that "the uncontrolled release of even 5 of 10% of the core inventory could bring instantaneous death to persons up to 60-100 miles from a large fission-power reactor. (umich.edu)
  • The SL-1 or Stationary Low-Power Reactor Number One, was the first fatal nuclear accident in the United States. (umich.edu)
  • It is highly ignorant to suppose we can continue to use FISSION power. (greenlivingcentral.net)
  • I am in a green group and even my own chairman suggested we use nuclear power - I asked him how I am going to build a reactor in my garden? (greenlivingcentral.net)
  • These objectives were developed in the light of the potential of a reactor linked to a closed cycle gas turbine system, the current cost imperatives in Eskom and the increasing need for a load following power station. (modernpowersystems.com)
  • The thermal-hydraulic stabilization is provided by modularizing the core with a relatively low power density (less than 4.5 MW/m 3 ), such that the integrated heat loss capability from the reactor exceeds the decay heat production of the core under all conceivable accident conditions. (modernpowersystems.com)
  • The pumps require no electrical power (hydraulic governor) and one pump is adequate to cool the reactor. (johndearmond.com)
  • Nuclear power, no matter the reactor design, cannot address climate change in time. (whatisnuclear.com)
  • Wikipedia, and other sources tell me that the fission part delivers the largest amount of the power. (bay12forums.com)
  • Nuclear power plants are not well suited for varying loads as the reactor does not respond to the load fluctuations efficiently. (eeeguide.com)
  • The advantage of the technology developed by BARC is that it assumes heavy water as the moderator in power reactors when most of those in the West (including Russia) -- with the exception of Canada -- use light water. (ccnr.org)
  • Curiously, there seems to exist some confusion regarding how classified the project is, but scientists at the Nuclear Power Corporation (NPC), the government controlled organization that constructs and runs India's commercial power reactors, remain tight-lipped on the entire issue. (ccnr.org)
  • Incidentally, some time ago, the NPC management announced that one of the power reactors at Kalpakkam near Madras in southern India would be opened to research activities. (ccnr.org)
  • Common elements of repositories include the radioactive waste, the containers enclosing the waste, other engineered barriers or seals around the containers, the tunnels housing the containers, and the geologic makeup of the surrounding area. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ability of natural geologic barriers to isolate radioactive waste is demonstrated by the natural nuclear fission reactors at Oklo, Gabon. (wikipedia.org)
  • The idea is that any steam released, either through relief valves or through a fault inside the primary containment would be conducted through the downcomers (the diagonal pipes that lead to the torus) and into the sparger system (the series of pipes shown in the torus cut-away) inside the torus that releases the steam underwater where it immediately condenses. (johndearmond.com)
  • Then the LPSI takes over and cools the reactor until there is no more steam. (johndearmond.com)
  • It cools the torus and the reactor after steam pressure is reduced to 15 psi or less and during cold shutdown. (johndearmond.com)
  • The heat energy thus released is utilised in raising steam at high temperature and pressure. (eeeguide.com)
  • A deep geological repository is a way of storing hazardous or radioactive waste within a stable geologic environment (typically 200-1000 m deep). (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] A number of mercury, cyanide and arsenic waste repositories are operating worldwide including Canada (Giant Mine) and Germany (potash mines in Herfa-Neurode and Zielitz) and a number of radioactive waste storages are under construction with the Onkalo in Finland being the most advanced. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nuclear technology is not safe - it produces waste that is radioactive for years and years which is currently either reprocessed or dumped in the sea - building up problems for the future. (greenlivingcentral.net)
  • Of course, it's dangerous for (as said), organics, as if you become radioactive yourself (do not try this at home), but on other materials, it change them into radioactive waste (most are not very dangerous, but some can be nasty). (bay12forums.com)
  • The lid of the reactor was blown off and a large amount of cooling water, contaminated with radioactive waste, was leaked out. (theseoultimes.com)
  • Even today, the radiation levels in the region are extremely high and the natural water resources are still contaminated with radioactive waste. (theseoultimes.com)
  • Hence, the formation of radioactive waste from what otherwise would be normal industrial waste. (mirfali.com)
  • The extent to which such contaminated materials can be suitably decontaminated for some purpose only results in additional radioactive waste arising from the decontamination process. (mirfali.com)
  • Here we summarize the findings of this report on the history and current status of radioactive waste management in ten countries. (thebulletin.org)
  • Reprocessing and radioactive waste policies. (thebulletin.org)
  • [ 1 ] The main challenge was adapting the existing models, whose primary focus was containing a hazardous material release, to one that reflected the chaos of a large-scale disaster involving a large number of affected individuals. (medscape.com)
  • Radioactive uranium contamination would become part of the 'dross' during the melting, leaving the majority of metals to be cast as ingots for future use. (wise-uranium.org)
  • The spread of airborne contamination is unlikely to be evenly distributed due to many variables including the prevailing winds, the altitude the contamination reaches before dispersion and the time period of release. (apjjf.org)
  • Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel . (ipfs.io)
  • It is these fission by-products that pose the greatest immediate danger if released into the environment. (apjjf.org)
  • The next task was to install shielding to protect people outside the building from gamma radiation from the fission products in the tank. (world-nuclear.org)
  • The fission by-products are generally radioactive and may cause a dangerous amount of radioactive pollution. (eeeguide.com)
  • The disposal of the by-products, which are radioactive, is a big problem. (eeeguide.com)
  • The soluble fission products dissolve into an aqueous solution, along with the Plutonium and unburned uranium. (mirfali.com)
  • The materials handling and fabrication involving liquid and solid forms of fission products and transuranics, especially for plutonium in the fabrication of plutonium and uranium plutonium oxide fuels, results in contaminated equipment and ventilation systems, all to be dealt with. (mirfali.com)
  • Beta radiation includes fission products from nuclear reactors including Cesium-134, Cesium-137 and Strontium-90. (enviroreporter.com)
  • There were also several large black-and-white photographs chronicling the construction of the reactors' four-and-a-half-foot-thick containment domes. (ipsecinfo.org)
  • At least one study found that it's possible for hydrogen buildup in a reactor core to form flammable and detonable mixtures, jeopardizing the containment integrity . (scientificamerican.com)
  • As air was sucked into the shattered reactor, it ignited the flammable carbon monoxide, resulting in a fire that raged for nine days. (theseoultimes.com)
  • Nuclear reprocessing does not eliminate the need for a repository, but reduces the volume, the long-term radiation hazard, and long-term heat dissipation capacity needed. (wikipedia.org)
  • This situation has changed as the German Green Party parliamentarians forced the government to provide the half hourly data of release of radionuclides by the Gundremmingen NPP -in Bavaria, during its refueling operation in September 2011. (countercurrents.org)
  • One of the challenges facing the supporters of these efforts is to demonstrate confidently that a repository will contain wastes for so long that any releases that might take place in the future will pose no significant health or environmental risk. (wikipedia.org)
  • The high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) has a number of attractive inherent safety features, although there are none currently in commercial operation. (modernpowersystems.com)
  • Two explosions blew off the dome shaped roof of the reactor, causing its contents to erupt out. (theseoultimes.com)
  • Nuclear reactors, on the other hand, fit the bill: They're dense, reliable, emit no carbon, and - contrary to bitter popular sentiment - are among the safest energy sources on earth. (businessinsider.com)
  • Another kind of Cold War competition began, with the U.S.A and U.S.S.R racing toward the first electricity-generating nuclear reactor for large numbers of civilians. (theverge.com)
  • Cesium takes between 10 days and 100 days for half of it to be excreted from the body so there is significant hazard once it is absorbed. (apjjf.org)
  • Its importance becomes even more apparent when one considers the major leap from the ability to manufacture fission weaponry to the capacity to build a thermonuclear weapon like a hydrogen bomb . (ccnr.org)
  • When the reactor is depressurised and opened to refuel once a year, these gases escape creating a spiked emission and a large radioactive plume downwind of the station. (countercurrents.org)
  • The uranium 'dross' would be sent to low level radioactive disposal cells in the West. (wise-uranium.org)