OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and Drugs
Brugia malayiBrugiaFilariasisWolbachiaBrugia pahangiFilarioideaMicrofilariaElephantiasis, FilarialDirofilaria immitisDipetalonemaHelminth ProteinsWuchereria bancroftiOnchocercaAntigens, HelminthGerbillinaeAntibodies, HelminthDNA, HelminthFilaricidesDiethylcarbamazine
NematodesTimoriWormsInfectionMicrofilariaeWuchereria bancrofti and BrugiaGenome of the filarialSpecies of filarialMosquitoesFilariasisAnti-filarialNematode parasiteAedesHydroceleBancroftiCausative AgentsOnchocercaWormLarvaeBacteriumPathogenesisDirofilariaInfectionsMicrofilarialTrichinellaVectorsPeritoneal cavityLifecycleHumanImmuneVitroResistanceIngestionHarborsClinicalTranscriptomeDiseaseInsightsImmunity
Nematodes13
  • Filarial nematodes have been found in the eyes and periorbital region of humans worldwide ( 1 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Utilizing adults and microfilariae of the human lymphatic filarial parasite Brugia malayi, this project will investigate the biochemical pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism in these filarial nematodes. (grantome.com)
  • However, while hundreds of nematodes have been described in bats ( 2 ), their biology, life cycles and host-parasite specificity and interactions remain largely unknown ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Onchocercid filarial nematodes, and especially the genera Litomosa and Litomosoides , occur relatively frequently in both Old World and Nearctic and Neotropical bats of the families Hipposideridae, Miniopteridae, Molossidae, Phyllostomidae, Pteropidae, Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae ( 4 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Filarial nematodes are obligate parasites which have state-of-the-art lifecycles connected with people, other vertebrates, and you may arthropod vectors. (h2oprimemart.com)
  • 1 It is caused by infection with the parasitic nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , or Brugia timori and is transmitted through mosquitoes. (bmj.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea. (askdrmakkar.com)
  • To assess whether this pattern is true of nematodes in general, we have used genome sequence to compare two nematode species that last shared a common ancestor approximately 300 million years ago: the model C. elegans and the filarial parasite Brugia malayi . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of the three nematodes responsible for lymphatic filariasis in humans, only Brugia malayi is actively maintained in research settings owing to its viability in small animal hosts, principal among which is the domestic cat. (uga.edu)
  • Nematodes (roundworms) include the major intestinal worms and the filarial worms and onchocerciasis. (ijpjournal.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis caused by infection with the nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi and B. timori . (ijpjournal.com)
  • These two NTDs are caused by parasitic roundworms, the filarial nematodes Onchocerca volvulus (onchocerciasis), Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , and Brugia timori (lymphatic filariasis). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Wolbachia are essential for multiple components of filarial nematode biology including larval growth and the production of offspring and, ultimately, survival of many filarial nematodes, including the causative parasites of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, making this symbiont a very attractive chemotherapeutic target for the treatment of both diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Timori14
Worms16
  • Lymphatic filariasis is a human disease caused by parasitic worms known as filarial worms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Filarial worms of the genus Dirofilaria and zoonotic Onchocerca species, normally parasitic in animals, occasionally enter a human host and undergo partial or aberrant development. (medscape.com)
  • At necropsy, eight adult filarial worms, later genetically identified as Litomosa sp. (frontiersin.org)
  • A PCR assay targeting cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 confirmed that adult worms from the peritoneal cavity and testicular microfilariae were of the same filarial species. (frontiersin.org)
  • Scott, AL & Ghedin, E 2009, ' The genome of Brugia malayi - All worms are not created equal ', Parasitology International , vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 6-11. (nyu.edu)
  • The ethanolic extract of the leaves was tested in vitro on adult worms and microfilariae (mf) of B. malayi and the active sample was further evaluated in vivo in B. malayi intraperitoneally (i.p.) transplanted in the jird model (Meriones unguiculatus) and Mastomys coucha subcutaneously infected with infective larvae (L3). (biomedres.us)
  • The ethanolic extract of the leaves of the G. sylvestre was tested in vitro on adult worms and microfilariae (mf) of B. Malayi and the active sample was further evaluated in vivo in B. malayi . (biomedres.us)
  • The parasite worms Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi cause filariasis, which may lead to elephantiasis. (hpathy.com)
  • The adult filarial worms primarily reside in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. (who.int)
  • Adult filarial worms reside in the lymphatics and lymph nodes and induce changes that result in dilatation of lymphatics and thickening of the lymphatic vessel walls. (arizona.edu)
  • There are many species of filarial worms, but only a few infect. (msdmanuals.com)
  • They may act jointly or separately by inhibition of tubulin polymerization and blocking glucose uptake which produces damage to the mucopolysaccharide membrane of worms will expose the outer layer restricting their movement which finally may cause paralysis and ultimately death of parasite 6 . (ijpjournal.com)
  • Motile adult worms may be seen in symptomatic and subclinical filarial hydroceles. (medscape.com)
  • The characteristic movements of adult filarial worms are called the filarial dance sign (FDS) and are a reliable diagnostic finding. (medscape.com)
  • It can be caused by several other different types of parasitic worms, including Wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi , and B. Timor. (healthaio.com)
  • Global programmes for control and elimination, such as APOC and OEPA for onchocerciasis and GPELF for lymphatic filariasis have been developed and made significant progress, but existing approaches principally target only the early larval stage of filarial worms known as microfilaria. (biomedcentral.com)
Infection13
  • Together, these genomes and associated functional data elucidate key aspects of the molecular host-parasite interactions that define chronic whipworm infection. (nature.com)
  • Parasitic helminths generally induce strong type 2 immunity that normally controls parasite infection and is characterized by production of type 2 cytokines like interleukin- (IL-) 4, IL-5, and IL-13 by innate cells (group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages) and CD4 + T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
  • An important aspect about type 2 cell-mediated responses against parasitic helminths is that they are induced for controlling parasite infection but they also mediate the tolerance of parasite persistence [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This suggests that both proteins may be important for establishment of parasite infection of the intestine and are prophylactic vaccine candidates. (westminster.ac.uk)
  • Case report: Filarial infection of a parti-coloured bat: Litomosa sp. (frontiersin.org)
  • This parasitic infection is caused by filarial parasites and transmitted through mosquito vectors. (healthida.com)
  • Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes. (askdrmakkar.com)
  • The majority of infections are asymptomatic, showing no external signs of infection while contributing to transmission of the parasite. (askdrmakkar.com)
  • We found evidence for Toll, IMD, and JAK-STAT pathway activity in response to early stages of B. malayi infection when the parasites are beginning to die in the resistant genotype. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Bancroftian filariasis is infection by the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti which causes disease by blocking lymphatic vessels [ 1 ]. (annexpublishers.co)
  • Further analysis is necessary to examine no matter whether nearby seroepidemiology within pets might help appraise the risk of SFTSV bacterial infections in residents.Monocyte dysfunction within helminth contamination is among the mechanisms suggested to clarify the reduced parasite antigen-specific Capital t cell reactions observed along with patent filarial infection. (nartsignaling.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is a filarial worm infection that is a common cause of permanent disability worldwide. (msdmanuals.com)
  • AAWZ1066S showed far superior efficacy (depletion of Wolbachia and sterilisation of microfilaria production) than the 'Gold-standard' anti- Wolbachia drug, doxycycline, at 7-day treatment regimens in two independent filarial infection animal models. (biomedcentral.com)
Microfilariae5
  • The ability of adults or microfilariae to incorporate 3H-arachidonic acid in vitro into parasite neutral and phospholipids has been assessed utilizing thin layer chromatography and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (grantome.com)
  • While the standard filarial life cycle pattern involves a vertebrate definitive host and an invertebrate vector, represented by a blood-sucking ectoparasite, our finding suggests that microfilariae of this nematode species may also be semen-borne, with transmission intensity promoted by the polygynous mating system of vespertilionid bats in which an infected male mates with many females during the autumn swarming. (frontiersin.org)
  • Dual host infections: enhanced infectivity of eastern equine encephalitis virus to Aedes mosquitoes mediated by Brugia microfilariae. (ajtmh.org)
  • Brugia malayi microfilariae enhance the infectivity of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus to Aedes mosquitoes. (ajtmh.org)
  • This parasitic filarial disease is characterized by the presence of sexually mature dimorphic adults in the pulmonary arteries that produce microfilariae (MF) circulating in the bloodstream [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia2
Genome of the filarial1
Species of filarial1
  • Filariasis is disabling parasitic disease prevalent worldwide caused by various species of filarial organism. (annexpublishers.co)
Mosquitoes7
  • When infected mosquitoes bite people, mature parasite larvae are deposited on the skin from where they can enter the body. (askdrmakkar.com)
  • We also found that resistant mosquitoes express anti-microbial peptides at the time of parasite-killing, and that this expression is suppressed in susceptible mosquitoes. (cam.ac.uk)
  • These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. (who.int)
  • Only those mosquitoes immune activated prior to, or immediately after, parasite ingestion exhibit this reduction in parasite development. (cnrs.fr)
  • Mosquitoes immune activated 2-5 days after bloodfeeding show no differences in parasite burdens compared with naive controls. (cnrs.fr)
  • Because few oocysts were found on the midgut of immune-activated mosquitoes, the data suggest that some factor, induced by bacterial challenge, kills the parasite at a preoocyst stage. (cnrs.fr)
  • Nematode parasite transmitted by mosquitoes. (unboundmedicine.com)
Filariasis9
  • Effects of combined diethylcarbamazine and albendazole treatment of bancroftian filariasis on parasite uptake and development in Culex pipiens L. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2005. (cellmolbiol.org)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is caused by filarial parasites and is transmitted through mosquito vectors and human hosts. (healthida.com)
  • The development of lymphatic filariasis is attributed to filarial parasites, which belong to the nematode family. (healthida.com)
  • The presence of filarial parasites in the lymphatic system triggers inflammatory responses, causing damage and obstruction to the lymphatic vessels, leading to the characteristic symptoms of lymphatic filariasis such as lymphedema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. (healthida.com)
  • Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue and yellow fever and a laboratory model for studying lymphatic filariasis, is genetically variable for its capacity to harbor the filarial nematode Brugia malayi. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The results of this study demonstrate the competence of the dog as a host for B. malayi and its potential to serve in the laboratory role currently provided by the cat, while also clarifying the potential for zoonosis in filariasis-endemic regions. (uga.edu)
  • In recent years, there has been rapid progress in filariasis research, which has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of filarial disease, diagnosis, chemotherapy, the host-parasite relationship, and the genomics of the parasite. (arizona.edu)
  • This gene, named Bm-spn-2, has been isolated from the filarial nematode Brugia malayi, a causative agent of human lymphatic filariasis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Wolbachia ( w Bm) is an obligate endosymbiotic bacterium of Brugia malayi , a parasitic filarial nematode of humans and one of the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Anti-filarial3
  • This information will oped doors for using natural compounds as anti-filarial therapy and will also be helpful for future drug discovery. (cellmolbiol.org)
  • The present study is aimed to evaluate the anti-filarial activity of Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae), against human lymphatic filarial parasite Brugia malayi in vitro and in vivo . (biomedres.us)
  • It has been proposed that the anti-filarial action of these drugs may be mediated through the host immune system. (uga.edu)
Nematode parasite1
  • It is basically a syndrome caused by nematode parasite called the filarial worm. (healthaio.com)
Aedes2
  • The filarial roundworms are transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito of genera Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, or Mansonia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exome and transcriptome sequencing of Aedes aegypti identifies a locus that confers resistance to Brugia malayi and alters the immune response. (cam.ac.uk)
Hydrocele1
  • 4 Since 2000, the number of cases of filarial induced hydrocele has declined by about 49% to 19.4 million, and the number of cases of filarial induced lymphoedema by 23% to 16.7 million. (bmj.com)
Bancrofti6
  • Technicians analyzing the blood smear must be able to distinguish between W. bancrofti and other parasites potentially present. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here in this study, we have tried to explore the inhibitory potential of some of the well-reported natural ant-filarial compounds against the GST from Wuchereria bancrofti (W.bancrofti) and Brugia malayi (B.malayi). (cellmolbiol.org)
  • In silico virtual screening, approach was used to screen the selected natural compounds against GST from W.bancrofti and B.malayi. (cellmolbiol.org)
  • Virtual screening Brugia malayi Wuchereria bancrofti Natural compounds. (cellmolbiol.org)
  • Wuchereria bancrofti and you will Brugia malayi take place in the fresh new systema lymphaticum and you may cause the elephantiasis situation. (h2oprimemart.com)
  • However, no clinical trials have been performed to date to assess the efficacy of Mox (alone or in combination with DEC or Albendazole) for treatment of filarial parasites that cause LF(W. bancrofti or Brugia malayi). (wustl.edu)
Causative Agents1
  • Filarial nematode parasites, the causative agents of elephantiasis and river blindness, undermine the livelihoods of over one hundred million people in the developing world. (nyu.edu)
Onchocerca1
  • The latest filarial worm, Onchocerca volvulus, grounds epidermis tumors and you will loss of sight which can be common among the anybody out of Africa as well as the Middle eastern countries. (h2oprimemart.com)
Worm8
  • Therefore, immune modulatory mechanisms like induction of Tregs highlight the fact that these parasites are shaping the host immune system to reach a well-balanced tradeoff between immune evasion for parasite persistence and the modulation of host tissue damage to reduce as much as possible deleterious effects of worm persistence. (hindawi.com)
  • Further investigation will be necessary to better understand the bat-parasite interaction and the life cycle of this filarial worm. (frontiersin.org)
  • We recently developed an in vitro assay for monitoring the attachment to and killing of B. malayi Mf by human neutrophils (PMNs) and monocytes (PBMCs), however, the levels of both cell to worm attachment and leukocyte mediated Mf killing varied greatly between individual experiments. (uga.edu)
  • Filarial Worm Infections Overview Filarial worm infections are caused by certain roundworms and affect different parts of the body depending on the species of worm. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Based on local and systemic symptoms identification of worm done by microscopically stool examination for ova, cysts and parasites, and a full blood count for eosinophilia. (ijpjournal.com)
  • Lammie PJ, Cuenco KT, Punkosdy GA. The pathogenesis of filarial lymphedema: is it the worm or is it the host? (medscape.com)
  • This disease is caused by the filarial worm. (healthaio.com)
  • This parasite when enters into a human body it grows into an adult worm that lives in the lymphatic system of the human body. (healthaio.com)
Larvae1
  • Whipworms have a simple and direct life cycle, and, unlike the related parasite Trichinella spiralis , whipworm larvae do not form cysts in muscle tissue but reside exclusively in the intestine. (nature.com)
Bacterium1
  • The Brugia genome also provides an opportunity to gain insight into genetic basis for mutualism, as Brugia, like a majority of filarial species, harbors an endosybiotic bacterium (Wolbachia). (nyu.edu)
Pathogenesis2
  • The objectives of the current presentation are to summarize the functional properties of HSPs and their role in innate and acquired immune responses, to throw light on their role in pathogenesis and parasites survival, to review the literature searching for new drug discovery and vaccine candidates for parasitic diseases, and finally to present their use in diagnosis and genotyping of some parasitic diseases. (eg.net)
  • A new insight into the pathogenesis of filarial disease. (medscape.com)
Dirofilaria2
  • Macrocyclic lactone resistance (e.g., to ivermectin) in the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis , is of great interest because of concerns for animal welfare in companion animals and also as a model for human filarial infections. (mcgill.ca)
  • The molecular genetics of ivermectin (macrocyclic lactones) and resistance selection in the filarial parasites, Dirofilaria immitis and Brugia malayi . (mcgill.ca)
Infections3
  • Filarial infections have been understudied in bats. (frontiersin.org)
  • Successful labelling approaches will be piloted to track blood or lymphatic filarial infections using whole animal intravital bioimaging technology platforms (optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging) in collaboration with MRC/UKRMP Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool. (growglobal.health)
  • Overview of Parasitic Infections A parasite is an organism that lives on or inside another organism (the host) and benefits (for example, by getting nutrients) from the host at the host's expense. (msdmanuals.com)
Microfilarial1
  • It is possible that Bm-SPN-2 could function as a stage-specific serpin in the blood environment of the microfilarial parasite in protection from human immunity and thus may be a good candidate for protective vaccine. (elsevierpure.com)
Trichinella1
  • Trichinella spiralis, perhaps one of the most well-known parasites regarding vertebrates, might have been analyzed generally by doctors, experimental biologists, and ecologists. (h2oprimemart.com)
Vectors1
  • These parasites have complex life cycles that involve both mosquito vectors and human hosts. (healthida.com)
Peritoneal cavity1
  • The antifilarial test conducted was at 5×100mg/kg by subcutaneous route revealed excellent adulticidal efficacy resulting in to the death of 65.0% transplanted adult B. Malayi in the peritoneal cavity of jirds in addition to noticeable microfilaricidal action on the day of autopsy. (biomedres.us)
Lifecycle2
  • A normal filarial lifecycle starts whenever human beings have the parasite out of the brand new bite away from an infected bloodstream-drawing bug. (h2oprimemart.com)
  • However, the lifecycle of neither B. malayi nor w Bm can be maintained in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
Human7
  • The availability of these two important whipworm genomes and the integration of parasite and host data presented here will underpin future efforts to control these parasites and exploit their immunological interplay for human benefit. (nature.com)
  • Mechanisms by which human filarial parasites cause disease and modulate the host's immune response are poorly understood. (grantome.com)
  • The effects of filarial arachidonate derivatives on human eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte and platelet functions will be assessed. (grantome.com)
  • Recently, the Filarial Genome Project reported the draft sequence of the ~ 95 Mb genome of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi - the first parasitic nematode genome to be sequenced. (nyu.edu)
  • The Brugia genome provides the first opportunity to comprehensively compare the full gene repertoire of a free-living nematode species and one that has evolved as a human pathogen. (nyu.edu)
  • The findings revealed that the extract from the leaves of G. Sylvestre contains promising in vitro and in vivo antifilarial activity against human lymphatic filarial parasite B. malayi which may be further explored to new antifilarial agents. (biomedres.us)
  • An 83 kb region flanking the gene for Bm-mif-1 (macrophage migration inhibitory factor, a B. malayi homolog of a human cytokine) was sequenced. (biomedcentral.com)
Immune3
  • On the basis of high-throughput transcriptomics data, we identify whipworm proteins that are highly expressed in the anterior region of the parasite, that is, in intimate contact with the cytoplasm of host intestinal cells and the immune system. (nature.com)
  • Besides, appropriate immune response is needed to repair tissue damage linked to parasite migration or to avoid damage caused by excessive immune activation. (hindawi.com)
  • Some of these episodes are caused by the body's immune response to the parasite. (askdrmakkar.com)
Vitro1
  • In vitro production of enzymatically active O. volvulus prolyl 4-hydroxylase should facilitate identification of specific inhibitors of the parasite enzyme. (embl.de)
Resistance5
  • Research in my laboratory focuses on the molecular genetics and mechanisms of resistance to antiparasitic drugs, the mechanisms of action of these pharmaceuticals and parasite control. (mcgill.ca)
  • The work encompasses laboratory studies of parasite genomics, functional genomics and pharmacogenomics, proteomics and cellular physiology, combined with field aspects in developing countries to develop and deploy molecular tools to monitor the development of drug resistance in global parasitic disease control and elimination programs. (mcgill.ca)
  • Drug resistance in veterinary parasites has become a major problem in many parts of the world. (mcgill.ca)
  • We are also interested in drug resistance in important nematode parasites of livestock, where resistance already poses a substantial economic challenge. (mcgill.ca)
  • The role of P-glycoproteins efflux pumps in drug resistance in parasites. (mcgill.ca)
Ingestion1
  • aegypti from 4 h to 10 days after ingesting P. gallinaceum, suggesting that parasite ingestion, passage from the food bolus through the midgut, oocyst formation, and subsequent release of sporozoites into the hemolymph do not induce the production of defensin. (cnrs.fr)
Harbors1
  • The bulbous posterior end of the whipworm lies free in the intestinal lumen and harbors the reproductive organs, giving adult Trichuris parasites their characteristic whip-like morphology. (nature.com)
Clinical1
  • Approximately 120 million people are infected with the parasites, 40 million of whom have clinical symptoms of the disease. (news-medical.net)
Transcriptome1
  • On the basis of whole-transcriptome analyses, we identify many genes that are expressed in a sex- or life stage-specific manner and characterize the transcriptional landscape of a morphological region with unique biological adaptations, namely, bacillary band and stichosome, found only in whipworms and related parasites. (nature.com)
Disease2
  • Many mosquito species are naturally polymorphic for their abilities to transmit parasites, a feature which is of great interest for controlling vector-borne disease. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The blood test reveals many circulating parasites which is very beneficial to rule out the cause of the disease. (healthaio.com)
Insights2
  • Further, by characterizing the biological activities of any filarial arachidonate derivatives, these studies may provide insights into novel mechanisms of parasite pathogenicity and may suggest rational approaches to the development of antifilarial agents. (grantome.com)
  • The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the results of genomic analysis and how these observations provide new insights into the biology of filarial species. (nyu.edu)
Immunity1
  • The potential roles of filarial parasite-derived arachidonic acid metabolites as mediators of pathogenicity and as modulators of host immunity will be examined. (grantome.com)