• The rupture-prone plaques are called vulnerable plaques (VP), and usually have a large lipid and necrotic core, are rich in inflammation, and are covered by a thin fibrous cap. (lu.se)
  • In those not started on biologics, however, plaques not only became more high risk but the fibrous caps got thinner over the year and necrotic cores actually worsened, Mehta said. (medscape.com)
  • Depending on the balance between pro-inflammatory responses and resolution promoting pathways, lesion development is either delayed or accelerated towards the formation of advanced and complex plaques characterized by chronic unresolved inflammation, extensive matrix remodeling and formation of large thrombogenic necrotic cores. (fusion-conferences.com)
  • Moreover, in fat-fed LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice whose myeloid cells expressed a cleavage-resistant variant of MerTK, atherosclerotic lesions exhibited higher macrophage MerTK, lower levels of the cleavage product soluble Mer, improved efferocytosis, smaller necrotic cores, thicker fibrous caps, and increased ratio of proresolving versus proinflammatory lipid mediators. (figshare.com)
  • Many local and systemic factors participate in this process, including hyperlipidemia, ongoing inflammation, large necrotic cores, and diabetes. (clinsurgeryjournal.com)
  • Here you can see a trial using OCT, another interventional technique, that demonstrated that those patients taking rosuvastatin plus 1.8 grams of EPA had thicker fibrous cap. (pace-cme.org)
  • Plaque area in 28-week-old Gitr(-/-) Apoe(-/-) mice was reduced, and plaques had a favourable phenotype with Less macrophages, a smaller necrotic core and a thicker fibrous cap. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Defective repair and weakening of the protective fibrous cap ultimately lead to plaque disruption, which triggers acute thrombosis and vascular occlusion. (fusion-conferences.com)
  • Atherothrombotic vascular disease is often triggered by a distinct type of atherosclerotic lesion that displays features of impaired inflammation resolution, notably a necrotic core and thinning of a protective fibrous cap that overlies the core. (figshare.com)
  • 2,6 More refined analysis of local vascular inflammation and the cytokines expressed in atherosclerotic plaques revealed that there is a balance between pro-inflammatory and anti- inflammatory cytokines and that this balance is crucial for lesion development ( Figure 2A). (researchgate.net)
  • After psoriasis treatment with an interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitor, computed coronary tomography angiography (CCTA) in patients at low cardiovascular risk revealed reductions in noncalcified plaque, reductions in the plaque's necrotic core, and increases in its fibrous cap, which makes it harder for plaques to rupture. (medscape.com)
  • The results were less robust in patients treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs, but plaques stabilized and fibrous caps increased. (medscape.com)
  • Plaques with thin fibrous caps and abundant inflammatory cells are more likely to rupture ( 2 , 3 , 4 ). (kresserinstitute.com)
  • 4 Among these techniques, due to its high resolution (~15 μm) optical coherence tomography (OCT) can identify the majority of the morphological characteristics of stable and complicated atheromatous plaques, including precise measurement of the thickness of the overlying fibrous plaque and a high sensitivity for thrombus detection. (ecrjournal.com)
  • To examine whether there are associations between gene expression, lipidomics, extracellular matrix, and inflammation in human atherosclerotic plaques. (lu.se)
  • 3) To examine whether there are associations between gene expression, lipidomics, extracellular matrix and inflammation in human atherosclerotic plaques (from our unique biobank) in relation to the risk of developing cardiovascular events and thus find new markers or treatment modalities. (lu.se)
  • The proprotein convertase PCSK6 was detected at increased levels in the fibrous cap of symptomatic carotid plaques, possibly associated with key processes in plaque rupture such as inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling. (scilifelab.se)
  • This probe will allow us to quantitatively measure the density of enzymes that degrade the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaques and contribute to their destabilization and increase the likelihood of rupture and thrombus formation. (ottawaheart.ca)
  • Campbell and colleagues examined samples of coronary plaque from humans, calculating physical forces within the plaques as well as looking for signs of inflammation. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • Lipid deposition is a key phenomenon in atherogenesis and plaques are formed by an LDL cholesterol core and a fibrous capsule ( Fig 2-1 ). (pocketdentistry.com)
  • We used OCT in the acute phase and at follow-up (one to seven months) to investigate the plaque healing in 10 culprit plaques: five ruptured fibrous cap (RFC) and five intact fibrous cap (IFC) which were not treated with stent deployment and caused ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (n=8) and non-STEMI (n=2). (cardiolefrog.fr)
  • Background: Stable atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by thick fibrous caps of smooth muscle cells, collagen, and macrocalcifications. (lu.se)
  • Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycaemia, obesity, hypertension, smoking, and aging promote vascular inflammation and endothelial activation [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We sought to test the ability of contrast-enhanced, high-resolution 3D vessel wall MR imaging to identify vascular inflammation and direct open biopsies of intracranial target vessels and adjacent brain parenchyma. (ajnr.org)
  • Eight of 9 specimens revealed vascular inflammation. (ajnr.org)
  • We operationally define central nervous system vasculitis (CNSV) as any inflammatory vasculopathy producing nonatheromatous inflammation of intracranial vessels either directly (eg, primary CNS vasculitis) or indirectly via inflammation of CNS parenchyma with secondary vascular involvement (eg, as seen with infections, tumors, and certain autoimmune conditions). (ajnr.org)
  • iii) infection of vascular endothelium/ heart pericytes with subsequent local inflammation (vasculitis) and clot formation [ 9 ]. (springer.com)
  • Vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells treated with LPS and oxLDL showed increased folds changes in mRNA transcripts of the biomarkers of inflammation and plaque vulnerability compared to untreated cells. (fortunejournals.com)
  • 1 In addition, FAs modulate vascular inflammation, a key mechanism of atherosclerosis, cerebral small vessel pathologies, and stroke, by altering intracellular signal transduction or controlling lipid mediators such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, or leukotrienes. (j-stroke.org)
  • The driving force of atherogenesis is the chronic inflammation which promote the development of a vulnerable plaque responsible of acute cardiovascular diseases. (unito.it)
  • Because of these complexities, systems approaches are needed to untangle the underlying disease mechanisms of chronic inflammation and atherogenesis. (fusion-conferences.com)
  • This can lead to increased blood viscosity, swelling, edema, pain, chronic inflammation and more serious fibrotic conditions or cardiovascular events. (sgn80.com)
  • 1-3 Plaque rupture, the most frequent mechanism of coronary thrombosis, involves disruption of a thin fibrous cap that overlies a large necrotic core, causing the thrombogenic contents of the necrotic core to come into contact with the bloodstream and trigger thrombus formation. (ecrjournal.com)
  • With plaque erosion, there is no connection between mechanical strain and inflammation in the same way as with plaque rupture, the researchers found. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • Calcifications may also seed the cap of a thin cap fibro atheroma, altering tensile forces on the cap and rendering the lesion prone to rupture. (clinsurgeryjournal.com)
  • Increased expression of PCSK6 in symptomatic lesions was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (n=233), and the protein was localized to smooth muscle α-actin positive cells and extracellular matrix of the fibrous cap by immunohistochemistry. (scilifelab.se)
  • The ruptured fibrous cap is known to be rich in macrophages that produce MMPs, thus digesting extracellular matrix and weakening the fibrous cap. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The major atherosclerosis causing plaque has a fibrous cap, which sticks out into the artery, causing vasoconstriction, and blocking blood flow (the plaque always forms in the lumen, which is between the intima and the musculature of the wall. (pharmacymedicinedrugs.com)
  • Therefore, with the aim to summarize the current knowledge on the initiation of the atherosclerotic process, in this paper, we review the early markers of atherosclerosis and we address the main therapeutic targets for preventing atheroma formation at its very initial stages focusing on inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and the interaction between platelets and endothelium. (hindawi.com)
  • Immunopositive areas were evaluated in relation to fibrous and neointima tissues, atheroma, and media. (bmj.com)
  • At one point in a particular artery, the plaque has a core of dying inflammatory cells, covered by a fibrous cap. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • It is defined as thickening of blood vessel walls due to the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells and fibrous components, forming the so called atheromatous plaque. (pocketdentistry.com)
  • Moreover, they sustained inflammation by upregulating COX-2 and mPGES-1levels, as well as iNOS and NO. Of note, inhibition of inflammatory molecule formation decrease MMP-9 release by macrophages, underlying the crucial role of inflammatory response in MMP-9 overexpression. (unito.it)
  • Longitudinal and large epidemiological studies, such as the Framingham Heart Study, have revealed the different risk factors for ACVD and identified common pathways such as endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation. (pocketdentistry.com)
  • This feedback amplifies the cycle of inflammation-mediated events and the release of acute phase reactants (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Background: Calcification and inflammation are atherosclerotic plaque compositional biomarkers that have both been linked to stroke risk. (tudelft.nl)
  • Do biomarkers of inflammation, monocyte activation, and altered coagulation explain excess mortality between HIV infected and uninfected people? (jamanetwork.com)
  • This is using therapies, looking at the same study but now looking at lipid-rich necrotic core, fibrous cap thickness and intraplaque hemorrhage. (pace-cme.org)
  • METHODS: Brain large arteries from 302 autopsied cases (50% HIV+) were evaluated morphometrically for the presence of atherosclerosis, size of necrotic core, and fibrous cap thickness. (touro.edu)
  • Besides the importance of this process, oxidation of LDL is not the sole initiator of inflammation, as the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants is also important for the process of atherogenesis. (hindawi.com)
  • The term atherosclerosis is derived from the Greek "athero," meaning gruel, or wax, corresponding to the necrotic core area at the base of the atherosclerotic plaque, and "sclerosis" for hardening, or induration, referring to the fibrous cap of the plaque's luminal edge. (medscape.com)
  • A vulnerable plaque is characterized by a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. (unito.it)
  • Recent evidence suggests that the risk of clinical events is related not only to local factors within the atherosclerotic plaque (such as the state of the necrotic core or the fibrous cap), but also to blood-borne or systemic factors. (medscape.com)
  • The images from the US, OCT, and angiography in the LPS and the oxLDLtreated group showed increased plaque formation with features suggestive of unstable plaque, including necrotic core, thin fibrous caps, and a signal poor region more with oxLDL compared to LPS. (fortunejournals.com)
  • If the cap is thin (the patterns of blood flows near the cap influence this), there is a risk that the cap will break and the contents of the core will spill out, triggering a blood clot nearby. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
  • Our results suggest that oxidized lipids promote plaque vulnerability by enhancing inflammation and MMP-9 upregulation. (unito.it)
  • First-line biologic treatment of psoriasis reduces inflammation in the skin but also appears to improve three high-risk coronary plaque features, a new study suggests. (medscape.com)
  • This led the present team to question whether this was due to simply reducing systemic inflammation or a more local benefit on the coronary arteries, for example, plaque modulation. (medscape.com)
  • 2 Calcified nodules is a less common cause of coronary thrombosis, characterised by thrombus formation over nodular calcification protruding into the lumen through a disrupted thin fibrous cap. (ecrjournal.com)
  • Here you see that icosapent ethyl or EPA, 1.8 grams a day, added to statin therapy reduced the lipid volumes and increase the fibrous volumes in coronary plaque, thought to be very stabilizing for future cardiovascular events. (pace-cme.org)
  • Recent studies have suggested that micro calcification in the fibrous cap may increase local tissue stress (depending on the proximity of one micro calcific locus to another, and the orientation of the micro calcification in reference to blood flow), resulting in plaque instability [1]. (clinsurgeryjournal.com)
  • Biomechanical studies agree with histopathological findings that a large lipid pool and thin fibrous cap. (tudelft.nl)
  • 2021 ). Moreover, the resolution of inflammation is not passive as it engages a biosynthetically active process, regulated by specific mediators and receptor-signaling pathways and driven by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) (Serhan and Petasis 2011 ). (springer.com)
  • 56°C for 30 min) fetal bovine serum (FBS) to prepare an cacodylate buffer, stained en bloc in 1% uranyl acetate in approximate 10% (wt/vol) tissue homogenate. (cdc.gov)
  • Inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals. (jamanetwork.com)
  • These results have demonstrated that BBR derivatives, dhBBR and Di-MeBBR, are superior to BBR in inhibiting inflammation and reducing plaque size and vulnerability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fibrotic disease occurs when normal control of this process is compromised and excess fibrous material accumulates in the tissues. (sgn80.com)
  • dhBBR and Di-MeBBR, but not BBR, reduced atherosclerotic plaque size and improved plaque stability indicated by increased α-smooth muscle actin and collagen content, and thicker fibrous caps. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inflammation is a prime target to modulate because it can be both detrimental and beneficial after stroke (Marcheselli et al. (springer.com)
  • Inflammation and immunity are key factors for the development and complications of atherosclerosis, and therefore, the whole atherosclerotic process is a target for diagnosis and treatment. (hindawi.com)
  • For the first time, the recent CANTOS trial also demonstrated a 15% reduction in secondary cardiovascular events by directly targeting inflammation with the IL-1β antibody canakinumab ( Ilaris , Novartis). (medscape.com)
  • Obesity has always been considered a significant risk factor in osteoarthritis (OA) progression, but the underlying mechanism of obesity-related inflammation in OA synovitis remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
  • Secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1 could induce obesity- and diabetes mellitus (DM)-related inflammation, however its association with SG procedure has not been elucidated well. (researchgate.net)