• Accumulated data, covering diverse cells, tissues and cohorts across the lifespan necessitates the establishment of an open and integrated database. (bvsalud.org)
  • During the development of vertebrates, including humans, the fertilized egg develops into the embryo, and the cells in the embryo then proceed to differentiate to form somatic cells of different tissues and organs. (shawprize.org)
  • Very early during mammalian development the embryo differentiates into 2 main cell lineages, the inner cell mass (ICM) which will mainly contribute to embryonic tissues, and the trophoblast which will form extra-embryonic tissues. (biomedicineandprevention.com)
  • In this mini-review, we aim to present and critically analyse the different in vitro models that have been proposed as an alternative to in vivo and ex vivo studies to elucidate the ability of different xenobiotics to interfere with fetal development by direct (transplacental crossing and accumulation in embryonic tissues) or indirect action (e.g., inflammation, perturbation of placental function). (biomedicineandprevention.com)
  • A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. (lookformedical.com)
  • Although the LAT family plays important roles in the development and function of normal tissues, they are frequently increased in cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • connective tissue Connective tissue Connective tissues originate from embryonic mesenchyme and are present throughout the body except inside the brain and spinal cord. (lecturio.com)
  • Connective tissues consist of cells and an extracellular matrix. (lecturio.com)
  • Serotonergic neurotransmission modulates cell proliferation in several tissues, but is involved mainly in the morphogenesis of the craniofacial region 8 . (bvsalud.org)
  • After bell formation is complete, the tooth germ has the required structure to form the tooth and its supportive and protective tissues 14 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The beginning of the crown phase is characterized by odontoblast maturation and deposition of dentin, followed by enamel secretion by ameloblasts to form the mineralized tissues of the future crown 15 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In combination with transgenic organisms, such enzyme-actuated antisense tools will enable gene silencing in specific cell types, including tissues that are not amenable to optical targeting. (cdc.gov)
  • Cortical neurons from the presumptive motor cortex of embryonic day 14 (E14) mouse embryos were transplanted into the injured motor cortex of 3- to 6-month-old adult mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • When nonhuman mammalian development is compared with human development, the study subjects must be compared at the same developmental stage (fetal, perinatal, postnatal) When collected appropriately, data from experimental studies of nonhuman mammalian embryos elucidate important aspects of human facial development. (medscape.com)
  • Biologists use GFP to study cells in embryos and fetuses during developmental processes. (asu.edu)
  • Later, Leibo and his team accomplished one of the first successful births using previously-frozen mammalian embryos. (asu.edu)
  • In human embryos, cerebral tissue in the form of neuroectoderm appears within the first nine weeks of human development, and it gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. (asu.edu)
  • 2008 Primary cell immunocytochemistry and culture Mouse embryonic fibroblasts were generated from individual E9.5 embryos as defined (Hoover et al. (techuniq.com)
  • 2006 cells from individual E9 Specifically.5 embryos had been dissociated by passage through Gauge 20 needles and plated in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) nonessential amino acid sodium pyruvate Glutamax and antibiotics at 37°C and 5% CO2. (techuniq.com)
  • 2001 and its own specificity was verified by immunofluorescence and immunoblot assays with entire cell lysates of outrageous type and mutant embryos. (techuniq.com)
  • We characterize the activation kinetics of these reagents in vitro and demonstrate their efficacy in zebrafish embryos that express NfsB either ubiquitously or in defined cell populations. (cdc.gov)
  • Examples of a novel series of phenanthrolinones are shown to be potent competitive inhibitors of avian prolyl 4-hydroxylase, and of collagen hydroxylation, in embryonic chick tendon cells and human foreskin fibroblasts in vitro and in the oestradiol-stimulated rat uterus in vivo. (embl.de)
  • To elucidate the general importance of ADF/cofilin activity for apoptosis, we exposed mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient for n-cofilin, ADF (actin depolymerizing factor), or all ADF/cofilin isoforms to well-characterized apoptosis inducers. (nature.com)
  • To test the relevance of ADF/cofilin activity for apoptotic processes, we here employed a genetically well-defined system of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) devoid of any ADF/cofilin activity and challenged these cells with well-characterized apoptosis inducers. (nature.com)
  • 2008). Historically, this concept is highlighted by the experi- factors are key intrinsic regulators of these fate decisions and mental phenomenon of lineage reprogramming, for example, that fate choice involves modulating networks of transcription by the conversion of fibroblasts to muscles cells following trans- factors. (lu.se)
  • The larger form of this antigen (185-255 kD) occurs in the developing nervous system and is present in membranes of nerve growth cones, as determined by analysis of a growth cone particle fraction. (rupress.org)
  • An immunochemical characterization of this antigen and of a smaller form (140 kD), sparsely present in the mature nervous system, has been described (Ellis, L., I. Wallis, E. Abreu, and K. H. Pfenninger, 1985, J. Cell. (rupress.org)
  • In the adult, faint fluorescence is detectable only in gray matter, presumably indicating the presence of the 140 kD rather than the fetal antigen. (rupress.org)
  • The field of the subject invention is the use of major histocompatibility complex antigen lacking cells and organs which may serve as universal donors in cellular and organ therapies including transplantation and to produce chimeric non-human mammals. (justia.com)
  • The stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4) is com- isolate the NSCs from neonatal mice and rats (Campos monly used as a cell surface marker to identify the pluri- et al. (lu.se)
  • The stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4) is brain. (lu.se)
  • Many reports reported that 2003 On the other hand when cells are cultivated in moderate supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) they spontaneously fuse to create multinucleated cells that phenotypically resemble older syncytiotrophoblasts. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • The transport of serum amino acids into cells is an active process that is facilitated by plasma membrane-localized amino acid transporters. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • During preimplantation stages, differentiation occurs between precursors of embryonic and extraembryonic structures. (medscape.com)
  • Together, our work provides the scientific community with a powerful new genetic lineage tracing approach as well as a single cell transcriptomic atlas of hiPSCs undergoing cardiac differentiation. (stanford.edu)
  • Current research suggests that both genetic and the developmental environment (fetal and postnatal) can influence the growth, differentiation and function of the respiratory system. (edu.au)
  • An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
  • Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) control many mobile events from complicated programmes such as for example embryogenesis cell differentiation and proliferation and cell death to short-term changes necessary for homeostasis and severe hormonal responses. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • While p38 kinases had been originally connected with tension- and inflammation-related kinases latest evidence consists of this kinase in multiple physiological assignments in cell AT-406 routine control and in cell proliferation differentiation and apoptosis (Nebreda & Porras 2000 Ambrosino & Nebreda 2001 Pearson 2001). (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • Individual trophoblast differentiation is normally characterized by the forming of a particular multinuclear framework the syncytiotrophoblast. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • This framework develops by fusion and differentiation from the fairly undifferentiated mitotically energetic cytotrophoblast AT-406 cells (Midgley 1963). (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • Despite significant advances in understanding nephron segment patterning, many questions remain about the underlying genes and signaling pathways that orchestrate renal progenitor cell fate choices and regulate differentiation. (mdpi.com)
  • Detection of mutations in this gene has confirmed the fundamental role of aromatase for the fetal-placental unit and for sexual differentiation of the female fetus. (health.am)
  • Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)
  • A key challenge is to understand how state, but must also afford flexibility in cell-fate choice to permit the different cell-fate options confronting stem and progenitor cell-type diversification and differentiation in response to cells are selected and coordinated such that adoption of a given intrinsic cues or extrinsic signals. (lu.se)
  • Evidence the fate of stem cells has broad ramifications for biomedical suggests that during development or differentiation, cells make science from elucidating the causes of cancer to the use of very precise transitions between apparently stable ``network stem cells in regenerative medicine. (lu.se)
  • Several differences exist in placental organization among different mammalian species, making it difficult to automatically transpose toxicological results from common in vivo models, such as rodents, to humans. (biomedicineandprevention.com)
  • The protective mechanism which protects the host from disease, as a result of invasion of viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens, is also able to recognize cells which come from a different mammalian host, even an allogeneic host. (justia.com)
  • In the first trimester, it is likely a transudate of maternal or fetal plasma. (lecturio.com)
  • In the absence of aromatase, androgens cannot be converted to estrone, estradiol or estriol, and large quantities of androstenedione and testosterone are transferred to the maternal and fetal circulation, resulting in masculinization of the urogenital sinus and external genitalia of the female fetus. (health.am)
  • Research investigating fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) exclusively examines maternal alcohol exposure. (womenshealthdaily.com)
  • The investigators also state that the developmental primordia from which the premaxilla of nonmammalian tetrapods arises only rarely is involved in forming the upper jaw in therian mammals, instead developing into a motile nose. (medscape.com)
  • Scientists use cerebral organoids, which are artificially produced miniature organs that represent embryonic or fetal brains and have many properties similar to them, to help them study developmental disorders like microcephaly. (asu.edu)
  • Half a century ago, it was found by John Gurdon that this developmental clock can be reversed, and that differentiated somatic cells in a frog model could regain their pluripotency or totipotency. (shawprize.org)
  • Attempts were then made to show that mammalian cells - and human cells in particular - could also be reprogrammed back to a pluripotent state, because it is believed that such knowledge may advance our understanding of developmental mechanisms, and yield new approaches for disease treatment. (shawprize.org)
  • To demonstrate the power of devCellPy, we construct a murine cardiac developmental atlas from published datasets encompassing 104,199 cells from E6.5-E16.5 and train devCellPy to generate a cardiac prediction algorithm. (stanford.edu)
  • To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
  • An international collaboration has discovered that pathogenic variants of the FOXI3 gene -- responsible for the development of the ear -- cause one form of this developmental disorder. (womenshealthdaily.com)
  • At present, it is thought that the efficacy of cell replacement in the CNS would be greatly enhanced if a means to fully reestablish degenerated or disrupted pathways (e.g., nigrostriatal) could be developed. (hindawi.com)
  • However it remains unknown which endocytic pathways are active in brain endothelial cells. (helsinki.fi)
  • As brain endothelial cells are polarized in vivo, the aim of the study was to demonstrate the cell polarization of hCMEC/D3 cells and to study the activity and functionality of different endocytic pathways as a function of cell polarization. (helsinki.fi)
  • To characterize hCMEC/D3 cells for the presence of specific endocytic pathways, proteins involved into each pathway were selected. (helsinki.fi)
  • We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
  • In terminally differentiated cell fate is coupled to appropriate regulation of the alternative cells, transcriptional networks must be stable and irreversible, pathways. (lu.se)
  • The 5-HT neurotransmitter regulates important pathways of mammalian metabolism and is synthesized from the phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan amino acids 5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Cell density regulates prolyl 4-hydroxylase activity independent of mRNA levels. (embl.de)
  • In embryonic avian tendon, cell density regulates collagen production. (embl.de)
  • The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins regulates mammalian development and malignancy formation through Gli transcription factors which exist in both activator and repressor forms. (techuniq.com)
  • It has recently been reported that Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells silenced for the polarity gene scribble ( scrib KD cells) are eliminated in the presence of wild-type MDCK cells 23 , while they are viable on their own 23 . (nature.com)
  • Human embryonic kidney cells 293 (HEK-293) and hPREP knockout cell line created from them by using CRISPR/Cas9-silencing were used in the experiments. (helsinki.fi)
  • In the second trimester, amniotic fluid derives primarily from fetal lung and kidney. (lecturio.com)
  • In June 2018, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences sponsored a workshop to identify research gaps in an increasingly common form of chronic kidney disease in agricultural communities, often termed 'CKDu. (cdc.gov)
  • Embryonic cortical neurons transplanted into the injured adult cortex were shown to differentiate into pyramidal glutamatergic neurons and form synaptic structures. (jneurosci.org)
  • Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) present an exciting alternative for modeling early human embryogenesis due to their well-established ability to differentiate into all embryonic germ layers. (stanford.edu)
  • It is therefore of interest to find effective ways to produce cells which may function, proliferate, and differentiate as appropriate, while being safe from attack by a recipient's immune system. (justia.com)
  • Thereafter ERK becomes dispensable for the latter stage where cells differentiate and repolarize. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • The fertilized egg is considered totipotent, as it can develop into a whole organism, while the cells in the embryo are pluripotent because they are capable of differentiating into somatic cells that make up all the organs. (shawprize.org)
  • In addition, embryonic stem cells may be modified by homologous recombination for use in producing chimeric or transgenic mammalian hosts, which may be used as source of universal donor organs. (justia.com)
  • They pioneered a new technique of starving embryo cells before transferring their nucleus to fertilized egg cells. (shawprize.org)
  • Defi nitive diagnosis of PDD requires times in duck embryo fi broblasts, and the infected cells were then injected intramuscularly into 2 healthy Patagonian demonstration of lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis in the conures ( Cyanoliseus patagonis) . (cdc.gov)
  • This process gets rid of unneeded cells and is particularly important for "sculpting" tissue and organ structure during development of the embryo (or larval metamorphosis in insects), but may occur at any time even in adult cells when a tissue needs to be remodeled. (agemed.org)
  • We identified a mouse mutant that causes embryonic gonadal sex reversal: the development of ovaries in an XY embryo. (plos.org)
  • Scientists have created a stem cell-derived model of the human embryo in the lab by reprogramming human stem cells. (womenshealthdaily.com)
  • In other cases, where certain cells are lacking, such as islets of Langerhans in the case of diabetes, or cells which secrete dopamine in the case of Parkinson's disease, or bone marrow cells in various hematopoietic diseases, or muscle cells in muscle wasting disease, or retinal epithelial cells in visual disorders, it would be desirable to be able to provide cells which could fulfill the desired function. (justia.com)
  • The idea to use transplants of dopa- ment of protocols that allow generation of fully functional mine-producing cells to substitute for the lost midbrain and safe midbrain dopamine neurons from stem cells. (lu.se)
  • the donor.4,11 In the case of nerve cells obtained from either delivery of dopamine released from cells the developing central nervous system (CNS), the opti- implanted into the ventricle, adjacent to the stria- mal age was shown to be at, or close to, the cell-cycle tum,6,7 or restoration of synaptic dopamine release exit. (lu.se)
  • VM), showed that the recovery of motor functions induced implanted either (1) as a solid piece in the lateral ven- by the grafted fetal dopamine neurons was well cor- tricle6 or a cortical cavity8 adjacent to the denervated related with the extent of graft-derived reinnervation caudate-putamen, or (2) as a crude cell suspension of the host caudate-putamen. (lu.se)
  • Fetal cell/tissue transplantation has been arduously studied as a potential way to repair the injured brain. (jneurosci.org)
  • performed additional studies to compare the effect of 7 d delay and immediate transplantation on survival and integration of grafted cells into host brain tissue at 4, 7, and 14 d after transplantation. (jneurosci.org)
  • A series of small buds of tissue called the facial primordia forms around the stomodeum, which forms the primitive mouth. (medscape.com)
  • The neural crest cells give rise to the connective tissue components, including cartilage, bone, and ligaments in the facial and oral regions. (medscape.com)
  • The publicized work of Carrel and his associates at the Rockefeller Institute established the practice of long-term tissue culture for a wide variety of cells. (asu.edu)
  • used unbiased high-through- uninfected tissue culture cells remained healthy until it was put sequencing to identify the virus in several parrots with euthanized at 77 days. (cdc.gov)
  • particular in the selective destruction of cerebellar Purkinje cells, between ABV and BDV infections of the brains of Tissue Culture birds and mammals, respectively ( 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Implanting pieces of tissue or scaffolding material into the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is wrought with difficulties surrounding the size of tools needed to conduct such implants and the ability to maintain the orientation and integrity of the constructs during and after their transplantation. (hindawi.com)
  • Recent research has shown that pieces of fetal nigral tissue placed in the striatum of 6-OHDA lesioned rats offer greater cell survival and predictability of graft function (in comparison to dissociated nigral cells) in the animal model of Parkinson's disease [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. (lookformedical.com)
  • L-15 supports established cell lines as well as primary explants of embryonic and adult human tissue. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Graft transplantation of embryonic cortical neurons may thus hold therapeutic potential and warrants further detailed analysis of its translational value. (jneurosci.org)
  • In the case of PD, where the progressive and selective loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra (SN) leads to dopaminergic denervation of the striatum, one possible solution has been to transplant embryonic nigral cells into the host substantia nigra (SN), in an attempt to rewire nigrostriatal circuit. (hindawi.com)
  • Neurons are the building blocks of the brain, the cells most responsible for the ability to process and learn information. (ibe-unesco.org)
  • During early development, neural networks are formed by a process involving neurogenesis (the generation of new neurons), and synaptogenesis (the generation of interconnections between neurons, later refined by neuronal death and pruning of neural connections). (ibe-unesco.org)
  • This is possible because the nervous system (from the most primitive chordates to mammals, including humans) is formed by networks of neurons that connect the nervous system with most parts of the body, as well as brain regions with each other. (ibe-unesco.org)
  • In vitro experimental models to study the efficiency of the placental barrier for environmental toxicants: tumor cell lines versus trophoblast primary cells. (biomedicineandprevention.com)
  • In humans the placental barriers are composed by the endothelium of the fetal capillaries, and two layers of trophoblast cells, the syncytiotrophoblast, composed of syncytia forming a continuous lining of the villous tree, and the cytotrophoblast, composed of single cells forming a discontinuous layer in the mature placenta (Figure 1). (biomedicineandprevention.com)
  • Several trophoblast cell lines have been developed for in vitro studies of trophoblast physiology and in the following paragraphs we will give a brief overview on the cells have been used to develop in vitro models of the placental barrier. (biomedicineandprevention.com)
  • Furthermore Mudgett (2000) showed the necessity of p38α MAPK in mouse diploid trophoblast advancement and placental vascularization and recommend a far more general function for p38 MAPK signalling in embryonic angiogenesis. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • Therefore important fetal nutrition must mix this placental hurdle to attain the fetal flow. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • Several drugs cross the placental barrier and some have teratogenic effects on the fetus, which may cause dysfunction and disorders during embryonic development, particularly during the first three months of intrauterine life 2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Their results showed that delaying transplantation increased cell proliferation, without increasing apoptosis, consequently leading to increased graft size in the delayed condition. (jneurosci.org)
  • Apoptosis Programmed Cell Death (PCD). (agemed.org)
  • Signals to trigger apoptosis may come from within the cell or from outside, by stimulating suicide receptors in the cell's external membrane. (agemed.org)
  • Internal signals producing apoptosis depend on interactions of several proteins and may serve to protect the organism from cancer by killing cells that have pre-cancerous changes. (agemed.org)
  • Thus, we conclude that ADF/cofilin activity is not generally required for induction or progression of apoptosis in mammalian cells. (nature.com)
  • Interestingly, mitochondrial association of ADF and n-cofilin during apoptosis was preceded by, and dependent on, actin that translocated by a yet unknown mechanism to mitochondria during cell death. (nature.com)
  • These proteases are responsible for the dismantling of cells during apoptosis. (nature.com)
  • Importantly, the mitochondrial association of n-cofilin and ADF had no impact on apoptosis signaling because ablation of either n-cofilin, ADF, or both proteins together did not change cell death progression. (nature.com)
  • In summary, our work demonstrates that in mammalian cells ADF/cofilin activity is not generally required for efficient induction of apoptosis. (nature.com)
  • Since epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib (GEF) have been reported to induce the apoptosis of several cancer cell lines, in the present study, we examined whether the cytotoxic effects of GEF are further enhanced under amino acid starvation (AAS) culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Extensive renovation of the epithelium, cell proliferation, apoptosis and changes in the shape and positioning of cell groups are determined by morphogenetic gradients that play critical roles during the morphogenesis of teeth 13 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
  • There also was a huge public opinion formed on transgenic animals. (freeonlineresearchpapers.com)
  • 16 , 17 In particular, transgenic zebrafish lines that express nfsB in β cells, cardiomyocytes, or other cell types have been established, and their exposure to the metronidazole leads to the targeted loss of these cells. (cdc.gov)
  • But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
  • A recent UNESCO draft document, although rather vague and deficient in itself, probably does the best job of at least initially identifying and describing some of these new reproductive technologies in relatively simple form, with a few generalized helpful sketches online. (lifeissues.net)
  • Hence, this chapter summarizes the biological plausibility of EDCs exposure and elucidates the mechanism of action underlying EDCs affecting the regulatory circuits of the mammalian HPG axis and reproductive function. (intechopen.com)
  • The reproductive systems of mammalian males contain a component called the epididymis. (microscopyu.com)
  • They performed nuclear transfer experiments in which nuclei from embryonic, foetal and adult cells of the sheep were transplanted into fertilized eggs derived from ewes. (shawprize.org)
  • The intensity of Beclin 1 in the nuclei was stronger than in other parts of the cell in all samples, which could indicate a stronger activity of its nuclear tasks compared to autophagy. (helsinki.fi)
  • The ectoderm is well around the stomodeum by the fourth week of embryonic development and contributes to the formation of the face and the nasal and oral cavities. (medscape.com)
  • At the early stages of embryonic development, the vertebrate face has a common plan. (medscape.com)
  • However, hyaloid vessels do not regress after embryonic development but progressively lose contact with the lens and, by 30 days after fertilization, adhere to the inner limiting membrane of the juvenile retina (21). (pkc-inhibitor.com)
  • Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)
  • During mammalian development, the left and right ventricles arise from early populations of cardiac progenitors known as the first and second heart fields, respectively. (stanford.edu)
  • The respiratory system does not carry out its physiological function (of gas exchange) until after birth, though the respiratory tract, diaphragm and lungs do begin to form early in embryonic development and continue through fetal development, only functionally maturing just before birth. (edu.au)
  • Branching - A repeated mechanism of branching that is ongoing throughout development to form the conducting bronchioles then alveolar ducts. (edu.au)
  • Analysis of XY byg/byg gonads at 11.5 d post coitum reveals a growth deficit and a failure to support mesonephric cell migration, both early cellular processes normally associated with testis development. (plos.org)
  • In mammals, whether an individual develops as a male or female depends on its sex chromosome constitution: those with a Y chromosome become males because of the development of the embryonic gonad into a testis. (plos.org)
  • Until recently, the treatment of cancer has been largely focused on the development of therapeutic agents or techniques that kill cancer cells. (justia.com)
  • The early stages of embryonic development contain many of life's mysteries. (womenshealthdaily.com)
  • Researchers have now characterized a critical time in mammalian embryonic development using powerful and innovative imaging techniques. (womenshealthdaily.com)
  • Goldenhar syndrome is a rare congenital disease, affecting early fetal development. (womenshealthdaily.com)
  • 5-HT also has a stimulatory role in tooth germ development by inducing the formation of enamel and dental papilla to form the bell and crown stages. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, we describe experiments showing the presence of activated MKK4, a direct target of MAP3K4, and activated p38 in the coelomic region of the XY gonad at 11.5 d post coitum, establishing a link between MAPK signalling in proliferating gonadal somatic cells and regulation of Sry expression. (plos.org)
  • Furthermore a relatively latest MAPK (ERK5) was discovered and forms the main topic of intense research (Zhou 1995). (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • The initial mammalian MAPK pathway defined was the ERK pathway. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • In 1995, they produced a pair of lambs called Megan and Morag from embryonic cells. (shawprize.org)
  • 1995) and subsequently in primary cells (Heyworth et al. (lu.se)
  • 1997 Individual and mouse had been cloned into mammalian appearance vectors with Myc (computers2+) FLAG (pFLAG-CMV2 Sigma) or GFP (pEGFPC1 Invitrogen) tags. (techuniq.com)
  • Later JNJ-7706621 supplier on, hyaloid ships go through designed regression, and a retinal vasculature forms by angiogenesis (1, 18, 19). (pkc-inhibitor.com)
  • In Vitro Tubule Formation in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells Microslide angiogenesis plates (IBIDI) were coated with Matrigel matrix (BD Biosciences), and tubule formation assays were performed according to the guidelines of the manufacturer. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
  • We show that MDCK cells silenced for the polarity gene scribble ( scrib KD ) are hypersensitive to compaction, that interaction with wild-type cells causes their compaction and that crowding is sufficient for scrib KD cell elimination. (nature.com)
  • In addition, heterozygous hosts having one wild-type gene and one mutated gene could be mated to obtain homozygous hosts, so that all of the cells would have the appropriate modification. (justia.com)
  • Most common and most controversial is embryonic stem-cell mediated gene transfer. (freeonlineresearchpapers.com)
  • Analysis of embryonic XY gonads suggests that sex reversal is caused by delayed and reduced expression of the sex-determining gene SRY . (plos.org)
  • In particular, multiplications and point mutations in the gene encoding for aSyn cause familial forms of PD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The vast majority of PD cases are sporadic but single point mutations in the gene encoding for aSyn ( SNCA ) cause familial forms of the disease [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
  • In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)
  • 11 , 12 Light-dependent gene silencing can be achieved through whole-organism irradiation or the targeted illumination of specific cell populations. (cdc.gov)
  • At this stage, the fluorescence is observed in regions of the cord where axonal growth is occurring, while areas composed of dividing or migrating neural cells are nonfluorescent. (rupress.org)
  • The only known structure of the adult mammalian nervous system where axonal growth normally occurs is the olfactory nerve. (rupress.org)
  • Indigenous cells rarely regenerate across the adult CNS, and neural circuitry reconstruction is made difficult by the fact that the adult CNS expresses molecules, that inhibit axonal growth, and/or fails to express precise gradients of growth-promoting cues that would stimulate/direct axonal growth [ 1 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • To investigate the mechanisms of scrib KD -mediated cell competition, we first asked whether it is mediated by soluble factors, as in other cases of in vitro cell competition 6 , 24 . (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, we conduct a cross-species prediction of cardiomyocyte subtypes from in vitro-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells and unexpectedly uncover a predominance of left ventricular (LV) identity that we confirmed by an LV-specific TBX5 lineage tracing system. (stanford.edu)
  • In present study we characterized human brain endothelial cells, hCMEC/D3, which are widely utilized as BBB in vitro model. (helsinki.fi)
  • Several trophoblast cell lines have been developed and used to reproduce in vitro the trophoblast layer of the placenta. (biomedicineandprevention.com)
  • Combining in vitro studies with studies in cell models, we found that this mutation reduces aSyn aggregation and increases proteasome activity, altering normal proteostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Though smaller and less complex than that of humans, the rat brain is extremely useful as a subject of study because most regions of the brain are essentially the same among mammalian species. (microscopyu.com)
  • Together, our results show devCellPy to be a useful tool for automated cell prediction across complex cellular hierarchies, species, and experimental systems. (stanford.edu)
  • Cell competition is a quality control mechanism that eliminates unfit cells. (nature.com)
  • Here we report an orthogonal mechanism of cell competition, whereby cells compete through mechanical insults. (nature.com)
  • The characterization of BBB cells would help light on the exact mechanism of nanoparticle delivery into the brain, which would enable the design of targeted nanoparticles to deliver drugs to the CNS. (helsinki.fi)
  • Eukaryotes and bacteria and archaea share the DNA mechanism, lipid-based cell membranes, and hundreds of other biochemical details. (don-lindsay-archive.org)
  • SHMT1, SHMT2, and their neighboring genes (NG) formed a complex network of interactions. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cells become cancerous by accumulating, stepwise, a series of several mutations that alter the function of genes important for cell growth. (agemed.org)
  • It involves introduction of modified DNA into embryonic stem-cells, which will take up the DNA and hopefully express the desired genes. (freeonlineresearchpapers.com)
  • With roughly 30,000 genes in mammalian genomes, fection with a vector encoding MyoD (Tapscott et al. (lu.se)
  • explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)
  • However, the mechanisms by which scrib KD cells are killed by wild-type cells are largely unknown. (nature.com)
  • We therefore took advantage of this recent observation to investigate the mechanisms of cell competition. (nature.com)
  • In mammals, the immune systems serves as the primary defense with many different types of cells and mechanisms to protect the host. (justia.com)
  • Cells use a number of mechanisms to sense and maintain their homeostatic levels. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since rate of autophagy in cells was not detected, it is impossible to determine, if there were changes in autophagy that were not reflected as changes in colocalization of these two proteins. (helsinki.fi)
  • Cellular proteins and organelles are engulfed into a double-membrane vesicle to form an autophagosome. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A wide variety of hematopoietic cells exist, with the major protective lineages being lymphoid and myeloid. (justia.com)
  • We discuss these properties with examples both from the hematopoietic and embryonic stem cell (ESC) systems. (lu.se)
  • Overall, this work demonstrates that mechanical forces can be responsible for the elimination of cells during cell competition and that p53 levels play a key role both in instructing the mechanical loser status and in the execution of mechanical cell competition. (nature.com)
  • Adult and embryonic Brugia malayi are shown to be susceptible to inhibitors of vertebrate prolyl 4-hydroxylase, with exposed parasites exhibiting pathologies consistent with a disruption in cuticle biosynthesis. (embl.de)
  • In particular, the present invention provides methods for enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy by inducing differential stress resistance in normal cells and cancer cells via short-term starvation, cell growth inhibitors, or reduced caloric or glucose intake. (justia.com)
  • A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
  • It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. (lookformedical.com)
  • A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • CD81 is broadly expressed on hemapoietic cells and enothelial and epithelial cells, but absent from erythrocytes and platelets as well as neutrophils. (techuniq.com)
  • Two forms of AChR are found in mammalian skeletal muscle cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although paraxial mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm contribute to the musculature that develops in each particular arch, neural crest cells contribute to the skeletal portion of each arch. (medscape.com)
  • When the host lacks the ability to raise a defense against a particular disease, there may also be an interest in administering specific T-cells or B-cells or precursors thereof which may supplement the host's compromised immune system. (justia.com)
  • CAH is the most frequent cause of androgen excess and ambiguous genitalia in the female newborn and the various forms of CAH are due to defects in the biosynthesis of cortisol, with the subsequent excessive ACTH production leading to an accumulation of adrenal androgens and steroid precursors. (health.am)
  • Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)
  • The mesenchyme that fills the pharyngeal arches is derived from the following 3 origins: the paraxial mesoderm, the lateral plate mesoderm, and the neural crest cells. (medscape.com)
  • The facial primordia are made up mainly of neural crest cells that have migrated from the cranial crest and settled. (medscape.com)
  • All of these prominences are produced by the proliferation of the neural crest cells that migrate into the arches from the neural crest during the fourth week of gestation. (medscape.com)
  • Destruction or damage to neural circuits in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is notoriously difficult to repair. (hindawi.com)
  • However, such heterotopic transplants, although capable of alleviating symptoms that benefit from neurotransmitter supplementation, do not re-establish the natural homeostatic regulation of neural activity in the brain and dramatically limit the cell/circuitry replacement strategy to practically only PD. (hindawi.com)
  • Prior to emigration, the neural crest cells in the head are formed according to which facial primordium they belong. (medscape.com)
  • The individual facial primordia are populated by neural crest cell populations that arise in different regions of the head neural folds. (medscape.com)
  • The ridges are formed by folding of neural plate. (lecturio.com)
  • CD133+), but are rarely codetected with the neural stem dents, very few human-specific NSC markers have been cell (NSC) marker CD15. (lu.se)
  • 1983) and the multipotent progenitor cells from fetal disease (Bjorklund and Lindvall, 2000). (lu.se)
  • Cell transfection and reporter assays Chlorothiazide Transient cell transfection was performed using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). (techuniq.com)
  • 2000). In *Correspondence to: Perrine Barraud, Department of Veterinary Medi- contrast, several cell surface markers have been used to cine, Neurosciences, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, United enrich for NSCs in the rodent CNS. (lu.se)
  • Many of these cell lines have been obtained from a highly metastatic malignant tumor of the trophoblast, the choriocarcinoma, and have been extensively characterized. (biomedicineandprevention.com)
  • Viability Assays in Human Cell Lines 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye reduction assays were performed according to the protocol of the manufacturer to determine the viability of dermally derived human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) or human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19), which were maintained as described previously (43). (pkc-inhibitor.com)
  • The scientists honoured by the 2008 Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine used different approaches to reprogramme an adult cell into the totipotent or pluripotent state, and in doing so made important contributions to potential new approaches to improve agriculture practices and to treat human diseases. (shawprize.org)
  • Consequently, several human diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, are caused by defects in this highly regulated form of cell death. (nature.com)
  • 2005). Notch1 and syndecan-1 potent human embryonic stem (ES) cells. (lu.se)
  • Immunohisto- have been used for positive selection of NSCs from em- chemistry on human embryonic central nervous system bryonic mice (Nagato et al. (lu.se)
  • To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)
  • 2002). In humans, SSEA4 is expressed by building the nervous system but also for their prospec- nonneural cells such as the erythrocytes (Kannagi et al. (lu.se)
  • The immune system which results from cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages is developed in vivo, so as to recognize self from non-self. (justia.com)
  • Mouse prenatal platelet-forming lineages share a core transcriptional program but divergent dependence on MPL. (edu.au)
  • in location of the node can be explained by cell size, the branchpoint location was plotted against the somatic surface area (Figure 1C). (inhibitorlibraries.com)
  • The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis plays a crucial and integrative role in the mammalian endocrine regulation to maintain homeostasis. (intechopen.com)
  • Alternative sites for cell density regulation of the enzyme could rely on its sensitivity to sulfhydryl groups. (embl.de)
  • It is essential for cell homeostasis and survival and has been related to various diseases and pathophysiology. (helsinki.fi)
  • Cancer cells often spread (or metastasize ) throughout the body by way of the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels to form tumors in new locations beyond the primary site of origin. (agemed.org)
  • The protein has 238 amino acids, three of them (Numbers 65 to 67) form a structure that emits visible green fluorescent light. (asu.edu)
  • The addition of essential amino acids, but not non-essential amino acids to the cell culture medium resulted in the cancellation of this pronounced cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The members of the L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) family are Na + -independent transporters that deliver neutral amino acids into cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 5-HT interacts with its receptors, which alters cell metabolism and influences several stages of organogenesis 7 . (bvsalud.org)
  • There are many situations where one may wish to transplant cells into a recipient host where the recipient's cells are missing, damaged or dysfunctional. (justia.com)
  • The induced differential stress resistance results in improved resistance to cytotoxicity in normal cells, which, in turn, reduces cytotoxic side-effects due to chemotherapy, as well as improved effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents. (justia.com)
  • For example, most chemotherapeutic drugs work by impairing mitosis (cell division), effectively targeting fast-dividing cells. (justia.com)
  • Because chemotherapy affects cell division, both normal and cancerous cells are susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents. (justia.com)
  • Success of conventional chemotherapeutic regiment is based on the principle that tumors with high growth fractions (such as acute myelogenous leukemia and the lymphomas, including Hodgkin's disease) are more sensitive to chemotherapy because a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoing cell division at any given time. (justia.com)
  • The present invention provides a novel approach to cancer therapy by providing a method to differentially enhance the resistance of normal cells to chemotherapeutic agents, thereby, improving the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents in killing cancerous cells. (justia.com)
  • By making normal cells more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, a patient's tolerance for cytotoxicity is improved, which, in turn, also improves the effectiveness of chemotherapy. (justia.com)
  • Early in his career, Leibo collaborated with other scientists to study why cells were oftentimes injured during freezing. (asu.edu)
  • A portion of intestine does not return to the abdominal cavity, thereby remaining in its early embryonic herniated state but with no coverings. (lecturio.com)
  • Using a fluorescent sulfhydryl probe as well as a sulfhydryl inhibitor, one observes a strong cell density response, supporting the hypothesis that cellular redox potential could alter protein stability. (embl.de)
  • The exact function of aSyn remains unclear, but it is known to be associated with vesicles and membranes, and to have an impact on important cellular functions such as intracellular trafficking and protein degradation systems, leading to cellular pathologies that can be readily studied in cell-based models. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These strategies range from cell transplantation to the administration of growth factors. (jneurosci.org)
  • One of the live-born lambs, Dolly, was derived from the transplantation of the nucleus of an adult mammary cell. (shawprize.org)
  • Transplantation of immature cells has been considered a potential therapeutic strategy for the damaged adult brain and spinal cord, and there is currently sustained interest in the generation of stem cell lines that could be used to treat certain CNS injuries or disorders. (hindawi.com)
  • In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
  • During advancement, the internal mammalian retina can be nourished by the hyaloid vasculature, a transient capillary network located between the retina and zoom lens. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
  • Furthermore O'Brien (2004) showed that activation of ERK1/2 is vital and enough for the original stage of epithelial tubule advancement where cells depolarize and migrate. (healthandwellnesssource.org)