Fetal cell found in intracellular and extracellular spaces. Medical search. Frequent questions

However, the known human bly, the virus progeny particles are transported in vesicles coronaviruses often cause coldlike symptoms, whereas to the cell periphery for release. (cdc.gov)
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membranous vesicles released from almost all cell types, and they provide a tremendous opportunity as sources of novel biomarkers from liquid biopsies, as well as agents for tissue repair and wound healing in regenerative medicine. (selectbiosciences.com)
Exosomes are endogenous nanoparticles that constitute a fraction of extracellular vesicles that are secreted by all cell types into the extracellular environment, and play an important role in intercellular signaling. (selectbiosciences.com)
We use plasma extracellular vesicle (EV) protein content of vesicles from plasma sub-fractions on plasma of stroke and peripheral artery disease(PAD) patients, patients after carotid atherectomy (CEA) and patients suspected for chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). (selectbiosciences.com)
In addition, also TF activity was enhanced in extracellular vesicles of alternatively polarized macrophages. (haematologica.org)
In conclusion, we provide evidence that proinflammatory polarization of macrophages does not lead to enhanced procoagulatory function, whereas alternative polarization of macrophages leads to an increased expression of TF and increased production of TF bearing extracellular vesicles by these cells suggesting a procoagulatory phenotype of alternatively polarized macrophages. (haematologica.org)
Exosomes, characterized by a size of 30-100 nm in diameter, have been viewed as secreted vesicles that enable extracellular communications [ 4 - 6 ] and have played an important role in tumor progression and metastasis by promoting the extracellular matrix degradation and also by remodeling to establish the metastasis niche [ 7 , 8 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Our results indicate that most Aβ is not localized to Golgi-related structures, endosomes, lysosomes secretory vesicles or other organelles, while the suppression of Aβ secretion increases intracellular intra- and extralysosomal Aβ. (biomedcentral.com)
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles released by all cells, including virally infected cells, into the extracellular space. (oaepublish.com)
Cell-derived vesicles (CDVs) are one of the most promising non-viral drug delivery platforms. (selectbiosciences.com)
High amounts of these vesicles are produced through mechanical extrusion of cells and used to carry payloads with therapeutic benefit. (selectbiosciences.com)
CDVs share molecular signatures found in the producer cells but their cargo may differ from other classes of extracellular vesicles (EVs) due to their peculiar genesis. (selectbiosciences.com)
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication due to their ability to transfer bioactive lipids, proteins and different species of RNA into cells. (selectbiosciences.com)

We previously showed that genotoxic stress induced an active extracellular release of nucleophosmin (NPM) in human cardiac mesenchymal progenitor cells, and that serum deprivation provokes NPM secretion from human endothelial cells, eliciting inflammation via nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) transcriptional activation. (frontiersin.org)
The cellular defects in ADPKD that have been known for a long time are increased cell proliferation and fluid secretion, decreased cell differentiation, and abnormal extracellular matrix. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Increased cAMP promotes protein kinase A activity, among other effectors, and, in turn, leads to cyst growth by promoting proliferation and fluid secretion of cyst-lining cells through chloride and aquaporin channels in ADPKD kidneys. (basicmedicalkey.com)
In addition, it also regulated the extracellular secretion of Hsp90α to promote tumor cell migration and invasion. (oncotarget.com)
Moreover, cultured neurons from AD-transgenic mice showed reduced secretion and enhanced intracellular accumulation of Aβ[ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)

Alternative polarization with interleukin-4 and IL-13 led to a macrophage phenotype characterized by increased tissue factor (TF) production and release and by an increase in extracellular vesicle production. (haematologica.org)
This increase in extracellular osmolarity effected by the intravenous administration of mannitol will induce the movement of intracellular water to the extracellular and vascular spaces. (healthjade.net)

Respecting the preferentially intracellular localization of sGAG in vesicle-like structures, also the interaction data indicate sGAG-specific modulation of vesicle-based transport processes. (degruyter.com)
Extracellular vesicle (EV) samples isolated from body fluids or conditioned media are heterogeneous in cell origin, membrane compartment origin, size, molecular composition and functional properties. (selectbiosciences.com)

This interaction with the two receptors activates intracellular processes that begin with the phosphorylation of Dab1, a tyrosine kinase phosphorylated protein which is encoded by the DAB1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
This protein associates with the NPXY motifs on the intracellular tails of ApoER2 and VLDLR. (wikipedia.org)
The PC1/2 protein complex may also directly regulate a number of cellular functions including the cell cycle, the actin cytoskeleton, planar cell polarity (PCP), and cell migration. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Enrichment analysis for protein localization showed that mainly intracellular and cell-associated interacting proteins were identified. (degruyter.com)
This effect was found to depend on the Ca 2+ increase mediated by the phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways, as well as by the reverse activity of the Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger. (molvis.org)
MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
We detected protein levels of Rab3D in nine cancer cell lines and twelve types of clinical cancer specimens. (oncotarget.com)
One of the important hallmarks of AD is the formation of extracellular senile plaques, preferentially composed of amyloid beta-protein[ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nucleic acid having higher density finds place as 'core', medium denser protein in intermediate and least dense fat in the periphery. (webmedcentral.com)
Surprisingly, we found an almost equal amount of spike protein inside and on the surface of bloodborne EVs. (oaepublish.com)
IGF2 is a single-chain secreted protein of 67 amino acids with important functions in fetal growth and development. (scientificarchives.com)
Unlike IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) and insulin receptor (IR), IGF2R does not have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity but can recruit G proteins, and even though these G-protein-activated pathways are not well characterized in the brain, PKC and phospholipase C are involved in IGF2 actions in the brain [ 6 ] and other cell types [ 7 ], respectively. (scientificarchives.com)

Although most of IP research has focused on intracellular mechanisms, intercellular communication as a route of protective signaling has, in large part, been overlooked. (jneurosci.org)
They play a role in various cellular processes, including intercellular communication, signaling, and immunity, and carry several biomolecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that can modulate cellular functions mostly by releasing their cargo inside the target cells via the endocytic pathway. (oaepublish.com)

Besides, NGF binding to TrkA receptors encouraged the intracellular Warburg effect in PC and DRG cells. (hindawi.com)

Previously, we showed that exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC-exosomes) attenuate AD-like symptoms by reducing multiple inflammatory cytokine levels. (mdpi.com)
Further, exosomes were extracted from PC cells and identified by examining the levels of specific markers for exosomes. (hindawi.com)
The similar size, composition, biogenesis, intracellular transport, and egress analogies between exosomes and many viruses [ 2 - 7 ] are the basis for the Trojan exosome hypothesis [ 4 ] . (oaepublish.com)

Both the innate stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharides and Poly inositol-cytosine and adaptive stimuli, that is, cytokine mix, were able to induce the extracellular release of NPM in immortalized keratinocytes and human skin fibroblasts in the absence of cytotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)
Mechanistic studies revealed that Rab3D activated intracellular the AKT/GSK3β signaling to induce the EMT process. (oncotarget.com)

In this condition, elevated extracellular glutamate causes neuronal loss in many retinal disorders, including glaucoma, ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited photoreceptor degeneration. (molvis.org)

Many studies have extensively investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in cell migration and have recognized the Rho small GTPases as key regulators of actin dynamics 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
Several studies have recently shown that features such as its high infectivity, slow growth, and complex cell-wall structure, make M. tuberculosis a major challenge to be faced, since the specific mechanisms that reinforce the high virulence of Mtb remain largely unknown ( 4 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Several investigations suggest that, besides their extracellular actions, also intracellular mechanisms of sGAG-derivatives seem possible. (degruyter.com)
We analyzed the molecular mechanisms leading to glutamate release from rat primary cultures of RPE cells, under isosmotic conditions. (molvis.org)
This pharmacoproteomic approach unravels the complex intracellular mechanisms that are modulated by these drugs on IL1β-stimulated human articular chondrocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)

To reveal that the NGF-TrkA signaling pathway was closely associated with PC PNI, in vitro neuroinvasion model was established by using MiaPaCa-2 cells via coculturing DRG cells in Matrigel. (hindawi.com)
To achieve this, cells of in vitro produced bovine embryos were traced from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst stage. (bioone.org)
Increased expressions of Rab3D led to tumor invasion in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo , whereas Rab3D knockdown suppressed the tumor cell motility. (oncotarget.com)
In present study we characterized human brain endothelial cells, hCMEC/D3, which are widely utilized as BBB in vitro model. (helsinki.fi)

5 Functionally, proinflammatory polarization leads to potent effector cells that kill intracellular micro-organisms and tumor cells. (haematologica.org)
γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)

We observed the proteins internalization within macrophages and their capacity to eradicate the intracellular mycobacterial infection at a low micro-molar range. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, we found that the M. aurum infection of human THP1 macrophages modulates the expression of endogenous RNase3 and RNase6, suggesting a function in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
Mtb is an intracellular pathogen able to survive indefinitely under unfavorable conditions inside primary host immune cells, preferably residing in human alveolar macrophages ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Despite the antimicrobial activity of macrophages, Mtb has been able to establish a series of strategies to handle the host immune machinery, interfere with, and arrest the phagosome maturation, counteract mycobactericidal molecules and ultimately survive in a hostile intracellular environment ( 8 - 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
Macrophages are versatile cells that can be polarized by the tissue environment to fulfill required needs. (haematologica.org)
Macrophages are cells of the innate immune system which play numerous and vastly different functions within the body. (haematologica.org)
1 Some tissue macrophages and precursors are already established embryonically in the yolk sac and fetal liver before the onset of definitive hematopoiesis. (haematologica.org)
6 In addition, these cells are present during early wound healing and proinflammatory macrophages are characterized by a pronounced ability to degrade tissue. (haematologica.org)

Interestingly, NPM interacts with Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 in these cells and activates an NF-kB-dependent inflammatory pathway upregulating interleukin IL-6 and COX-2 gene expression. (frontiersin.org)

Thus, activated, type I subunits recruit and phosphorylate receptor SMADs (R-smad), which are the first intracellular mediators of TGF-β signalling. (springer.com)

The inflammatory environment is correlated with extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and chondrocyte hypertrophy in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). (oncotarget.com)

The power of the thiol proteinases to cleave a multitude of substrates in response to calcium mineral activation allows their involvement in a variety of cell processes offering cell motility, sign transduction, apoptosis, cell differentiation and legislation of the cytoskeleton (3). (exposed-skin-care.net)

This motif is important for binding intracellular adapter proteins and endocytosis. (wikipedia.org)

This receptor has an important role in the intracellular trafficking of lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network or the extracellular space to lysosomes and also reduces the bioavailability of IGF2 by targeting it to lysosomes [ 5 ]. (scientificarchives.com)

ApoER2 is a cell surface receptor that is part of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. (wikipedia.org)
This study showed for the first time that thrombin promotes specific, dose-dependent glutamate release from RPE cells, induced by the activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). (molvis.org)
A particle according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the heterologous polypeptide has specific binding affinity for a cognate receptor on die surface of an eukaryotic cell, binding to which does not allow infection of the cell by the viral particle. (sumobrain.com)
A particle according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous polypeptide sterically hinders binding of d e viral glycoprotein to its cognate receptor on the eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
A particle acording to claim 11 , wherein the protease cleavage site becomes accessible after the heterologous polypeptide has bound to its cognate receptor on the eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
γδ T cells express unique T cell receptor (TCR) γ and TCR δ chains, with structural and functional heterogeneity. (explorationpub.com)
Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)

Reelin acts as an extracellular ligand binding to ApoER2 and VLDLR on migrating neurons. (wikipedia.org)
We found that EPO time and dose-dependently induced protection against OGD in rat primary cortical neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Using retinoic acid differentiated neuroblastoma cells and neonatal rat cortical neurons, we studied intracellular distribution of Aβ by double immunofluorescence microscopy for Aβ 40 or Aβ 42 and different organelle markers. (biomedcentral.com)

It is essential for cell homeostasis and survival and has been related to various diseases and pathophysiology. (helsinki.fi)

We demonstrate here that the LRRC8C-LRRC8A(IL1 25 ) chimera comprising LRRC8C and 25 amino acids unique to the first intracellular loop (IL1) of LRRC8A has a heptameric structure like that of homologous pannexin channels. (elifesciences.org)

TGF-β1 activated accumulation of phosphorylated SMAD2 (pSMAD2-C) at centrioles of motile cilia and at cell nuclei. (springer.com)

In mouse embryos, cells seem prepatterned to become certain cell lineage because the first cleavage plane has been related with further embryonic-abembryonic axis at the blastocyst stage. (bioone.org)
Surprisingly, we found that there is a significant percentage of the embryos (∼60%) with labeled and nonlabeled cells randomly distributed and intermingled. (bioone.org)
Similar to αβ T cells, γδ T cells also develop in embryos, and their intra-thymic development shows strict regulation and flexible plasticity [ 2 ]. (explorationpub.com)

In this approach, we performed FRET time-lapse imaging of Rac1 and Cdc42, members of Rho GTPases which are responsible for cell motility and quantitatively identified the response functions that describe the conversion from the molecular activities to the morphological changes. (nature.com)
Using the response function, we could predict the morphological change from molecular activity and its predictive performance provides a new quantitative measure of how much the Rho GTPases participate in the cell migration. (nature.com)
Thus, our proposed predictive approach enabled us to uncover the hidden information processing rules of Rho GTPases in the cell migration. (nature.com)
In spite of such accumulating knowledge of Rac1 and Cdc42 downstream pathways, little is known about the functional differences between Rac1 and Cdc42, in particular, how these Rho GTPases participate in cell migration. (nature.com)
Rab GTPases, as intracellular transport proteins, are master regulators of exocytic and endocytic membrane trafficking [ 10 ]. (oncotarget.com)

Thus far, replication studies on SARS-CoV were per- were used for imaging (dry TappingMode [Veeco]) infect- formed with transmission electron microscopy, which ed cells. (cdc.gov)
Using time-lapse microscopy, we have identified the emergence of this random pattern at the third to fourth cell cycle, when cells started to intermingle. (bioone.org)

Normal extrusion of lipid from these granules into the extracellular space cannot occur, and lipid lamellae are not formed. (medscape.com)
We hypothesize that DAMPs and non-apoptotic regulated cell death are critical players of atherosclerotic plaque progression with inadequate response to lipid-lowering treatment. (bvsalud.org)

The intracellular roles of NPM include a wide range of metabolic processes such as ribosome biogenesis, proliferation, cell cycle control, migration, DNA repair, non-programmed cell death, stress sensor ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Our previous work showed that upon the alteration of the blood-retina barrier, the serine protease thrombin could contribute to the transformation, proliferation, and migration of RPE cells. (molvis.org)
MiaPaCa-2 and CFPAC-1 cells were treated with 100 ng/ml of NGF or the NGF inhibitor Tanezumab for 24 h, CCK-8 and Transwell assays were employed to test cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, respectively. (hindawi.com)
It is believed that TGF-β1 signalling is involved in controlling epithelial cell proliferation, to drive epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and it plays a major role in lung fibrosis and emphysema. (springer.com)

This transduction is combined with the activation of other pathways that influence the cytoskeletal rearrangement necessary for proper cortical cell migration. (wikipedia.org)
Some studies have shown that reelin release is necessary for the initiation of cell movement to its proper location, whereas others have shown that it is part of the process of terminating migration. (wikipedia.org)
We propose a new computation-based approach for elucidating how signaling molecules are decoded in cell migration. (nature.com)
To examine this issue, we focused on cell migration as a model biological system, because both molecular activity (as input signal) and morphological changes (as output signal) during cell migration can be monitored by FRET imaging. (nature.com)
Moreover, a quantified discussion has been missing: although these molecules are involved in cell migration, how much are they quantitatively responsible for? (nature.com)
NGF promoted MiaPaCa-2 and CFPAC-1 cell invasion and migration, while Tanezumab treatment showed the opposite results. (hindawi.com)
TrkA blocking-up could restrain NGF induced PC cell migration and neural invasion. (hindawi.com)
In the tumor microenvironment, cell migration and invasion are regulated by many factors such as intracellular signaling pathways, growth factors or onco-proteins [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)

However it remains unknown which endocytic pathways are active in brain endothelial cells. (helsinki.fi)
As brain endothelial cells are polarized in vivo, the aim of the study was to demonstrate the cell polarization of hCMEC/D3 cells and to study the activity and functionality of different endocytic pathways as a function of cell polarization. (helsinki.fi)
To characterize hCMEC/D3 cells for the presence of specific endocytic pathways, proteins involved into each pathway were selected. (helsinki.fi)

Lamellar granules are intracellular granules that originate from the Golgi apparatus of keratinocytes in the stratum corneum. (medscape.com)
These granules are responsible for secreting lipids that maintain the skin barrier at the interface between the granular cell layer and the cornified layer in the upper epidermis. (medscape.com)
Under normal conditions, Aβ was found in the small cytoplasmic granules in both neurites and perikarya. (biomedcentral.com)

The major observation considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of retinal lesions is abnormalities in the internal limiting membrane formed by Müller cells, which is corresponding to the glia limitans formed by astrocytes in the brain. (intechopen.com)
In this chapter, ocular lesions of fetal and child FCMD patients are presented, especially focusing on pathological findings of the retina, and functions of fukutin are discussed. (intechopen.com)
This triggered an increase in paracellular permeability via cellular redistribution of claudin 3 (CLDN3) from TJs into cell nuclei followed by disruption of epithelial integrity and formation of epithelial lesions. (springer.com)

Western blotting was employed to determine NGF level in PC and paracarcinoma tissues and in PC cell lines as well as pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. (hindawi.com)
NGF level was preeminently higher in PC tissues and cell lines than in paracarcinoma tissues and normal pancreatic epithelial cell lines. (hindawi.com)
Elastic fibers are composed of elastin molecules and can be found together with collagen fibers in tissues that require elasticity in addition to tensile strength, e.g., the lung . (amboss.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)

In addition to these four pathways, tumors can undergo infiltration around nerve fibers and metastasis along nerves, that is, perineural invasion (PNI), which refers to the phenomenon of perineural invasion by tumor cells filling the perineurial space, wrapping around nerves in a continuous concentric sheath-like pattern, infiltration, and metastasis of extension along nerves around nerve fibers or into perineurium within the perineurium [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)

This two-compartmental model was parameterized to account for nonspecific binding, bidirectional passive diffusion, and active uptake processes based on the physiology of the cells. (aspetjournals.org)
In the liver, the interplay between uptake and export processes influences the drug intracellular concentration and thereby the amount of drug available for metabolic elimination and/or biliary excretion. (aspetjournals.org)
Additional processes, such as nonspecific binding and bidirectional passive diffusion between medium and cells need to be assessed separately from active transport to enable proper mechanistic scaling. (aspetjournals.org)

Autophagy is a pathway for cells to degrade intracellular components that are no longer needed or are detrimental for the cells. (helsinki.fi)
The aim of this study was to find out how PREP affects the interaction between Bcl-2 and Beclin 1 and how this affects autophagy. (helsinki.fi)
The intensity of Beclin 1 in the nuclei was stronger than in other parts of the cell in all samples, which could indicate a stronger activity of its nuclear tasks compared to autophagy. (helsinki.fi)
Since rate of autophagy in cells was not detected, it is impossible to determine, if there were changes in autophagy that were not reflected as changes in colocalization of these two proteins. (helsinki.fi)

ZO-1 may be involved in signal transduction at cell-cell junctions. (thermofisher.com)

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are essential functional components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). (degruyter.com)
We sought to identify PKA phosphorylation sites in PLIN5 and assess their functional relevance in cultured cells and the livers of mice. (uci.edu)
At present, the phenotypic heterogeneity and functional variation of human γδ T cells are increasing. (explorationpub.com)

Our data show that circulating miR-200c is physically associated with extracellular NPM, which most probably is responsible for its extracellular release and protection upon cytokine mix via a TLR4-mechanism. (frontiersin.org)

Although sulfated GAGs (sGAGs) appear intracellularly, the knowledge about intracellular effects and putative interaction partners is scarce. (degruyter.com)

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are multifunctional polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) responsible for ECM hydration and binding of cations and proteins due to their negative charge. (degruyter.com)
Connective tissue consists of specialized cells that are embedded in the extracellular matrix ( ECM ). (amboss.com)
The extracellular matrix ( ECM ) is composed of various macromolecules arranged in a three-dimensional structure. (amboss.com)

The uncoated nucleocapsids are found particles seemed to result in some disruptions to the plas- within large, smooth, double-membrane vacuoles together ma membrane. (cdc.gov)
These membrane whorls are the infected cells was enhanced and could be involved in postulated to be replication complexes for the virus since transporting and expelling the progeny virus particles. (cdc.gov)
For these short fibers, which can be fully engulfed by lung cells and do not dissolve in airway fluids in less than a few weeks, their clearance will be similar to other mineral and vitreous particles. (cdc.gov)
Other particles may be engulfed by epithelial cells, primarily in the vicinity of the bronchial-alveolar duct junctions, and retained for much longer periods, with gradual removal to lymph nodes. (cdc.gov)

Mechanistically, we found that wogonoside inhibited nuclear factor kappa B/ hypoxia-inducible factor two alpha (NF-κB/HIF-2α) activation via the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) /AKT pathway. (oncotarget.com)

The ABC superfamily of genes encodes proteins that transport a number of substrates across cell membranes. (medscape.com)
PC1 and PC2 are found on the primary cilium, a hair-like structure present on the apical membrane of a cell, in addition to the cell membranes and cell-cell junctions of tubular epithelial cells. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Furthermore, permeability was found to be highly temperature-dependent in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) control cells and artificial membranes (parallel artificial membrane permeability assay). (aspetjournals.org)

Therefore, an in-depth understanding of γδ T cells that play conflicting roles in the tumor microenvironment is necessary. (explorationpub.com)

Within the RNaseA superfamily there is a group of highly cationic proteins secreted by innate immune cells with anti-infective and immune-regulatory properties. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, a recent study has shown that some EVs derived from platelets can elicit an immune response through antigen presentation, wherein a peptide-MHC class I complex and co-stimulatory molecules interactions occur at the immune synapse with CD8 + T cells [ 20 ] . (oaepublish.com)
This review further emphasizes the diversified cross-talk between γδ T cells and other immune cells. (explorationpub.com)
It is hoped that the host immune status can be accurately predicted and gradually advance γδ T cell precise individualized medicine. (explorationpub.com)

Therefore, experiments were carried out on guinea pig left atrium and on pituitary GH3 cells in order to evaluate the effect of AqEx on the cellular calcium influx. (scielo.br)

However, the intracellular information processing remains poorly understood. (nature.com)

EVs from virally infected cells can also stimulate T cells either directly by presenting to T cells peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or indirectly through uptake by dendritic cells (DC) and subsequent processing of antigens for presentation, although the former has weaker cross-presentation ability [ 13 - 17 ] . (oaepublish.com)

Lung epithelial cells form a barrier that lines airway and alveolar surfaces and constitute an air-liquid interface. (springer.com)

Non-apoptotic regulated cell death (ferroptosis and necroptosis) leads to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which initiate and perpetuate a non-infectious inflammatory response. (bvsalud.org)
The molecular contents of EVs largely reflect the cell of origin and thus show cell-type specificity. (selectbiosciences.com)
Defining the molecular basis by which VRAC and other volume-sensitive channels detect cell volume changes is a fundamental and longstanding physiological problem. (elifesciences.org)
Mannitol, when administered intravenously, exerts its osmotic effect as a solute of relatively small molecular size being largely confined to the extracellular space. (healthjade.net)

Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)

cell types. (cdc.gov)
Here we report that hiPSC can, in a highly autonomous manner, recapitulate spatiotemporally each of the main steps of retinal development observed in vivo and form three-dimensional retinal cups that contain all major retinal cell types arranged in their proper layers. (nature.com)
This suggests that ion channel transporters related to water transport whose expression is localized in astrocytes and other cerebral cell types are potential therapeutic targets in HS treatment. (biomedcentral.com)

Overall, 477 proteins were found interacting with at least one of four distinct sGAGs. (degruyter.com)
CDV-enriched proteins were found by proteomic analysis and confirmed by nFCM. (selectbiosciences.com)

Moreover, it has recently been shown that mouse and human ES cells can develop into a three-dimentional (3D) optic cup in culture that remarkably resembles the embryonic vertebrate eye 20 , 21 . (nature.com)
Two cell lineages are observed on the embryonic-abembryonic axis of the blastocyst: the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. (bioone.org)
Blastocysts were then classified according to the allocation of the labeled cells in the embryonic and/or abembryonic part of the blastocyst. (bioone.org)
Human embryonic kidney cells 293 (HEK-293) and hPREP knockout cell line created from them by using CRISPR/Cas9-silencing were used in the experiments. (helsinki.fi)

After immunofluorescence staining, cells were analysed with confocal microscope and colocation analysis of Bcl-2 and Beclin 1 was performed. (helsinki.fi)

Here we used an affinity-purification mass spectrometry-based (AP-MS) approach to identify novel and particularly intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). (degruyter.com)
A particle according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the heterologous polypeptide has no specific binding affinity for a eukaryotic cell surface component. (sumobrain.com)

Anatomy62

Organisms17

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes58

Disciplines and Occupations7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Named Groups1

Health Care3

Vesicles13

Secretion6

Increase in extracellular2

Vesicle2

Protein14

Intercellular communication2

Receptors1

Exosomes3

Induce2

Neuronal1

Mechanisms6

Vitro4

Effector cells2

Macrophages8

Activates1

Mediators1

Degradation1

Differentiation1

Endocytosis1

Lysosomes1

Receptor7

Neurons3

Homeostasis1

Amino acids1

Accumulation1

Embryos3

GTPases5

Microscopy2

Lipid2

Proliferation4

Migration8

Endocytic3

Granules3

Lesions3

Tissues4

Pathways1

Processes3

Autophagy4

Signal transduction1

Functional3

Cytokine1

Intracellularly1

Matrix3

Particles4

Pathway1

Membranes3

Tumor microenvironment1

Immune4

Cellular1

Understood1

Dendritic cells1

Lung1

Molecular4

Phosphorylation1

Types3

Proteins were found2

Embryonic4

Immunofluorescence1

Affinity2