UptakeHydroxamate siderophoresBiosynthesisVirulenceChelateBiosynthetic processCobalaminEnterobactinGenesCatecholateTransporterHydroxamic acidChelatesTransportersExtracellularARN1PCompoundsVitroBacteriaProteinMoleculeFungiProducesTransport systemMechanismsSpeciesChelating agentsIron conditionsFoundComplex
Uptake8
- It is important to note microbes make their own type of siderophore so that they are not competing with other organisms for iron uptake. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast that can uptake the iron bound siderophore through transporters of the ARN family. (wikipedia.org)
- This uptake process is able to recognize different structural features of the siderophores and transport the Fe3+ complexes into the periplasm. (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, fungi evolved fine-tuned mechanisms for uptake and storage of iron, such as the production of siderophores (low-molecular mass iron-specific chelators). (frontiersin.org)
- During iron sufficiency, SreA represses iron uptake, including reductive iron assimilation and siderophore-mediated iron uptake, to avoid toxic effects. (frontiersin.org)
- Siderophores chelate Fe 3+ for uptake into the cell, where it is reduced to soluble Fe 2+ . (biomedcentral.com)
- Some bacteria have evolved extraordinary ways to synthesize proprietary siderophores that require the expression of specialized TonB-dependent receptors (TBDRs) to allow for efficient siderophore uptake by the producer and its relatives [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Characterization of hydroxamate siderophores and siderophore-mediated iron uptake in Gaeumannomyces graminis var. (agri.gov.il)
Hydroxamate siderophores1
- Here we demonstrate that the human pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae produces the hydroxamate siderophores ferricrocin and ferrichrome C. Additionally, we show that the iron regulator HapX is crucial for the adaptation to iron starvation and iron excess, but is dispensable for virulence of A. benhamiae . (leibniz-hki.de)
Biosynthesis3
- During iron starvation, HapX represses iron-consuming pathways, including heme biosynthesis and respiration, to spare iron and activates synthesis of ribotoxin AspF1 and siderophores, the latter partly by ensuring supply of the precursor, ornithine. (frontiersin.org)
- A third, independent operon is responsible for biosynthesis of the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin, initially described in Enterobacter aerogenes . (biomedcentral.com)
- Deletion of hapX caused downregulation of siderophore biosynthesis genes leading to a decreased production of siderophores during iron starvation. (leibniz-hki.de)
Virulence2
- Consistently, production of both extra and intracellular siderophores is crucial for virulence of A. fumigatus . (frontiersin.org)
- For many pathogenic fungi, siderophore-mediated iron acquisition is essential for virulence. (leibniz-hki.de)
Chelate4
- The main function of siderophores is to chelate ferric iron (Fe3+) from insoluble minerals from the environment and make it available for microbial and plant cells. (wikipedia.org)
- This is because Fe2+ is an intermediate acid, therefore it is not able to bind significantly to the siderophore chelate ligands and can only bind with a much lower affinity. (wikipedia.org)
- Whereas, Fe3+ is a hard base and can bind to the siderophore chelate ligands with a much higher affinity. (wikipedia.org)
- Hydroxamates, as well as carboxylates and catecholates, chelate Fe( III ) in natural siderophores (Greek: iron carriers). (rsc.org)
Biosynthetic process1
- Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of ferrichrome biosynthetic process in response to an iron stimulus. (planteome.org)
Cobalamin1
- putative ABC-type cobalamin/Fe3+-siderophores transport. (ntu.edu.sg)
Enterobactin3
- Mutant strains not synthesizing polyamine-siderophores significantly increased enterobactin production levels, though lack of enterobactin did not impact the production of serratiochelins. (biomedcentral.com)
- This study shows the natural occurrence of serratiochelins, photobactin, enterobactin, and aerobactin in a single bacterial species and illuminates the interplay between siderophore biosynthetic pathways and polyamine production, indicating routes of molecular diversification. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition to known iron source utilization genes, we identified a previously uncharacterized iron-repressed cytoplasmic membrane transporter system, fbpABC, that is required for the utilization of multiple structurally distinct siderophores including alcaligin, enterobactin, ferrichrome, and desferrioxamine B. Expression of type III secretion system genes was also found to be upregulated during iron starvation in both B. pertussis strain Tohama I and Bordetella bronchiseptica strain RB50. (umn.edu)
Genes1
- They have devised complex regulatory mechanisms responding to Fe 2+ unavailability that induce the expression of a series of genes to produce small iron chelators, termed siderophores [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], secrete them, and take up their iron-bound forms. (biomedcentral.com)
Catecholate1
- The main types of siderophores have catecholate, hydroxamate, and carboxylate coordinating ligands. (wikipedia.org)
Transporter2
- Fe3+( siderophore)](n-3)- binds to a receptor-transporter on the cell surface and then is up taken. (wikipedia.org)
- 11. HuCJ, BaiC, ZhengXD, WangYM, WangY (2002) Characterization and functional analysis of the siderophore-iron transporter CaArn1p in Candida albicans. (prelekara.sk)
Hydroxamic acid1
- 5,10 The mc binding mode is analogous to that of a previously synthesized N -alkyl titanium hydroxamate complex, and in the natural product ferrichrome in which an N -alkyl hydroxamic acid chelates iron. (rsc.org)
Chelates1
- Ferrichrome chelates stay stable in the cell and allow for iron storage, but can be easily mobilized to meet the metabolic needs of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Transporters2
- At the other finish of the spectrum, there are also fungi that don't produce any identified siderophores (as with L. monocytogenes discussed above), but readily make use of xenosiderophores through the deployment of specific transporters. (wagergun.com)
- In general, fungi use transporters of the major facilitator protein superfamily, quite than ABC transporters, for siderophore internalization (Haas et al. (wagergun.com)
Extracellular2
- To overcome this, bacteria, fungi and some plants synthesize siderophores, and secrete it into an extracellular environment where binding of iron can occur. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacterial siderophores are small molecules with unmatched capacity to scavenge iron from proteins and the extracellular milieu, where it mostly occurs as insoluble Fe 3+ . (biomedcentral.com)
ARN1P1
- In saccharomyces cerevisiae, ferrichrome is specifically taken up by ARN1P as it has 2 binding sites and ferrichrome can the higher affinity site through endocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
Compounds1
- Further studies have shown that these proteins transport iron bound to different siderophore compounds (siderophores are iron-binding agents produced and secreted by other microbes in order to obtain iron) [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Vitro1
- A total of 18 bacterial strains were successfully screened for in vitro antagonistic ability against Xoo , siderophore production and PGP potentials. (ppjonline.org)
Bacteria3
- Under iron limitation, bacteria scavenge for ferric iron (Fe3+) by up-regulating the secretion of siderophores in order to meet their nutritional requirements. (wikipedia.org)
- one way that bacteria diversify siderophore structure is by incorporating different polyamine backbones while maintaining the catechol moieties. (biomedcentral.com)
- Bacteria have not only devised ways of biosynthesizing "proprietary" siderophore molecules, but have evolved transport mechanisms that allow them to utilize foreign siderophores, or xenosiderophores, as well [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein1
- Ferrichrome transport ATP-binding protein fhuA. (ntu.edu.sg)
Molecule2
- Recent studies have shown that ferrichrome has been used as a tumor- suppressive molecule produced by the bacterium Lacticaseibacillus casei. (wikipedia.org)
- The ferrichrome siderophore household illustrates the potential for complexity as a result of it consists of 20 structurally different hexapeptides where modifications can happen on a standard ferrichrome backbone molecule. (wagergun.com)
Fungi2
- Ferrichrome was first isolated in 1952, and has been found to be produced by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Ustilago, and Penicillium. (wikipedia.org)
- The process of siderophore production and further mechanisms to adapt to iron limitation are strictly controlled in fungi to maintain iron homeostasis. (leibniz-hki.de)
Produces1
- We report that Serratia plymuthica V4 produces a variety of siderophores, which we term the siderome , and which are assembled by the concerted action of enzymes encoded in two independent gene clusters. (biomedcentral.com)
Transport system1
- putative siderophore transport system ATP-binding. (ntu.edu.sg)
Mechanisms1
- The Fe3+ siderophore complexes are taken up into the bacterial membrane by active transport mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
Species1
- One such innovative way is the incorporation of polyamines into the nascent siderophore, which has evolved in multiple species that naturally produce polyamines. (biomedcentral.com)
Chelating agents1
- Ferrichrome is a siderophore, which are metal chelating agents that have a low molecular mass and are produced by microorganisms and plants growing under low iron conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Iron conditions1
- Siderophores are key molecules in low soluble iron conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Found1
- Besides assembling serratiochelin A and B with diaminopropane, S. plymuthica utilizes putrescine and the same set of enzymes to assemble photobactin, a siderophore found in the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens . (biomedcentral.com)
Complex1
- Ferrichrome is a cyclic hexa-peptide that forms a complex with iron atoms. (wikipedia.org)