Female employment and fertility in rural china. Medical search. Frequent questions

Together, these elements constitute the population planning program of the People's Republic of China. (wikipedia.org)
6 Shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 1949, Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party encouraged Chinese people to have many children, imitating policies such as Mother Heroine from the Soviet Union. (wikipedia.org)
Considering only the People's Republic of China (from 1949 until now), the first stand was on stimulating population growth, with the government considering a large population as the basis for a prosperous nation. (crossingborders.dk)
The People's Republic of China (PRC) is an authoritarian state in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the paramount source of power. (state.gov)
The State Council of the People's Republic of China decided that all married couples should have the right to have two children if one of the spouses was the only child in the family. (chinastudies.kz)
Since 1949, seven population censuses have been conducted in the People's Republic of China - the 1st National Census in 1953, the 2nd National Census in 1964, the 3rd National Census in 1982, the 4th National Census in 1990, the 5th National Census in 2000, the 6th National Census in 2010 and, finally, the 7th National Census conducted in 2020. (chinastudies.kz)

Therefore, we pay much attention to make the demographic facts meaningful to a broad audience, to raise awareness (of policy makers as well as public) on possible consequences of some demographic change, such as advanced population ageing, ultra-low fertility, and large flow of migration in the process of social-economic development. (springernature.com)
Migration: In the 1960s, numerous Taiwan residents left for educational and employment opportunities abroad in industrialized nations, but as Taiwan became an economic powerhouse in the 1980s and 1990s, many returned or stayed. (factsanddetails.com)
Migration from Taiwan since the 1990s has been primarily to mainland China, mostly to Shanghai and Guangdong Province. (factsanddetails.com)
Migration from rural areas is speeding up because there's less new farmland to be opened up. (org.in)
In particular, the indicators of fertility, mortality, natural growth have changed significantly, which has affected the age-sex structure, life expectancy, the qualitative characteristics of the population have changed, migration processes have noticeably increased. (chinastudies.kz)
In 1984 the reform of the Regulations of Permanent Residence Registration marked an increase in the migration of rural Chinese employees. (khovattudienlanh.com)
The paper concentrates on the latter because migration is considered more crucial for both the demographic and the economic revitalisation of rural regions. (univpm.it)
Strong migration flows to rural regions are a relatively new phenomenon in the European context and they have had a significant and growing impact on peripheral and rural areas. (univpm.it)
Rural-urban migration is playing an increasingly important role in shaping the economic and demographic landscape of Chinese cities. (worldbank.org)
Looking ahead, decision makers at all levels will need to craft policies that address issues of migration and rural-urban migrants issues that are hotly debated among scholars, Chinese policy makers, and others. (worldbank.org)
This paper reviews the demographic situation in the Arab region and the impact of education, employment, migration, health status and participation in society on the further development of the region, including the impact of these factors on ageing and gender issues. (who.int)

As a result, in a relatively short time - seven decades - China has made a demographic transition from the state of the poorest countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America with high fertility and mortality to the state of the developed countries of the world, such as the countries of the European Union, the USA and Canada and East Asia - Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore with low fertility and low mortality. (chinastudies.kz)
It's no coincidence that the total fertility rate of the Latin America and Caribbean region nearly halved, from 3.9 to 2.0, between the early 1980s and today. (weeklyholiday.net)

This study finds that China's one-child policy (OCP), one of the most extreme forms of birth control in recorded history, has amplified economic inequality across generations in China since its introduction in 1979. (repec.org)
In 1979 China enforced the one child policy, changing the fertility rate drastically, but what it did not change, was the son preference. (ukessays.com)

China's family planning policies (Chinese: 计划生育政策) have included specific birth quotas (three-child policy, two-child policy, and the one-child policy) as well as harsh enforcements of such quotas. (wikipedia.org)
China's program should not be confused with the family planning programs instituted in other countries, which were designed to encourage parents to have the number of children they desired-in China, the provision of contraception through family planning programs was subservient to a birth planning program under which the government designated how many births parents could have in order to control the size of its population. (wikipedia.org)
Family planning was first introduced in the 1950s as a "recommendation", yet had never been strictly implemented until 1970, when the Military Control Commission of China's Ministry of Health announced that contraceptives would be provided free of charge, and Premier Zhou Enlai enacted population growth targets for urban and rural areas, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
In the 1980s, 90s and 2000s posters promoting China's one-child policy could be seen all over China. (factsanddetails.com)
The conventional wisdom in China was that controlling China's population served the interest of the whole society and that sacrificing individual interests for those of the masses was justifiable. (factsanddetails.com)
The announcement on July 30 that China will finally overhaul the hereditary household registration system, known as hukou , hopefully eases a system considered to be at the heart of China's institutional and economic inequality. (asiasentinel.com)
For decades, China's growth has followed the pattern of advanced economies, with rising incomes and educational attainment, shrinking family size, and growing female labor-force participation. (northwestern.edu)
The concern transient linked right here and included below finds that women have limited representation and voice across the highest echelons of China's political system. (khovattudienlanh.com)
Overpopulation is an advantage in China in contrast to India because of China's better economic approach to resource utilization, leading to low poverty levels and higher human security. (prime-writings.com)

Population data provides basic information for many indicators related to SDG targets, and some SDG indicators come from demographic statistics, such as maternal mortality, fertility of adolescents, coverage of essential health-care services, and some social-economic measurements by gender and age. (springernature.com)
The infant mortality rate was estimated at 6.5 per 1,000 live births, and the total fertility rate for 2004 was estimated at about 1.6 children per woman. (factsanddetails.com)
Higher mortality rates have been reported in women with coarctation of the aorta with vascular involvement, pulmonary hypertension, Marfan syndrome with aortic involvement, and myocardial infarction in pregnancy. (medscape.com)
In order to inform prevention efforts and reduce this health disparity, mortality data were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics to describe cervical cancer mortality among U.S.- and foreign-born women. (cdc.gov)
Overall, foreign-born women had a lower cervical cancer mortality rate when compared with the U.S.-born women (rate ratio=0.95, 95% CI=0.92, 0.97). (cdc.gov)
Women born in Mexico had significantly elevated rates of cervical cancer mortality (rate ratio=1.35, 95% CI=1.27, 1.42) when compared with U.S.-born women. (cdc.gov)

The ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) continues to tighten control over all aspects of life and governance, including the state bureaucracy, the media, online speech, religious practice, universities, businesses, and civil society associations. (freedomhouse.org)

78 This linguistic shift was also intended to help influence a change in the primary mode of fertility control from abortion (which had been the most frequent method in the Republican period) to other forms like condoms and cervical caps. (wikipedia.org)
There are additional worries about the sterilization of women and young girls, including forced prostitution and human-trafficking - without the burden and costs of a possible abortion or even for a kid, these women might become an easier target for traffickers and pimps. (crossingborders.dk)
Every Republican president in the United States since Ronald Reagan (including Donald Trump) has denied funding to UNFPA based on a fallacious interpretation of the Kemp-Kasten Amendment .The interpretation goes like this: China has engaged in decades of coercive abortion and sterilization of its citizens. (weeklyholiday.net)
Therefore, UNFPA is engaged in coercive abortion and sterilization in China. (weeklyholiday.net)
Medical abortion is also contraindicated in women with no access to emergency services and no partners or family to be with the patient during the heaviest bleeding times. (medscape.com)

That's because, during a period when a large number of adults are economically productive, a smaller proportion of young people require their support .In addition, when fertility declines, investments in each child tend to increase, preparing a healthier, better educated generation of future workers to be more productive per capita than their parents' generation. (weeklyholiday.net)

While the speaker of Pakistan's parliament is a woman and the representation of women in the legislature has grown dramatically, most of the women representatives are from the same privileged, feudal/tribal class that is largely responsible for discrimination against women in Pakistan. (riazhaq.com)
The reality is that though there has been major improvement in gender equality in China, discrimination against women remains prevalent in rural areas, evident through gender imbalance, traditional views of a woman's role in society, and education and job opportunities. (ukessays.com)
All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires min- fy the process, implying a celebration and a bride who is imum ages for marriage to be specified and says that child happy to start a loving union with her spouse. (cdc.gov)

Then, when scientists started to notice that along with the improvement of living standards came low fertility rates, the worries spanned from the developed West to the developing South, whose birth rate continued to rise. (crossingborders.dk)
Total fertility rates from each of its four available rounds are included. (pewresearch.org)
Under the researchers' extreme scenario, where fertility rates remain high and urbanization continues apace, within 35 years over 100 world cities will have populations larger than 5.5 million people. (org.in)
While previous literature associates easier divorce with lower investment in marriages, we find preliminary evidence that marriage rates and fertility were positively affected by the law which also reduced female labor supply and assortative matching, with important disparities by schooling attainment. (parisschoolofeconomics.eu)
The census results show that for the next 10-15 years, the remaining share of the working-age population of China allows us to ensure the necessary GDP growth rates. (chinastudies.kz)
Sri Lanka has shown remarkable persistence in low female labor force participation rates-at 36 percent in the past two years, compared with 75 percent for same-aged men-despite overall economic growth and poverty reduction over the past decade. (worldbank.org)
The trend stands in contrast to the country's achievements in human capital development that favor women, such as high levels of female education and low total fertility rates, as well as its status as a lower-middle-income country. (worldbank.org)
Furthermore, the levels of education and technological advancement influence fertility rates. (prime-writings.com)
If India could manage this transformation, the high fertility rates and overpopulation would lead to higher income. (prime-writings.com)
Almost three-quarters of Vietnam's female working-age population has been in the labor force for at least two decades, one of the highest and most persistent rates in Asia and the world. (imf.org)
On average, female participation rates in Asia have increased by about 6 percentage points since 1990 (see Chart 1) and lie not far behind the levels seen in advanced Western economies (IMF 2018). (imf.org)
The improving overall picture reflects some convergence in female labor force participation rates in Asia toward the better performers in the region and globally. (imf.org)
Australia, Hong Kong SAR, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Singapore recorded significant gains-above 10 percentage points-over the past decade, in line with improvements seen in nations such as Sweden, which has one of the highest female participation rates among advanced economies. (imf.org)
Together these gains have lifted average female participation rates in the Asia-Pacific region in recent years. (imf.org)
The growing differences in female labor force participation rates across Asia reflect declining or stagnant participation in countries that had low participation to begin with, notably India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. (imf.org)
Participation rates have also declined in China and Thailand, albeit from relatively high levels. (imf.org)
The population growth slow - and may even go into reverse as it has now for China - with declining fertility rates. (warriorsdefenceacademy.com)

This is land that a lot of indigenous people rely on for their survival with women at the centre of that because women play such a significant part in the management of natural resources. (juridicofinancierofarmaceutico.com)
Centre de recherche d'étude et de documentation en économie de la santé (France). (who.int)

The crude death rate (CDR) - the number of persons dying per year per 1,000 population - was 23.2 for China and 22.2 for India in 1950. (warriorsdefenceacademy.com)
Between 1950 and 2020, it went up from 43.7 to 78.1 years for China and from 41.7 to 70.1 years for India. (warriorsdefenceacademy.com)
The total fertility rate (TFR) - the number of babies an average woman bears over her lifetime - was as high as 5.8 for China and 5.7 for India in 1950. (warriorsdefenceacademy.com)
The Regional Office was placed temporarily in Hong Kong (China) from August 1950 to July 1951. (who.int)

Another research focus in recent years is fertility transition and low fertility in China with a perspective of gender and development, review the role of women in the process of fertility transition in history and discuss the impact of population change (such as low fertility and population ageing) on women in the 21st century. (springernature.com)
Table 1 summarizes https://sitinfo.com.br/ukraine-dating-site-targets-foreign-men-with-facebook-ads-amid-russias-war/ demographic characteristics of all Indonesian women ranging in age from 15 years to 49 years of age. (juridicofinancierofarmaceutico.com)
female: 39.4 years (2013 est. (factsanddetails.com)
In 2004 life expectancy at birth was estimated at nearly 80.1 years for women and 74.3 for men, or 77.0 years total. (factsanddetails.com)
Socialism continues to provide the theoretical underpinning of Chinese politics, but Marxist ideology has given way to economic pragmatism in recent years, and economic decentralization has increased the authority of regional officials. (state.gov)
Data on fertility and how it is related to the state a woman lives in, her age, years of education, household wealth and urban versus rural status comes from the National Family Health Survey. (pewresearch.org)
Recent U.N. projections expect the world's population to grow by 2.9 billion - nearly that of China and India today - in the next 33 years and possibly by a further 3 billion by the end of the century. (org.in)
Due to the long-term demographic policy of a one-child family in China, in the future there is such an age structure of the population that will not be able to provide replacement of the retiring able-bodied population at the expense of younger age groups aged 0-15 years. (chinastudies.kz)
During the interval 1990-2005, ladies aged 20-24 years had the best fertility fee. (khovattudienlanh.com)
Dr. Kalasa, Director of the Technical Division at UNFPA, says that the addition of two billion people in the next 30 years will pose challenges, but will also bring "tremendous opportunity" in the form of a demographic dividend .The demographic dividend, however, is not predicated on future population growth, but on fertility decline that follows rapid population growth. (weeklyholiday.net)
There are an estimated 214 million women in the developing world who have an unmet need for family planning: They do not want to become pregnant in the next two years, but they are not using modern contraception. (weeklyholiday.net)
Particularly those rural areas which are most remote, depopulated or dependent on agriculture face strong challenges as regards growth, jobs and sustainability in the coming years. (univpm.it)
This Chinese song written 1000 years ago, still rings true today in China as it did in the past. (ukessays.com)
Experts estimate, that if this trend continues, in 10 years China will have approximately 40 to 60 million girls missing. (ukessays.com)
The male-to-female ratio is gradually normalizing after the distortions caused by 30 years of war during the last century. (who.int)
People in Fiji are living longer, with life expectancy standing at 68 years for males and 72 years for females. (who.int)

One of the most apparent evidence that women in China are not seen as equal importance to men is from the severe gender imbalance taking place. (ukessays.com)

But now it is heading back toward lower incomes and educational outcomes (as parents conclude that higher education will not result in high-paying jobs), larger families, and lower female labor-force participation. (northwestern.edu)
Researchers can study the differences in the outcomes of overpopulation in the economies of China and India from the point of view of the dominant economic sectors. (prime-writings.com)

My research focused mainly on reproductive health and rural-urban women migrants in the 1990s, and later it extended to cover the status of rural women migrants and returned migrants, as well as gender issues revealed by population census data in education, health, and employment. (springernature.com)
In the 1990s, some women in Indonesia, including adolescents and the homeless, resorted to engage in employment as sex workers and housemaids due to financial hardship. (juridicofinancierofarmaceutico.com)

As a result, the population increase rate in China remained very high. (wikipedia.org)
In May, China reported that youth unemployment (among those aged 16 to 24) had reached a record-breaking 20.8 percent , with the high-paying, high-skilled jobs that university graduates are trained for growing scarcer. (northwestern.edu)
As with many other developing countries, high fertility rate is a major problem. (juridicofinancierofarmaceutico.com)
In the twinkling of an eye for example, China has become world leader in high-speed railway technology and network expansion. (iefworld.org)
Along with the signs of women's progress in Pakistan, there have also been high-profile incidents of violence against women, such as live burial of women in Baba Kot, a village 50 miles from Usta Mohammad town of Jafferabad district in Baluchistan, that rekindled an honest discussion and debate on the status of women in rural and tribal Pakistan. (riazhaq.com)
When stripped of all its sugar-coated rhetoric, the primary target of these high-powered policy makers is poor women in poor countries in the South. (healthwrights.org)
However, the effect of high population in India and China presents a reverse relationship. (prime-writings.com)
Its high female labor force participation rate outstrips the best performers among advanced Western economies (see Chart 2). (imf.org)
The average annual growth rate stands at 0.8%, the slow growth being due to a moderately low level of fertility and a high level of emigration. (who.int)

Total fertility rate (2009 est. (wikiversity.org)
Total fertility rate: 1.11 children born/woman (2013 est. (factsanddetails.com)

In most parts of the country, Indonesian women traditionally enjoy a degree of socio-economic freedom. (juridicofinancierofarmaceutico.com)
After the formation of the PRC, special attention was also paid to the country's population censuses, since the Chinese leadership uses the population indicator when planning the main socio-economic indicators. (chinastudies.kz)
Women, development, democracy : a study of the socio-economic changes in the status of women in Nepal, 1981-1993. (who.int)

In May 1953, Hong Kong (China), formerly Hong Kong SAR, China, was assigned to the Western Pacific Region at the Sixth World Health Assembly ''without prejudice to any questions regarding its sovereignty'' as an area. (who.int)
With effect from the forty-eighth session in 1997, Hong Kong has attended the Regional Committee as Hong Kong SAR (China). (who.int)
Hong Kong (China) was covered by the WHO Representative Office in Taipei, China (Taiwan) from 1959 until it was closed on 30 June 1972. (who.int)

Will Urban Migrants Formally Insure their Rural Relatives? (repec.org)
Over the past two decades, China has transformed itself from a relatively immobile society to one in which more than 10 percent of the population are migrants. (worldbank.org)

Several SDGs are related to population and development issues, such as poverty alleviation, health and well-being, education, decent work and employment, urbanization, reduced inequalities and gender equality. (springernature.com)
Poor women are an easy target because not only there is a bigger chance that they accept the money incentive, but often because of their lack of education they do not understand the inherent risks to the surgery, which are in many cases actually omitted from them in order to avoid unwanted decisions. (crossingborders.dk)
Registration includes the names of parents, spouses and dates of birth and has been regarded by many as virtually a caste system that condemned generations of rural residents to poverty and poor education. (asiasentinel.com)
As many as 150 million rural workers are already in the cities, unable to take advantage of education and social programs. (asiasentinel.com)
But doing so meant abandoning their rights to education and health and social services, not only for themselves but for their children, unless they returned to their rural roots, which they largely needed to do after the end of their prime working age, stalling them out on the economic ladder. (asiasentinel.com)
The State Council decision says that in the meantime all residents are eligible for the same basic services as the resident population, including employment, healthcare, education, cultural activities and administrative services. (asiasentinel.com)
Chinese students and their parents are finding this new economic reality difficult to accept, given the tremendous sacrifices they made for higher education. (northwestern.edu)
The Chinese education system is one of the most competitive in the world, not least because college admission is determined by a single standardized national exam, the gaokao. (northwestern.edu)
There is limited information regarding soil science education, and the role of women in Indonesia. (juridicofinancierofarmaceutico.com)
This shrinking of the base of a country's population pyramid allows economies to develop rapidly, if the right investments are made in health, education, and employment. (weeklyholiday.net)
There is a continuing large literacy gap of as much as 45 percent between men and women and the opportunities for rural women's education remain elusive. (riazhaq.com)
Media reports indicate that Pakistani Taliban have been enforcing a complete ban on female education in the Swat district . (riazhaq.com)
Does Maternal Education Decrease Female Genital Cutting? (aeaweb.org)
education and employment. (cdc.gov)
should be raised and enforced, all forms of coercion and Child marriages occur most frequently in South Asia, discrimination should be eliminated, marriage should be where 48% of women aged 15-24 have been married entered into with free consent and as equal partners, and the education and employment of girls should be encour- aged (Principle 9, Action 4.18, Action 5.5) ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)

The fictional Rosie, depicted on posters and magazine covers, became the symbol of women who joined the US factory workforce during World War II, jump-starting the rise in female labor force participation in postwar America. (imf.org)
Higher female labor force participation-the share of working-age women with a job or actively looking for employment-raises the economy's growth potential by increasing the pool of workers available for productive purposes. (imf.org)
Female labor force participation is trending up across Asia, with many other countries catching up to Vietnam. (imf.org)
Our forthcoming paper looks at the evolution of female labor force participation in Asia. (imf.org)
And it has also succeeded in maintaining female labor force participation of some 70 percent for more than two decades-a feat unsurpassed even among advanced economies. (imf.org)

Demographers have stated that the ideal birthrate rate for China is 16.7 per 1,000, or 1.7 children per family. (factsanddetails.com)

Several researchers have also demonstrated that a larger presence of women in the workforce and the elevation of women to prominent positions can help foster income equality, diversify the economy, and boost the profitability and efficiency of businesses. (imf.org)
Understanding the effect of population review draws on published reports and growths in their urban populations change on economic growth and devel- studies by individual researchers and (Table 1), as people from rural areas opment is taking on added importance those in international organizations. (who.int)

The gender ratio at birth was 1.1 males to 1 female. (factsanddetails.com)
Males were more affected than females in ratio 1.2:1 with the mean age 33.61±13.3. (bvsalud.org)

Zhenzhen Zheng, Editor-in-Chief of China Population and Development Studies , discusses the importance of research in reproductive health and other population and development related issues, and how journals play a key role in facilitating the societal impact of academic research. (springernature.com)
Sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights are widely accepted concepts, and they are closely related to the health and well-being of women and girls. (springernature.com)
Rather than focus on population or birth control, they see the basic issue as one of reproductive rights-especially for women. (healthwrights.org)

The number of job-seeking migrant workers from rural areas adds significantly to this total. (state.gov)
In the domestic field many, often female, migrant workers are subject to physically demeaning cleaning jobs that involve harsh chemical cleaners that have adverse health effects. (wikipedia.org)

Another one, with the slogan "Late Marriage and Childbirth were Worthy," showed an old gray-haired woman with a newborn baby. (factsanddetails.com)
These patterns suggest that marital investment was risky for women in the event of informal separations and that child support, alimony, and the option to remarry provide insurance against that risk, making marriage more appealing. (parisschoolofeconomics.eu)

India and China have been on the spotlight for a while regarding this topic, not only because they represent the two most populous countries in the world, with a combined share of 36,9% , but also because of their fairly recent economic boom. (crossingborders.dk)

Bloomberg News and the Financial Times reported on leaked documents from top Chinese health officials in which it was estimated that almost 250 million people in China had contracted COVID-19 in the first 20 days of December. (freedomhouse.org)
China, one of the founders of WHO, participated in the International Health Conference in 1946, which resutled in the drafting of the WHO constitution, turning over the functions of the Office International d'Hygiene Publique (OIHP) to WHO and setting up of an Interim Commision to prepare for the First World Health Assembly. (who.int)
Women take on less risk, regardless of health or gestational age, to terminate a pregnancy than to continue to term. (medscape.com)
Contribution: Decentralisation of PMTCT of HIV services to community-based health facilities is appropriate to enable sub-district health facilities to test for HIV and provide counselling services to pregnant women. (bvsalud.org)
This was followed by the intraluminal (unicystic) histologic variant that was commoner in females in this Lagos State secondary health care facility. (bvsalud.org)

In 1953, the First National Population Census of China was conducted upon the suggestion of Ma Yinchu, then President of Peking University. (wikipedia.org)
Then in 1962, a baby boom followed, and the Second National Population Census in 1964 showed a total population of around 700 million in mainland China. (wikipedia.org)
In 2020, the 7th population census was conducted in China, which showed qualitative and quantitative data on the state of Chinese society. (chinastudies.kz)

Others read: "Have Fewer, Better Children to Create Prosperity for the Next Generation" and "Have less children, have a better life" Slogans such as "Have Fewer Children Live Better Lives" and "Stabilize Family Planning and Create a Brighter Future" were painted on roadside buildings in rural areas. (factsanddetails.com)
Some crude family planning slogans such "Raise Fewer Babies, But More Piggies" and "One More Baby Means One More Tomb" and "If you give birth to extra children, your family will be ruined" were banned in August 2007 because of rural anger about the slogans and the policy behind them. (factsanddetails.com)
In 1970 the average woman in China had almost six (5.8) children. (factsanddetails.com)
Women were encouraged to have children and abortions and sterilizations were restricted. (crossingborders.dk)
Poor Chinese families, whose fertility choices are less constrained by the OCP than rich ones, have more children but invest less in human capital per child. (repec.org)
School enrollment among urban non-slum, slum and rural children in Kenya: Is the urban advantage eroding? (ihsn.org)
But this has made employers more reluctant to hire women, with many voicing concerns about the cost of future time off for bearing and rearing children. (northwestern.edu)
The Ministry of the Interior says just 1.05 children are born per woman, down from 7.04 in 1951 and 2.10 as late as 1984. (factsanddetails.com)
In industrialized countries, the average woman must have about 2.1 children to keep the population stable. (factsanddetails.com)
There's a reaction among young women, who see how many children their mothers had, and watched them spend all that time looking after household matters, and that's not necessarily what they want to do. (factsanddetails.com)
In May 2021, China officially abandoned the demographic policy of "one family- one child", and at a meeting of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee, it was decided that "married couples can have three children. (chinastudies.kz)
According to the studies of a Sociology professor in Northridge University, Wendy Wang, shows that "parents with son preference value consider their daughters to be less valuable and therefore provide inferior care to daughters in terms of food allocation, prevention of disease and accidents, and treatment of sick children," another main cause of the dramatic decrease in female infants. (ukessays.com)
Simply understood, a woman having two children replaces herself and her partner with two new lives. (warriorsdefenceacademy.com)

Although female workforce participation has increased in general, cross-country differences have also been rising. (imf.org)
As populations gray, the rising share of older workers tends to lower the workforce participation rate for both men and women, as older workers tend to be less active in the workforce. (imf.org)

Because the rural population accounted for approximately 60 percent of the total, the effectiveness of the one-child policy in rural areas was considered the key to the success or failure of the program as a whole. (factsanddetails.com)
People in rural areas were also allowed to bear a second child if their first child was a girl or disabled. (factsanddetails.com)
The one-child policy actually only covered only about 35 percent of Chinese, mostly those living in urban areas. (factsanddetails.com)
This study found Indonesian women residing in urban areas had 1.62 times great knowledgeable level than rural counterparts. (juridicofinancierofarmaceutico.com)
About 69 percent of the population lives in urban areas and 31 percent in rural areas. (factsanddetails.com)
These increased employment opportunities drew girls out of rural areas in hopes of escaping poverty. (khovattudienlanh.com)
Together with a parallel process of 'de-agriculturalisation' of rural households and an increasing development of non-agricultural activities in rural areas, these processes contributed largely to the formation of a 'new rurality' characterising more and more the rural regions of Europe. (univpm.it)
On the other hand, the continued restructuring and modernisation of Europe's agriculture is expected to place a heavy burden on many rural areas. (univpm.it)
the fall was especially significant in the rural areas. (warriorsdefenceacademy.com)
The average household size is 4.7 people, with 80% of the population living in rural areas. (who.int)

After a surge of foreign multinational investors began investing in Indonesia during the 1970s, many Indonesian women became the «prime workforce» and a source of cheap labourers in manufacturing businesses. (juridicofinancierofarmaceutico.com)

It fell to single digits for China first in 1974 (to 9.5) and for India in 1994 (9.8), and further to 7.3-7.4 for both in 2020. (warriorsdefenceacademy.com)

The CCP leader and state president, Xi Jinping, secured a third term as party leader in October 2022, further consolidating personal power to a degree not seen in China for decades. (freedomhouse.org)

Although this is now considered history, sterilization continues to be India's most used contraceptive method, now largely targeting women instead. (crossingborders.dk)
For instance, the interview material supported the initial findings that deaf women had little knowledge of contraceptive methods. (bvsalud.org)

I am the Editor-in-Chief of China Population and Development Studies (CPDS). (springernature.com)
China Population and Development Studies encourages submissions with research topics related to the SDGs. (springernature.com)
Changes in the development status of women in South Africa from 1996 to 2001: for the better or for the worse? (ihsn.org)
Clarke, M. and S. Feeny (2019), The Dragon versus the Kangaroo: Perceptions of Chinese and Australian Influence and Development Assistance in Vanuatu, Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.4, No.3, pp.334-354. (edu.au)
The development is a paradox in a society that remains devoted to Chinese tradition, where offspring are considered a blessing and a guarantee a family's lineage will continue into the future. (factsanddetails.com)
This paper constitutes a first attempt at drafting a blueprint leading to an accelerated and coordinated development of organic agriculture in China. (iefworld.org)
The interval whole parity development fertility fee of third and higher-order births can be computed in the same method. (khovattudienlanh.com)
This development reveals the complexity of the rural labour markets and the social mismatch of the demand and supply of employment. (univpm.it)
The status of women in Pakistan continues to vary considerably across different classes, regions, and the rural/urban divide due to uneven socioeconomic development and the impact of tribal, feudal, and urban social customs on women's lives. (riazhaq.com)
Though China and India have a large labor force, their population exhibit opposite effects that lead to differences in the level of economic development. (prime-writings.com)
1989 [Nineteen eighty-nine] world survey on the role of women in development. (who.int)

North of Vietnam is China while Laos and Cambodia are to the West. (wikiversity.org)

Last week, 83 women were submitted to a supposedly voluntary procedure under poor sanitary conditions, in an abandoned hospital in rural Chhattisgarh. (crossingborders.dk)
Striving for zero population growth via voluntary fertility decline, however, has nothing to do with population control. (weeklyholiday.net)

Birth planning policy in China was not a top-down process that developed in a linear fashion. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, both countries have implemented controversial population growth control mechanisms - India known from its sterilization programmes, and China known by its one-child policy. (crossingborders.dk)
The findings are intended to influence policy makers, educators, and employment program practitioners with a stake in helping Sri Lanka achieve its vision of inclusive and sustainable job creation and economic growth. (worldbank.org)
Though China has a higher population than India, the former will soon cede this title to the latter due to certain measures such as one-child policy. (prime-writings.com)

Demographic ageing has been an important issue in the rural regions of some Member States, notably Spain, Greece, Portugal and France, where the rural populations are consisted of a higher proportion of people over 65. (univpm.it)
In the rural regions of France, Greece, Spain and Portugal, in particular, the proportion of retired people is above the EU average and between 18-22% while the dependency ratios are higher. (univpm.it)

Part of the explanation is economic and reflects the way a child has changed from being an asset in the rural society of half a century ago - an extra pair of hands at the family farm - to a major financial burden. (factsanddetails.com)
The decision of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee indicates that China is also on the path of increasing the birth rate and stimulating the third child in the family. (chinastudies.kz)
Which causes a lot of female child abortions and infanticide, for often the case is: if the child is a girl, the family will abort the baby. (ukessays.com)
even in the process of giving birth to the child is an evident case of female inferiority and discrimination. (ukessays.com)

In Taiwan the fertility rate is way below that. (factsanddetails.com)

A 2018 report by the McKinsey Global Institute, "The Power of Parity: Advancing Women's Equality in Asia Pacific," estimates that equality for women in the region could increase collective annual GDP by 12 percent, or $4.5 trillion, by 2025. (imf.org)

The Chinese communist government condemned birth control and banned imports of contraceptives. (wikipedia.org)
5 The PRC also oversaw a linguistic and conceptual shift in the language of contraception, avoiding terminology that had been popular in Republican-era China (such as shengyu kongzhi or shengyu jiezshi, which both directly translate the phrase "birth control") and instead adopting phrases like jihua shengyu (with the literal meaning of planned birth) and biyun (pregnancy prevention). (wikipedia.org)
However, rising living standards, greater independence for entrepreneurs, and the expansion of the nonstate sector have increased workers' employment options and have markedly reduced state control over citizens' daily lives. (state.gov)
For their own good, parents who have the least means to support large families must be educated, empowered, or otherwise induced to "accept" family planning-i.e. fertility control. (healthwrights.org)
All women should have control over their own fertility. (healthwrights.org)
But fertility control should be the free decision of each couple or individual, never an obligation. (healthwrights.org)

Brief references to historical patterns of fertility for Indian women overall come from the United Nations World Population Prospects. (pewresearch.org)

Currently, China is undergoing deep transformation, as its economy develops rapidly and its social landscape is being reconfigured. (iefworld.org)

Finally, the multilevel mixed-effects modeling used in the "Causes of change: Fertility" section in Chapter 2 is described in more detail. (pewresearch.org)

Nowadays, relationship a Chinese woman is way more appealing to males since they are also hardworking and self-assured. (khovattudienlanh.com)
Fiji has the largest population of all the South Pacific island countries, with an estimated 2010 population of 854 000: 433 000 males and 421 000 females. (who.int)

The change in the system will generate significant problems that the government will have to solve, including transferring the current rural social security system to an urban one when the migrant receives residency. (asiasentinel.com)
In the greatest part of the twentieth century the regional pattern of population change in most European countries was characterised by a 'rural exodus' and increasing urbanisation. (univpm.it)

Trinh, T-A., Feeny, S. and A. Posso (2021), Political Connections and Post-Disaster Assistance in Rural Vietnam, European Journal of Political Economy, doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102097. (edu.au)
In de zomer van 2021 verhuisde ik naar België en begon ik Nederlands te leren, met als doel me in te schrijven voor mijn droomopleiding Gender en Diversiteit. (scriptiebank.be)

Never mind that UNFPA's programme in China is aimed at demonstrating that rights-based family planning programs work at least as well as coercive ones. (weeklyholiday.net)
World Employment Programme. (who.int)

In addition to dozens of women colleges and universities , some of the co-educational professional institutions of higher learning have 50% or higher enrollment of women. (riazhaq.com)

The analysis of the data of the 7th National Census in combination with the results of previous censuses allows us to draw conclusions about the quantitative and qualitative state of the population of China. (chinastudies.kz)

It is clear that sanctions have not only failed to achieve their aims, they could well have made the situation worse by increasing the anti-Western paranoia of the military leader Than Shwe, providing the regime with a useful enemy, and increasing the influence of neighboring states, notably China, which have scant regard for democracy or are driven entirely by commercial interests. (blogspot.com)

Young women tend to suffer more than young men in the labor market. (northwestern.edu)

The economic growth rate of China, which has a much higher population, is 7.8%, whereas the economic growth rate of India, which has a lesser population, is 6% (Chand & Tung, 2014). (prime-writings.com)
As more technologically advanced state, China sustains population growth better than India because of a higher ability to utilize human capital. (prime-writings.com)

Geboren in de winter van 1996 in een onbekende Noord-Chinese stad, in een liefhebbende familie dat naar een kind verlangde, werd haar komst niet gevierd - ze bracht de eerste jaren van haar leven door zonder naam en hield haar bestaan geheim. (scriptiebank.be)

Anatomy10

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment41

Psychiatry and Psychology17

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena25

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Humanities1

Information Science9

Named Groups7

Health Care79

Geographicals4

People's Repub6

Migration11

Latin America2

19792

China's9

Mortality6

Communist Party1

Abortion5

Declines1

Discrimination against women3

Rates17

Centre2

19504

Years16

Evidence1

Outcomes2

1990s2

High9

Total fert2

Socio-economic3

Hong Kong3

Migrants2

Education15

Labor-force participation5

1,0001

Researchers2

Ratio2

Reproductive3

Migrant workers2

Marriage2

India and China1

Health5

Population Census3

Children13

Participation2

Areas10

1970s1

20201

Decades1

Contraceptive2

Development11

Cambodia1

Voluntary2

Policy4

Greece2

Child4

Taiwan1

20181

Control6

Patterns1

Transformation1

Chapter1

Males2

Change2

20212

Programme2

Enrollment1

Quantitative and qualitative1

Influence1

Tend1

Higher2

19961