Fear in response. Medical search. Frequent questions

The researchers tested the volunteers by playing a variety of sounds, some of which were intended to elicit a fear response , such as a person screaming. (medicalxpress.com)
We conclude that a CAVE system can be used to elicit valid fear responses, which might be further enhanced by immersion manipulations independent from presence. (uni-regensburg.de)
Our findings provide a framework for understanding how innate sensory cues are processed to elicit adaptive behavioral responses to threat and will help to identify targets for the pharmacological modulation of related pathologic behaviors. (jneurosci.org)
Our findings support the hypothesis that antismoking advertisements of health harms that elicit the greatest responses of fear or disgust are the most effective. (cdc.gov)
When advertisements elicit high ratings of both fear and disgust, advertisements with graphic imagery are effective, whereas advertisements without graphic imagery are not. (cdc.gov)
Vogeltanz-Holm et al (10) and Leshner et al (14) used cognitive and learning theories to propose further that advertisement effectiveness ratings and recall are greatest when advertisements elicit the emotional responses of fear or disgust or both. (cdc.gov)

Abstract: The fear induced by predators on their prey is well known to cause behavioural adjustments by prey that can ripple through food webs. (cougarfund.org)
We observed strong behavioural responses by female pumas to human development, whereby their fidelity to kill sites and overall consumption time of prey declined with increasing housing density by 36 and 42%, respectively. (cougarfund.org)
Behavioural signs of fear or anxiety on exposure to noises in owned domestic dogs have been suggested in clinical studies to be common and a significant welfare concern. (bris.ac.uk)
Almost half of owners in the structured interview reported that their dog showed at least one behavioural sign typical of fear when exposed to noises, even though only a quarter had reported their dog as 'fearful' in the general survey. (bris.ac.uk)
This difference indicates that even where owners recognise behavioural responses to noises, they may not interpret these as associated with altered subjective state in their dog. (bris.ac.uk)
Here, we move beyond this paradigm-specific approach and embark on an investigation into how the brain learns to reduce learned fear using two behavioural designs: extinction driven by the omission of an expected aversive event (described above) and overexpectation driven by generating novel predictions that surpass the delivered aversive event (described below). (elifesciences.org)
Archer , J. ( 1979 ) Behavioural aspects of fear. (cambridge.org)

We have examined the effects of nicotine pretreatment on dopaminergic and behavioral responses to conditioned fear stress in the rat. (nih.gov)
The dissimilar effects of repeated nicotine exposure on the cortical dopamine and behavioral responses to conditioned fear stress suggest that nicotine differs from other agents with anxiolytic activity that produce coordinated changes in conditioned fear stress-induced cortical dopaminergic and behavioral responses. (nih.gov)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although behavioral responses to predatory threat are essential for survival, the underlying neuronal circuits remain undefined. (jneurosci.org)
The fear response serves survival by engendering appropriate behavioral responses, so it has been preserved throughout evolution. (wikipedia.org)

Results revealed a high validity for the CAVE and VE in provoking height related self-reported fear and avoidance behavior in accordance with a trait measure of acrophobic fear. (uni-regensburg.de)
Lesions were used to destroy either the thalamo-cortico- amygdala projection, the thalamo-amygdala projection, or both projections, and the effects of such lesions on the acquisition of conditioned fear responses (changes in arterial pressure and freezing behavior) to a tone paired with footshock were measured. (jneurosci.org)
However, reversible inhibition experiments suggest that the ventromedial hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray play distinct roles in the control of defensive behavior, with the former proposed to encode an internal state necessary for the motivation of defensive responses, while the latter serves as a motor pattern initiator. (jneurosci.org)
For this purpose, the effects of RP on fear behavior was examined in a mouse model of single prolonged stress and conditioned fear (SPS-CF), previously shown to mimic key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. (lu.se)

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) mediates the inhibition of defensive responses upon encounters of cues, that had lost their attribute as a threat signal via previous extinction learning. (nature.com)
The survival of an organism is hinged on its capacity to initiate defensive responses in the face of cues, that have previously been associated with threat-a process, referred to as fear memory recall [ 1 , 2 ]. (nature.com)
Stimulation of this structure in rodents and primates elicits abrupt defensive responses, including flight, freezing, sympathetic activation, and panic, while inhibition reduces defensive responses to predators. (jneurosci.org)
Using single unit in vivo electrophysiological recordings in mice, we have identified neuronal populations in the medial hypothalamus and brainstem that encode defensive responses to a rat predator. (jneurosci.org)

We know that PTSD patients tend to generalize their fear in response to cues that merely resemble the feared object but are still distinct from it. (psychologytoday.com)
How this process occurs is not fully understood, but new research shows how specific molecules in separate parts of the brain gather and transmit threat cues to the amygdala, which transforms them into fear. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Fear was assessed by reports of threat expectancy and modulations of autonomic (skin conductance, heart rate) and protective reflex (startle potentiation) measures, the latter of which are mediated by subcortical defense circuits. (nature.com)
While tDCS did not affect initial extinction recall, it abolished the return of startle potentiation and autonomic components of the fear response. (nature.com)
The mere physical presence of another person reduces human autonomic responses to aversive sounds, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2020). (medicalxpress.com)

These changes in brain function make someone with PTSD more vulnerable to generalized anxiety that can be triggered by any stimuli that vaguely resembles the original fear conditioning. (psychologytoday.com)
During conditioning, participants were able to maintain a differential response to conditioned vs. not conditioned stimuli following the MBSR course (i.e., higher sensitivity to the conditioned stimuli), while controls dropped the response. (frontiersin.org)
Pre-post changes in UNC were correlated with changes in the response to the conditioned stimuli. (frontiersin.org)
and 6) Fear stimuli that are not species predictable (conditioned fear stimuli). (wikipedia.org)

An irrational fear is called a phobia. (wikipedia.org)

Yet the brain pathways responsible for gathering threatening information from the body's sensory system and initiating the fear response are not fully understood, but new research offers some clues. (medicalnewstoday.com)
One prominent response is the escalation in production of stress hormones, such as adrenaline, which effectively mobilize the body's reserves of energy. (earth.com)
When individuals engage with horror films, they are subjecting themselves to controlled doses of fear and suspense, and the body's response can be quite exhilarating. (earth.com)
The body's response to fear or suspense is to ramp up production of stress hormones, such as adrenalin, which mobilize your body's energy resources. (earth.com)

Virtual reality (VR) can be used to trigger such phobic fear, and VR exposure therapy (VRET) has proven effective for treatment of phobias, although it remains important to further elucidate factors that modulate and mediate the fear responses triggered in VR. (uni-regensburg.de)

Skin conductance response (SCR) data served to measure the physiological response during conditioning and extinction memory phases. (frontiersin.org)
In sum, horror films provide a unique and multifaceted experience, intertwining physiological responses, emotional engagement, and psychological exploration. (earth.com)
Fear causes physiological changes that may produce behavioral reactions such as mounting an aggressive response or fleeing the threat. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Many physiological changes in the body are associated with fear, summarized as the fight-or-flight response. (wikipedia.org)
With the series of physiological changes, the consciousness realizes an emotion of fear. (wikipedia.org)

Patients with PTSD often show differences in fear acquisition and extinction relative to trauma victims without PTSD. (psychologytoday.com)
Repeated nicotine pretreatment did not modify the acquisition or expression of conditioned fear stress responses, however. (nih.gov)
For the interviewed subset only, risk factors for specific fears included time of acquisition, and early exposure to particular noises. (bris.ac.uk)

So far this month, more than 10,000 people have fled from Kismayo fearing the resumption of fighting. (unhcr.org)

Watch the Attorney-General deliver the Australian Government's response to the ALRC's final report and recommendations in the Judicial Impartiality Inquiry, followed by reflections on different aspects of the report by three members of the Inquiry's Advisory Committee. (alrc.gov.au)
Members of the Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Behaviour (SPI-B) expressed regret about the tactics in a new book about the role of psychology in the Government's Covid-19 response. (wakingtimes.com)
Mr Morgan spoke to author Laura Dodsworth, who has spent a year investigating the Government's tactics for her book A State of Fear, published on Monday. (wakingtimes.com)
Devastating earthquakes had hit the country in early February, and the government's slow response increased the death toll to more than 50,000. (foreignpolicy.com)

Identify a pandemic coordinator and/or team with defined roles and responsibilities for preparedness and response planning. (cdc.gov)

Throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, for instance, cross-border ties were feared to be a source of contagion. (africanarguments.org)
In light of the protracted nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries may wish to conduct periodic reviews during the event so they can continue to reflect on the ongoing response and revise national and subnational response strategies and plans as needed. (who.int)
Establish policies for employees who have been exposed to pandemic influenza, are suspected to be ill, or become ill at the worksite (e.g. infection control response, immediate mandatory sick leave). (cdc.gov)
During the early stages of the pandemic, many people globally did not get the healthcare they needed because of fear of COVID-19 infection, imposed restrictions on movement, or unaffordability of care. (who.int)

The present study assessed verbal and behavioral fear responses triggered by a height simulation in a 5-sided cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE) with visual and acoustic simulation and further investigated how fear responses are modulated by immersion, i.e., an additional wind simulation, and presence, i.e., the feeling to be present in the VE. (uni-regensburg.de)
The present study tested the impact of mindfulness training on fear conditioning and extinction memory and further investigated whether changes in white matter fiber tracts might support such changes. (frontiersin.org)

The study used responses from 3498 participants enrolled in the American Heart Association's (AHA's) Research Goes Red registry from May 2019 to February 2023. (medscape.com)
Cite this: Women Stroke Survivors Fear Disparity in Emergency Care - Medscape - Nov 16, 2023. (medscape.com)

The December 2015 study, " Fear Learning Circuitry Is Biased Toward Generalization of Fear Associations in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ," was published in the journal Translational Psychiatry . (psychologytoday.com)

The fear triggers a "fight-or-flight" response. (medlineplus.gov)
Set up authorities, triggers, and procedures for activating and terminating the company's response plan, altering business operations (e.g. shutting down operations in affected areas), and transferring business knowledge to key employees. (cdc.gov)
When someone is faced with a dangerous situation, anxiety triggers the fight-or-flight response. (msdmanuals.com)

When Covid-19 began spreading around the world in 2020, Uganda's response was regarded as one of the world's most stringent. (africanarguments.org)
In September of 2020 we reported on the fact official UK Covid response was being steered by a privatized public policy organization, The Behavioral Insights Team , which is affectionately known as the 'Nudge Unit. (wakingtimes.com)

Leshner et al, however, suggested that when antismoking advertisements contain high levels of imagery that elicits both fear and disgust, their effectiveness may be reduced. (cdc.gov)

The findings suggest effects of mindfulness practice on the maintenance of sensitivity of emotional responses and suggest underlying neural plasticity. (frontiersin.org)
Researchers have theorized that the mechanism of action of graphic antismoking advertisements is the elicitation of negative emotional responses, which leads to greater awareness and greater impact, as measured directly by smoking-related behaviors and more often indirectly through recall of advertisements and perceived effectiveness ratings (8-13). (cdc.gov)

Results suggest hierarchical multi-level vmPFC functions in human fear inhibition and indicate, that its stimulation might immunize against relapses into pathological subcortically mediated defensive activation. (nature.com)
Hence, facilitating vmPFC activity during extinction recall might promote the inhibition of defensive response activation in the amygdala and, thus, prevent return of fear. (nature.com)
These mice also showed deficits in contextual and trace fear conditioning, and possibly in prepulse inhibition. (nih.gov)
Our findings demonstrate a critical role for the Dlx1 gene, and likely the subclasses of interneurons that are affected by the lack of this gene, in behavioral inhibition and associative fear learning. (nih.gov)

Many leaders therefore ignored the blanket state response or supported the establishment of small checkpoints to just screen "unknown" people. (africanarguments.org)
Researchers suggest their findings may lead to new therapies for fear-related mental health conditions, migraine, and hypersensitivity disorders often experienced by autistic people. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Officials in Libya say at least hundreds of people have died and thousands are feared missing in the eastern part of the country after a powerful storm swept across its mountainous terrains and coastline. (kzyx.org)
There are many people who suffer from a fear of flying. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
And the even better news is that there are also many people who have managed to overcome this fear and can now relax as they travel to their destination. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
In people who have an over-constricted psoas due to things like bad posture and wearing shoes that distort one's figure, fear can be over-represented and manifest itself in very real emotional as well as physical ways. (davidwolfe.com)
More than 2,000 people are feared dead after Storm Daniel caused devastating floods in eastern Libya , one of the country's leaders has said. (yahoo.com)

Overcome Fear of Flying is an audio hypnosis session that uses an incredibly effective technique to quickly decondition the fear that has become associated with being in an airplane. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
Download Overcome Fear of Flying now and enjoy relaxing plane journeys, just like those around you. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
Overcome Fear of Flying has been purchased by 3,669 customers . (hypnosisdownloads.com)
Overcome fear of flying" was upgraded on Jun 26, 2009 in line with our continuous quality improvement program. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
Overcome Fear of Rejection is an audio hypnosis session developed by psychologists that will quickly change that feeling of dread to a feeling of calmly expectant curiosity, and so free you to connect confidently again. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
Download Overcome Fear of Rejection now and open up your life. (hypnosisdownloads.com)

Normal anxiety has its root in fear and serves an important survival function. (msdmanuals.com)

CSE presents anxiolytic effects against alarm substance-induced locomotor and anxiogenic responses similarly to clonazepam . (bvsalud.org)

While health authorities assure Africa's most populous country of more than 170 million they have the haemorrhagic virus under control, there are fears the scale of the outbreak is being downplayed. (menafn.com)
During the massive Ebola outbreak in 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) described Nigeria as a "spectacular success" story, praising Africa's biggest economy for preventing an "apocalyptic urban outbreak" with strong leadership and a rapid response. (menafn.com)
As with many disease outbreaks, scientific information and data related to the disease changed almost hourly, as public health scientists and practitioners responded to the worldwide outbreak, which was coupled with widespread fear ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)

Fear responses to less salient noises may therefore reflect fearful personality characteristics, while those to very salient noises, such as gunshots and fireworks, may reflect specific exposure and experience. (bris.ac.uk)
The results suggest that characteristics of dogs, early environment, and exposure to specific loud noises are involved in the development of fear responses to noises. (bris.ac.uk)
While a certain amount of fear and anxiety are normal, an over-exposure to fearful or stressful events has the potential to result in causing the fear pathways to become "hyperactive. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Repeated exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) also leads to a progressive reduction in fear responses, commonly known as extinction. (elifesciences.org)

Distinct correlates of threat intensity and motor responses were found in both structures, suggesting a distributed encoding of sensory and motor features in the medial hypothalamic-brainstem instinctive network. (jneurosci.org)

Also, fear about losing one's job , and rapid changes in the workplace are stressful. (cdc.gov)

However, responses to these types of noise did not commonly co-occur with separation related behaviour or behaviours indicative of fear or anxiety in other contexts. (bris.ac.uk)

Saline pretreated animals rapidly acquired the conditioned fear stress response as assessed by preferential activation of mesoprefrontal dopamine metabolism and tone-elicited immobility responses. (nih.gov)
At the end, saline or alarm substance was added and anxiety -like responses were recorded. (bvsalud.org)

instead, it induces new learning that transiently inhibits fear expression ( Bouton, 2002 ). (elifesciences.org)

Even on a calm lake for some, there's something that pulls them in - anxiety and fear - and if you're feeling these emotions, you're not alone. (wkrn.com)
In the aftermath of Tuesday's horrific shooting at the Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas, emotions are raw and fears are running high. (northeastern.edu)
Dr. Knowles further explained that this safe exploration of fear through film allows individuals to "learn to cope with negative emotions and develop resilience to fear and stress. (earth.com)
Low estrogen levels, as well as negative emotions, such as anger or fear, may inhibit arousal and lubrication. (medscape.com)

After stimulation ceased, we examined return of fear after subjects had been re-exposed to aversive events. (nature.com)
We report that the infralimbic cortex has a very specific role in fear reduction that depends on the omission of aversive events but not on overexpectation. (elifesciences.org)
The orbitofrontal cortex, a structure generally overlooked in fear, is critical for downregulating fear when novel predictions about upcoming aversive events are generated, such as when fear is inflated or overexpected, but less so when an expected aversive event is omitted. (elifesciences.org)

When a person perceives a possible threat, biochemical reactions occur to prepare the body and mind to respond - known as the fight, flight, or freeze response . (medicalnewstoday.com)
The fear response arises from the perception of danger leading to confrontation with or escape from/avoiding the threat (also known as the fight-or-flight response), which in extreme cases of fear (horror and terror) can be a freeze response. (wikipedia.org)

Dopamine utilization in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens shell and conditioned fear stress-induced immobility responses were assessed. (nih.gov)
Repeated, but not acute, nicotine pretreatment significantly reduced conditioned fear stress-induced dopamine metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens shell. (nih.gov)
In this pilot study, 46 healthy participants were quasi-randomized to a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR, N = 23) or waitlist control ( N = 23) group and underwent a two-day fear conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction memory protocol before and after the course or control period. (frontiersin.org)
Since signals for threat often co-occur (think of the sight of a microphone and that of a staring crowd for a glossophobic), failure to reduce fear by overexpectation is a likely contributor to the aberrant and persistent fear characterizing anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder. (elifesciences.org)
To review what is known about the psychosocial responses in communities located near hazardous waste sites and to make recommendations regarding ways of interacting with communities, outline problems in need of further investigation, and suggest possible psychosocial interventions to reduce stress. (cdc.gov)
Instead they were asked to use their complementary backgrounds and areas of expertise to provide an overview of the following three areas: 1) the factors that might render some community members susceptible to the stress of living near a hazardous waste site, 2) the known psychosocial responses of community members living near hazardous waste sites, and 3) the psychological impact of experienced uncertainty of the consequences of toxic exposures. (cdc.gov)
Here are some proven methods for reducing the stress response: 1. (cdc.gov)
Recently, cell protective, antiamnestic and antidepressant-like effects were disclosed but the possible application of RP to post-traumatic stress disorder, in which exaggerated fear memory persists, has not yet been explored. (lu.se)
Anxiety is a normal response to a threat or to psychologic stress. (msdmanuals.com)

Here, we used a dual-paradigm approach to show that different methods that lead to reduction in learned fear in rats are dissociated in the cortex. (elifesciences.org)

In overexpectation, reduction in previously established fear responses ensue, strikingly, despite continued delivery of the aversive event. (elifesciences.org)

Then, the participants were taken out of the fMRI and shown the same images again while being given a mild electrical shock while viewing the middle image of a face only showing moderate fear. (psychologytoday.com)
Increasing immersion significantly increased fear responses in high height anxious (HHA) participants, but did not affect presence. (uni-regensburg.de)

Using fear smacks of totalitarianism. (wakingtimes.com)

Scientists believe the biological processing of fear occurs in a part of the brain called the amygdala - though other brain regions like the thalamus and brainstem may also play a role. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A 2016 research review discusses that this fear response is processed in a brain region called the amygdala. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The goal of the present study was to examine the contribution of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala projections to fear conditioning. (jneurosci.org)

After identifying these pathways, researchers conducted behavioral tests on the mice to assess fear and memory. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Study authors suggest that identifying these pathways may offer insights into treating fear-based mental health conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The paper explores how rationalised, 'documentalised' education policy ignores such fears and their effects, while simultaneously relying on their existence for its successful implementation. (eera-ecer.de)
We used multilevel modeling to test the effects of the following in predicting effectiveness: fear, disgust, the fear-disgust interaction, the advertisement, and the participant's sex and smoking status. (cdc.gov)
Then fear-related memory (cohort 1, n=25), non-fear-related memory (cohort 2, n=38) and concentration-dependent effects of RP on fear memory (cohort 3, n=41) were measured in 3 separate cohort of animals. (lu.se)

Fear is an intensely unpleasant emotion in response to perceiving or recognizing a danger or threat. (wikipedia.org)

From an evolutionary psychology perspective, different fears may be different adaptations that have been useful in our evolutionary past. (wikipedia.org)

SCR sensors apply a small electrical charge to the skin and use it to measure changes in skin conductivity due to arousal chemicals-the higher the conductivity, the higher the degree of arousal-or the more fear that a person is experiencing. (medicalxpress.com)
Sexual arousal is defined as increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and lubrication/swelling response associated with erotic psychic and physical stimulation. (medscape.com)
In women, female sexual arousal disorder is associated with an inability to attain or maintain a sufficient lubrication/swelling response. (medscape.com)

Owners most commonly reported fearful responses to fireworks in their dogs. (bris.ac.uk)

Such processes are typically investigated through classical fear conditioning and extinction protocols. (frontiersin.org)

Here, we used electrophysiological recordings of single units in behaving male mice exposed to a rat to investigate the encoding of predator fear in the dorsomedial division of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHdm) and the dPAG. (jneurosci.org)

There were discussions about fear being needed to encourage compliance, and decisions were made about how to ramp up the fear. (wakingtimes.com)

Animals were trained in a classical conditioned fear paradigm. (nih.gov)
The classical fear conditioning/extinction/extinction retention paradigm is a well-known method for assessing emotional learning. (frontiersin.org)

Koch also believes that the location of the psoas in connection to the diaphragm would explain how it could be responsible for symptoms associated with fear and anxiety. (davidwolfe.com)
Re-experiencing symptoms , when something reminds you of the trauma and you feel that fear again. (medlineplus.gov)
They were also more likely to fear delayed attention, dismissal of symptoms, lack of assistance from bystanders in emergencies, and symptom misdiagnosis based on gender or race/ethnicity. (medscape.com)

Fear is further fueled when infection control techniques and restrictive practices such as quarantine and isolation are employed to protect the public's health ( 11 , 12 ). (cdc.gov)

Understanding how learned fear can be reduced is at the heart of treatments for anxiety disorders. (elifesciences.org)

Low response rates introduce bias because wealthier and more educated households are more likely to answer surveys, which impacts the accuracy of data that demographers, planners, businesses and government leaders rely on to allocate resources. (ktar.com)
In his presentation, the Attorney-General formally welcomed the ALRC's report Without Fear or Favour: Judicial Impartiality and the Law on Bias (Report 138, 2021), and committed the Government to implementing all three recommendations directed to it for consideration. (alrc.gov.au)
Mr Anthony McAvoy SC, barrister and Chair of the Indigenous Legal Issues Committee of the Law Council of Australia, spoke about the report's focus on institutional and systemic aspects of bias in judicial decision-making, and responses to them. (alrc.gov.au)

Scientists have learned how to make direct measurements of a person's experience of fear . (medicalxpress.com)

Animal research, that delineated extinction's neural underpinnings, might provide guidance on how the facilitation of extinction recall and, thus, the prevention of the return of fear can be supported. (nature.com)

In contrast, responses to other, less salient, noises, such as traffic and TV noises did co-occur with other signs of fear or anxiety. (bris.ac.uk)
Kinda cool, to get away from what seems to be the popular notion that anxiety and fear occur deep in the mind and need to be battled with medications that target that area. (davidwolfe.com)
Fear in human beings may occur in response to a certain stimulus occurring in the present, or in anticipation or expectation of a future threat perceived as a risk to oneself. (wikipedia.org)

Public health strategies that deal with rapidly evolving disease outbreaks of new and emerging infectious diseases require a delicate balance between protecting the public's health and initiating exclusionary practices and treatments that can lead to fear and stigmatization of, and discrimination against, specific populations. (cdc.gov)

This article outlines efforts to rapidly assess, monitor, and address fears associated with the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in the United States. (cdc.gov)

These bodily reactions informs the individual that they are afraid and should proceed to remove or get away from the stimulus that is causing that fear. (wikipedia.org)

After this fear conditioning associated with the middle image, the patients underwent another fMRI scan as they viewed all five faces again. (psychologytoday.com)

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Psychiatry and Psychology19

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