Ribose-5-phosphaGlycolysisGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphaEnzymeAcid synthesisHexose monopSugarsGlucose 6-phosphate dBiosynthesisOxidative damageXylulose-5-phosphaSynthesis pathwayIsomeraseNucleotidesAcidsMetabolismKEGGPrecursorGlutathioneReactionGlycolyticMoleculesPhasesReactionsPyruvateCarbonPurinePrecursorsCarbohydratesEvolutionaryTissuesCycleFormSugarFormationProduceMenuCellProductionSpecificForms
Ribose-5-phospha13
- Ribose 5-phosphate (R5P) is both a product and an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- Depending on the body's state, ribulose 5-phosphate can reversibly isomerize to ribose 5-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
- The enzyme ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase converts ribose-5-phosphate into phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. (wikipedia.org)
- In the non-oxidative of PPP, Ru5P can be converted to R5P through ribose-5-phosphate isomerase enzyme catalysis. (wikipedia.org)
- The reaction is catalyzed by ribose-5-phosphate adenylyltransferase Diseases have been linked to R5P imbalances in cells. (wikipedia.org)
- In scientific terms, the PPP is an essential metabolic pathway that functions concurrently with glycolysis , presenting itself as a quintessential player in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its diligent role in generating NADPH, pentoses, and ribose 5-phosphate. (microbiologynote.com)
- The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that produces NADPH, pentoses (5-carbon sugars), and ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
- The pentose phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis which generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
- Ribulose-5-phosphate is isomerized to ribose-5-phosphate or epimerized to xylulose-5-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
- Ribose-5-phosphate and xylulose-5-phosphate undergo reactions, catalyzed by transketolase and transaldolase, that transfer carbon units, ultimately forming fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
- When NADPH levels are low, the oxidative reactions of the pathway can be used to generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis. (microbenotes.com)
- When NADPH levels are high, the reversible nonoxidative portion of the pathway can be used to generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
- 1. Ashwell, G. and Hickman, J. Enzymatic formation of xylulose 5-phosphate from ribose 5-phosphate in spleen. (qmul.ac.uk)
Glycolysis9
- Ribulose 5-phosphate can alternatively undergo a series of isomerizations as well as transaldolations and transketolations that result in the production of other pentose phosphates as well as fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (both intermediates in glycolysis). (wikipedia.org)
- Formation of each molecule is controlled by the flow of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) in two different metabolic pathways: the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis. (wikipedia.org)
- The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a metabolic pathway that runs parallel to glycolysis. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) during glycolysis. (wikipedia.org)
- fructose-6- phosphate) for nucleotide synthesis and glycolysis. (microbenotes.com)
- Under these conditions, the fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate generated in the pathway reenter glycolysis. (microbenotes.com)
- derived from glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation for carbohydrates and from beta oxidation of fatty acids. (easyomics.org)
- In the present study, we considered the simulation of the main metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, and the anapleorotic pathways using enzymatic reaction models of E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
- The kinetic equations for the glycolysis and the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway have also been developed for E. coli to simulate the transient data obtained by the fast sampling system [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Glyceraldehyde 3-phospha1
- The glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate can be converted into the 6‐carbon sugar phosphate called fructose‐6‐phosphate by the reactions of triose phosphate isomerase, aldolase, and fructose bisphosphase. (cliffsnotes.com)
Enzyme7
- A genetic aberration in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a pivotal enzyme in the PPP, can disrupt this biochemical harmony, underscoring the pathway's indispensability in cellular metabolism and defense mechanisms. (microbiologynote.com)
- Key enzyme in the pentose-phosphate pathway is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (microbenotes.com)
- The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
- the enzyme is called ribulose‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (called Rubisco ). (cliffsnotes.com)
- The 5‐carbon sugar phosphates are interconverted by the action of epimerase and isomerase to yield ribulose‐5‐phosphate, which is phosphorylated by the enzyme ribulose phosphate kinase to make RuBP, the acceptor of CO 2 . (cliffsnotes.com)
- Ribulose phosphate kinase is active only when a cystine disulfide on the enzyme is reduced to two cysteines. (cliffsnotes.com)
- The enzyme also converts D -erythrose 4-phosphate into D -erythrulose 4-phosphate and D -threose 4-phosphate. (qmul.ac.uk)
Acid synthesis6
- It is a crucial source for NADPH generation for reductive biosynthesis (e.g. fatty acid synthesis) and pentose sugars. (wikipedia.org)
- During rapid cell growth, higher quantities of R5P and NADPH are needed for nucleotide and fatty acid synthesis, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
- Notably, NADPH generated through the oxidative phase is pivotal for counteracting oxidative stress and facilitating reductive biosynthesis, such as fatty acid synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
- Generates two NADPH, which can then be used in fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol synthesis and for maintaining reduced glutathione inside RBCs. (microbenotes.com)
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is stimulated by NADP+ and inhibited by NADPH and by palmitoyl-CoA (part of the fatty acid synthesis pathway). (microbenotes.com)
- The pentose phosphate pathway produces NADPH for fatty acid synthesis. (microbenotes.com)
Hexose monop3
- The pentose phosphate pathway is also called as the phosphogluconate pathway or hexose monophosphate shunt. (microbenotes.com)
- Regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate occurs by the same reactions that occur in the hexose‐monophosphate shunt. (cliffsnotes.com)
- The hexose monophosphate shunt interconverts 3‐, 4‐, 5‐, 6‐ and 7‐carbon sugar phosphates. (cliffsnotes.com)
Sugars4
- The pathway consists of two phases: an oxidative phase that generates NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that involves the interconversion of sugars. (wikipedia.org)
- The PPP showcases its role by executing two meticulously orchestrated phases: the oxidative phase, where glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose 5-phosphate, and the non-oxidative phase, which is engaged in the synthesis of 5-carbon sugars, contributing significantly to the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. (microbiologynote.com)
- Dietary pentose sugars, a derivative of nucleic acid digestion, can be intertwined with the PPP, thereby revealing another layer of metabolic flexibility and adaptability provided by this pathway. (microbiologynote.com)
- The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. (microbenotes.com)
Glucose 6-phosphate d1
- Levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are increased in the liver and adipose tissue when large amounts of carbohydrates are consumed. (microbenotes.com)
Biosynthesis3
- During nucleotide biosynthesis, R5P undergoes activation by ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase (PRPS1) to form phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP). (wikipedia.org)
- Embarking on an exploration into cellular metabolism, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) commands particular attention, not merely for its role in glucose metabolism but also for its crucial involvement in cellular biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses. (microbiologynote.com)
- In the biological realms of reductive biosynthesis, particularly in the synthesis of fatty acids, sterols, and combating oxidative stress, the PPP is an unsung hero, diligently orchestrating cellular anabolic and antioxidant processes. (microbiologynote.com)
Oxidative damage1
- Furthermore, cells like erythrocytes, which are persistently exposed to oxidative stress, exploit the PPP to generate NADPH, maintaining a cellular environment that is conducive to combating oxidative damage. (microbiologynote.com)
Xylulose-5-phospha1
- 3. Hurwitz, J. and Horecker, B.L. The purification of phosphoketopentoepimerase from Lactobacillus pentosus and the preparation of xylulose 5-phosphate. (qmul.ac.uk)
Synthesis pathway2
- The de novo synthesis pathway begins with the activation of R5P to PRPP, which is later catalyzed to become phosphoribosylamine, a nucleotide precursor. (wikipedia.org)
- Gluconeogenesis is a synthesis pathway of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. (easyomics.org)
Isomerase1
- 2. Dickens, F. and Williamson, D.H. Pentose phosphate isomerase and epimerase from animal tissues. (qmul.ac.uk)
Nucleotides1
- The pentose phosphate pathway is a process of glucose turnover that produces NADPH as reducing equivalents and pentoses as essential parts of nucleotides. (easyomics.org)
Acids4
- Krebs cycle) is an important aerobic pathway for the final steps of the oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids. (easyomics.org)
- The CcpA regulon comprises genes involved in sugar uptake, fermentation and amino acids metabolism, confirming the role of CcpA as a link between carbon and nitrogen pathways. (studyres.com)
- Lipids are the polymers of fatty acids[citation needed] that contain a long, non-polar hydrocarbon chain with a small polar region containing oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
- a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids by ester linkages is called a triacylglyceride. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolism3
- Moreover, the effects of the knockout of such pathways as Ppc, Pck and Pyk on the metabolism were simulated. (biomedcentral.com)
- It was shown to be useful to simulate the main metabolism of E. coli for understanding metabolic changes inside the cell in response to specific pathway gene knockouts, considering the whole main metabolic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
- A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways among vastly different species. (wikipedia.org)
KEGG1
- The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that low JA concentration (especially 5 μM) exhibited the promotion effects on tuber development in various cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Precursor1
- The pathway also supplies important precursor metabolites including 2-oxoglutarate. (easyomics.org)
Glutathione2
- A meticulous exploration of its function in these cells unravels its imperative role in generating a substantial amount of NADPH, which is instrumental in maintaining the reduced form of glutathione. (microbiologynote.com)
- NADPH is also used to reduce glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine). (microbenotes.com)
Reaction1
- In a series of reactions two carbons in citrate are oxidized to CO2 and the reaction pathway supplies NADH for use in the oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic processes. (easyomics.org)
Glycolytic3
- When more R5P is needed than NADPH, R5P can be formed through glycolytic intermediates. (wikipedia.org)
- PKM creates a bottleneck in the glycolytic pathway, allowing intermediates to be utilized by the PPP to synthesize NADPH and R5P. (wikipedia.org)
- Concurrently, the PPP can transmute the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates into intermediates apt for glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways, thereby enabling the cell to adeptly navigate through the metabolic intricacies and adapt to varying physiological contexts. (microbiologynote.com)
Molecules2
- In the oxidative phase of PPP, two molecules of NADP+ are reduced to NADPH through the conversion of G6P to ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P). (wikipedia.org)
- When demand for NADPH and R5P is balanced, G6P forms one Ru5P molecule through the PPP, generating two NADPH molecules and one R5P molecule. (wikipedia.org)
Phases1
- There are two distinct phases in the pathway. (microbenotes.com)
Reactions3
- The last step of the oxidative reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway is the production of ribulose 5-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
- The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) primarily resides within the cytosol of cells, which is the aqueous component of the cytoplasm, a matrix in which various cellular organelles are suspended and numerous metabolic reactions transpire. (microbiologynote.com)
- The reactions are also found in the pathways for gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate shunt. (cliffsnotes.com)
Pyruvate1
- This pathway map also shows the Entner-Doudoroff pathway where 6-P-gluconate is dehydrated and then cleaved into pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3P [MD:M00008]. (easyomics.org)
Carbon1
- R5P consists of a five-carbon sugar, ribose, and a phosphate group at the five-position carbon. (wikipedia.org)
Purine2
- Formation of PRPP is essential for both the de novo synthesis of purines and for the purine salvage pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- During the purine salvage pathway, phosphoribosyltransferases add PRPP to bases. (wikipedia.org)
Precursors1
- It is an important pathway that generates precursors for nucleotide synthesis andis especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes). (microbenotes.com)
Carbohydrates1
- The rest of the Calvin cycle is involved in interconversion of carbohydrates to make glucose (or starch) and the regeneration of the ribulose‐bisphosphate acceptor. (cliffsnotes.com)
Evolutionary2
- In essence, the PPP is a testament to nature's biochemical prowess, revealing how metabolic pathways, through eons of evolutionary fine-tuning, have been sculpted into multifaceted biochemical networks, proficiently catering to the myriad metabolic and defensive demands of the cell. (microbiologynote.com)
- These similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention is likely due to their efficacy. (wikipedia.org)
Tissues1
- Conversely, in tissues where the biosynthetic activities, particularly those related to fatty acid and sterol synthesis, are in full swing, the NADPH produced by the PPP is channeled to support these reductive biosynthetic pathways. (microbiologynote.com)
Cycle1
- This pathway is sometimes called the Calvin‐Benson cycle, after the biochemists who elucidated it. (cliffsnotes.com)
Form1
- The remaining carbons form ribulose-5-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
Sugar1
- They are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and at least one phosphate group. (wikipedia.org)
Formation1
- The formation of R5P is highly dependent on the cell growth and the need for NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), R5P, and ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). (wikipedia.org)
Produce1
- Pentose phosphate pathway functions as an alternative route for glucose oxidation that does not directly consume or produce ATP. (microbenotes.com)
Menu2
- Please select the Pathway Name & Marker type from the drop down menu. (easyomics.org)
- Please select the Pathway Name & SSR repeat from the drop down menu. (easyomics.org)
Cell2
- It is preferred to model the whole of the main metabolic pathways in Escherichia coli , allowing for the estimation of energy generation and cell synthesis, based on intracellular fluxes and that may be used to characterize phenotypic growth. (biomedcentral.com)
- The CO 2 production rate could be used to estimate cell yield, and the specific NADPH production rate could be used to determine the flux of the oxidative PP pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Production1
- Once intracellular fluxes were computed by this model, the specific ATP production rate, the specific CO 2 production rate, and the specific NADPH production rate could be estimated. (biomedcentral.com)
Specific1
- Although several models have so far been proposed, most of them focus on the specific metabolic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Forms1
- Because the action of Photosystems I and II forms NADPH, this reduction ensures that ribulose bisphosphate is made only when enough light exists to support Photosynthesis. (cliffsnotes.com)