• In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). (hmdb.ca)
  • Classes of medications that are appropriate for the management of major triglyceride elevations include fibric acid derivatives, niacin, and omega-3 fatty acids. (medscape.com)
  • and 2) seven TEs were molecularly cloned from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), coconut (Cocos nucifera) and Cuphea viscosissima, organisms that produce medium-chain and short-chain fatty acids in their seeds. (iastate.edu)
  • These acyl-ACP TEs can potentially be used to diversify the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway to produce novel fatty acids. (iastate.edu)
  • Unfortunately, traditional fatty acid oxidation does not work for branched-chain fatty acids, or fatty acids that do not have an even number of carbons, like the fatty acid phytanic acid, found in animal milk. (smpdb.ca)
  • A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds. (lookformedical.com)
  • Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (lookformedical.com)
  • FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. (lookformedical.com)
  • These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form. (lookformedical.com)
  • Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood that are made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. (lookformedical.com)
  • A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon. (lookformedical.com)
  • A group of compounds that are derivatives of octadecanoic acid which is one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids. (lookformedical.com)
  • Mature adipocytes are known to play an important role controlling energy balance in mammals by storing fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in periods of excess of energy and by releasing fatty acids when are needed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • State the physiological role of lysophospholipids & fatty acids produced by the breakdown of lecithin. (medical-junction.com)
  • 2. Classify the fatty acids in details & indicate their physical properties. (medical-junction.com)
  • Moreover, transcripts representing fatty acid degradation were up-regulated indicating that fatty acids might be degraded to feed the increased need to channel carbons into fatty acid synthesis creating a futile cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The lipidomic analysis showed that disruption of NcACBP caused no obvious changes in the overall abundance and turnover of fatty acids while knockout resulted in the accumulation of triacylglycerol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fatty acids provide the acyl skeleton for lipid synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Before entering lipid synthesis pathways, different kinds of acyl-CoA transporters which acts as the major carrier of acyl-CoAs, such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP), sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), would activate and convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA esters via a reaction catalyzed by fatty acyl-CoA synthetase and transported to various metabolic locations [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) possess more than twenty carbon atoms and are the major components of seed storage oil, wax, and lipids. (nature.com)
  • Fatty acids of this group can be found abundantly in the form of suberins, sphingolipids, leaf cuticles, pollen epidermis, and cork cells. (nature.com)
  • The most common and evolutionarily conserved functions of these organelles include the β-oxidation of fatty acids and detoxification of H 2 O 2 [2]. (5dok.net)
  • To produce energy G-6-PO 4 (derived from monosaccharides from dietary CHO or produced from glycogen degradation by glycogenolysis) is converted by a series of enzyme reactions in the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvate or lactic acid, then to acetyl-CoA, which is also produced from fatty acid oxidation and degradation of the carbon skeleton of glucogenic amino acids ( Table 17.1 ). (oncohemakey.com)
  • Dietary fat is present mainly as long chain triglycerides, comprising a glycerol backbone and fatty acids. (oncohemakey.com)
  • Dietary fats, and lipids produced endogenously from acetyl-CoA, are initially hydrolysed by lipases into glycerol and free fatty acids. (oncohemakey.com)
  • Fatty acids enter the mitochondria via the carnitine transport cycle (medium chain fatty acids enter independently of carnitine) into the β-oxidation spiral in which fatty acids, via a series of enzymes, produce acetyl-CoA and electron carriers. (oncohemakey.com)
  • In prokaryotes this reaction is thought to be performed by separate enzymes for each reduction step while in eukaryotes these reactions are performed by a single enzyme without the release of the intermediate fatty aldehyde. (slu.se)
  • The Marinobacter fatty acyl reductase studied has a wide substrate range in comparison to what can be found among enzymes so far studied in eukaryotes. (slu.se)
  • This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. (cancerindex.org)
  • The enzymes display overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. (cancerindex.org)
  • Discrete enzymes in this pathway include two reductase enzymes: 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (FabG) and enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI). (rcsb.org)
  • The enzyme is a member of the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate-reductase family of enzymes [5]. (enzyme-database.org)
  • Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (lookformedical.com)
  • a) Enzymes that catalyse the removal of hy-drogen from a substrate but use only oxy-gen as a hydrogen acceptor to form water as a reaction product (with the exception of uricase and monoamine oxidase which form H 2 O 2 ). (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Transcriptome sequencing revealed that all homologs induced the same general patterns with a drastic shift in gene expression profiles of leaves from that of a typical source tissue to a source-limited sink-like tissue: Transcripts encoding enzymes for plastid uptake and metabolism of phosphoenolpyruvate, fatty acid and oil biosynthesis were up-regulated, as were also transcripts encoding starch degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mechanistically, Sirt2 suppresses T cell metabolism by targeting key enzymes involved in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid-cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and glutaminolysis. (biomed.news)
  • Within the Krebs cycle acetyl-CoA, combined with oxaloacetate, undergoes cycles involving eight enzymes, in which reducing equivalents are produced which then enter the electron transfer chain for the production of energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (oncohemakey.com)
  • Peroxisomes of plant leaves contain catalaze together with the enzymes of glycolate pathway, as glycolate oxidase, glutamate glyoxylate, serine-glyoxylate and aspirate-a-ketoglutarate aminotransferases, hydroxyl pyruvate reductase and malic dehydrogenase. (exama2z.in)
  • The CdhAB-2 combines with acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) [ 10 ] and operates in the acetyl-CoA pathway for complete oxidation of lactate to CO 2 [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • FAE ( Fatty Acid Elongation ) like genes take part in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs, growth regulation, and stress responses, and are further comprised of KCS ( Ketoacyl-CoA synthase ) and ELO ( Elongation Defective Elongase ) sub-gene families. (nature.com)
  • SCO0127 putative multi-domain beta keto-acyl synthase 112932:119654 forward MW:235996 0009. (kitasato-u.ac.jp)
  • SCO0126 putative multi-domain beta keto-acyl synthase 106637:112885 forward MW:214716 0012. (kitasato-u.ac.jp)
  • Multiple membrane-bound heterodisulfide reductase (DsrMK) could promote both energy-conserving and non-energy-conserving menaquinol oxidation. (hindawi.com)
  • In the majority of organisms, fatty acid degradation occurs mostly through the beta-oxidation cycle. (smpdb.ca)
  • A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. (lookformedical.com)
  • b) They transfer hydrogen from one substrate to another by oxidation-reduction reac-tion not involving a respiratory chain (shown in Fig. 12.4. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (also called thiolase I) has a broad chain-length specificity for its substrates and is involved in degradative pathways such as fatty acid β-oxidation. (expasy.org)
  • In both they participate in the oxidation of substrates, producing hydrogen peroxide which is subsequently destroyed by catalase activity. (exama2z.in)
  • Resolution of the fatty acid reductase from Photobacterium phosphoreum into acyl protein synthetase and acyl-CoA reductase activities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acyl CoA Synthetase: What is it/What does it do? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Several novel acyl-ACP TEs act on short-chain and unsaturated acylACP or 3-ketoacyl-ACP substrates, indicating the diversity of enzymatic specificity in this enzyme family. (iastate.edu)
  • Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases (acyl-ACP TEs) catalyze the hydrolysis of the thioester bond that links the acyl chain to the sulfhydryl group of the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of ACP. (iastate.edu)
  • protein_coding" "AAC73960","hcp","Escherichia coli","hybrid-cluster [4Fe-2S-2O] subunit of anaerobic terminal reductases [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • LysR substrate binding domain, Bacterial regulatory helix-turn-helix protein [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Lipid synthesis requires bulk carbon skeleton acyl-CoAs, the transport of which depends on the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have identified a cytosolic acyl-CoA binding protein, with highly conserved amino acid residues and a typical acyl-CoA binding domain in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The NcACBP recombinant protein was able to specifically bind acyl-CoA esters in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Similarity between the amino-terminal portion of mammalian 58-kD sterol carrier protein (SCPx) and Escherichia coli acetyl-CoA acyltransferase: evidence for a gene fusion in SCPx. (expasy.org)
  • In enzymology, a long-chain-fatty-acyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.2.1.50) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction a long-chain aldehyde + CoA + NADP+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } a long-chain acyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are long-chain aldehyde, CoA, and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are long-chain acyl-CoA, NADPH, and H+. (wikipedia.org)
  • This reaction terminates acyl chain elongation of fatty acid biosynthesis, and in plant seeds it is the biochemical determinant of the fatty acid compositions of storage lipids. (iastate.edu)
  • Ringer, K.L., McConkey, M.E., Davis, E.M., Rushing, G.W. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene double-bond reductases of the (-)-menthol biosynthetic pathway: isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding (-)-isopiperitenone reductase and (+)-pulegone reductase of peppermint. (enzyme-database.org)
  • Characterization of the genes encoding beta-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase. (expasy.org)
  • In the absence of electron acceptor, downregulation of F 420 H 2 dependent steps of the acetyl-CoA pathway is linked to transient formate generation. (hindawi.com)
  • Fqo can be hypothesized to be operative during sulfate reduction with CO. The Fqo complex receives electrons from the reduced coenzyme F 420 (F 420 H 2 ), generated from the oxidative acetyl-CoA pathway, and transfers electrons to the membrane-bound respiratory chain by the reduction of menaquinone [ 16 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid or tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle, within the mitochondria. (oncohemakey.com)
  • Glycerol is then oxidised to acetyl-CoA via pyruvate. (oncohemakey.com)
  • Acetyl-CoA can enter the Krebs cycle or form ketone bodies in the liver. (oncohemakey.com)
  • Acetyl-CoA in excess of requirements for energy production via the Krebs cycle is converted via lipogenesis to stored lipids in adipocytes. (oncohemakey.com)
  • These are glycerolipids lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acyl group is esterified. (hmdb.ca)
  • A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. (lookformedical.com)
  • The systematic name of this enzyme class is long-chain-aldehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase (acyl-CoA-forming). (wikipedia.org)
  • The reduction of acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP to fatty alcohol occurs via a fatty aldehyde intermediate. (slu.se)
  • Both saturated and unsaturated FAs are released from acyl-ACP by acyl-ACP thioesterase (FAT) [ 10 ] and exported to cytosol. (researchsquare.com)
  • Other names in common use include acyl-CoA reductase, and acyl coenzyme A reductase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we investigate annotated FabG homologs, finding a low-molecular weight 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase, as the most likely FASII FabG candidate, and high-molecular weight 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase (HMwFabG), showing differences in structure and coenzyme preference. (rcsb.org)
  • A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. (lookformedical.com)
  • To be available for TAG synthesis, carbons from sucrose must first be converted to pyruvate through cytosolic or plastidic glycolytic pathways and at some point be imported into the plastid to yield acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) which feeds fatty acid (FA) synthesis with carbon backbones. (biomedcentral.com)
  • American Institute of Architects and macro-molecules, gating continuous increase Mutations for cytoplasm co-substrates in New York, New Orleans and Joplin Missouri. (erik-mill.de)
  • In this study, 53 KCS genes were identified in B. carinata compared to 32 and 33 KCS genes in B. nigra and B. oleracea respectively, which suggests that polyploidization might has impacted the fatty acid elongation process during Brassica evolution. (nature.com)
  • The current study provides a basis to understand the evolution of both KCS and ELO genes in fatty acid elongation and their role in stress tolerance. (nature.com)
  • However, here we report that a purified fatty acyl reductase from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8, evolutionarily related to the fatty acyl reductases in eukaryotes, catalysed both reduction steps. (slu.se)
  • In eukaryotes, there are two forms of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase: one located in the mitochondrion and the other in peroxisomes. (expasy.org)
  • The bacterial type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway is an attractive target for the development of inhibitors and is particularly favourable due to the differences from mammalian type I fatty acid synthesis. (rcsb.org)
  • Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. (lookformedical.com)
  • The depletion of DOM over time was strongly correlated with increases in expression of many genes associated with heterotrophy (e.g., amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism) belonging to a Hydrogenophaga strain that accounted for a relatively large percentage (~8%) of the metatranscriptome. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
  • Despite containing residues for catalysis and the ACP coordinating motif, biochemical analyses showed limited activity against an acetoacetyl-CoA substrate in vitro. (rcsb.org)
  • Dihydrofolate reductase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Mechanistically, BH4 is a potent radical-trapping antioxidant that protects lipid membranes from autoxidation, alone and in synergy with vitamin E. Dihydrofolate reductase catalyzes the regeneration of BH4, and its inhibition by methotrexate synergizes with GPX4 inhibition. (biomed.news)
  • CoA and a also CoA recessed Ketone for the single domain of the Phase. (erik-mill.de)
  • The bifunctional CODH ( cdhAB-2 ) is predicted to play an ubiquitous role in the metabolism of CO, and a novel nitrate reductase-associated respiratory complex was induced specifically in the presence of sulfate. (hindawi.com)
  • What happens if you lack the proteins to transport Acyl-Coa into the matrix? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Inhibitors designed to target FabG proteins and thus prevent fatty acid synthesis may provide a platform for use against multidrug-resistant pathogens including A. baumannii. (rcsb.org)
  • An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoylcarnitine in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (lookformedical.com)
  • Thus, there are at least two pathways existing among prokaryotes for the reduction of activated acyl substrates to fatty alcohol. (slu.se)
  • Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (also called thiolase II) is specific for the thiolysis of acetoacetyl-CoA and involved in biosynthetic pathways such as poly β-hydroxybutyrate synthesis or steroid biogenesis. (expasy.org)
  • These substrates are primarily glucose and xylose largely derived from cellulose and hemicelluloses in the plant secondary cell walls [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ATP-citrate lyase/succinyl-CoA ligase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • a) They catalyse the removal of hydrogen from a substrate and use either oxygen or artificial substances such a methylene blue as hydrogen acceptor. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • a) They catalyze the removal of hydrogen from a substrate but not able to use oxy-gen as hydrogen acceptor. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • However, little is known about the fatty acid transport mechanism in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. (lookformedical.com)