CyclooxygenaseProstaglandinsLipidsLabeled 20-carbon fatty acidsNitric oxide syLipidConversion of arachidonic acidLinoleic acidMetabolismMetabolizes arachidonic acidSynthesisDocosahexaenoic acidFree fattyAminoPathwaysProstaglandin endoperoxideOleic acidDerivativesEnzymesEnzymeInflammatoryBiochemistryPathwayCompoundsPUFAPrecursorsBiosynthesisLeukotrienesOxygenationPTGSInflammationEicosapentaenoicPGH2AmountsEssential fattUptakeCyclooxygenasesPhytanic acidCarbonAcylDietaryReactionsMethylElongationCarcinogenesisBioactivePalmiticThromboxaneAutoxidationProteinReceptorsAcetylsalicylic acidPrecursorUric acidLipoxinsAlternativelyMammalsLiverMetabolicMembrane phospholipidsDeficiencySerumAbundantPhospholipids
Cyclooxygenase9
- It is a prominent product in thromboxane A2 synthesis wherein cyclooxygenase 1 or cycloxygenase 2 metabolizes arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 by platelets and a wide array of other cell types and tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- HGNC ID, HGNC:9605), also known as cyclooxygenase-2 or COX-2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGS2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- A goal of this Perspective is to provide a succinct view of salient findings and historical background in this area necessary for the reader to evaluate the potential importance of the newly uncovered "unorthodox" routes ( 2 - 4 ) initiated via cyclooxygenase (for detailed reviews see refs. (jci.org)
- Cyclooxygenase conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). (medscape.com)
- An intermediate arachidonic acid is created from diacylglycerol via phospholipase-A2, then brought to either the cyclooxygenase pathway or the lipoxygenase pathway. (biologydiscussion.com)
- The prostanoids are a family of lipid mediators generated by the action of cyclooxygenase on a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid. (fapesp.br)
- 5 Other factors, like cyclooxygenase, neutral proteases and nitric oxide synthase, trigger neo-angiogenesis. (drugtargetreview.com)
- There are currently challenges in this area, as several cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors have been withdrawn from the market due to their cardiotoxicity, and DMARDs have side effects that include chronic fungal infections, tuberculosis, liver injury, lymphomas and myelo-suppression with long-term use. (drugtargetreview.com)
- Equally exciting are opportunities for effective chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, both synthetic and naturally occurring, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)
Prostaglandins10
- In human epidermis, active metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins is regulated by prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) which is also known to catalyze xenobiotic biotransformation. (cdc.gov)
- The PTGS (COX) enzymes catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins in two steps. (wikipedia.org)
- Bergström stated in his 1982 Nobel lecture that, following the structural assignments of the six PGs, "These 20-carbon prostaglandins have cis -double bonds located as in certain essential fatty acids, when counting from the carboxyl. (jci.org)
- Two decades later, the prostaglandins were deduced to be a family of related compounds that contain 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids with a cyclopentane ring, as depicted below. (medscape.com)
- By 1964, after recognition of this basic structure, Bergstrom and colleagues successfully synthesized series 2 prostaglandins from arachidonic acid using sheep seminal fluid. (medscape.com)
- Prostaglandins are hormone like compounds derived from essential fatty acid from prostaglandins synthase enzyme. (biologydiscussion.com)
- The term "eicosanoids" includes prostaglandins (PGs), tromboxanes (TX), leukotrienes (LTs), and hydroxyl-eicosatetraenoic acid made by polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids (PUFA), including the most abundant and biological precursor AA [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
- For instance, the omega-3 fatty acid EPA and the omega-6 fatty acid AA (arachidonic acid) are in direct competition about producing the different prostaglandins that control inflammation, insulin production, ovulation, labor contractions, and other processes in the body. (healthandscience.eu)
- Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 75 (3), 197-202. (springer.com)
- Enzyme complexes that catalyze the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS from the appropriate unsaturated FATTY ACIDS, molecular OXYGEN, and a reduced acceptor. (bvsalud.org)
Lipids4
- Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) possess more than twenty carbon atoms and are the major components of seed storage oil, wax, and lipids. (nature.com)
- The occurrence of a tetrachloro-fatty acid was reported in fish lipids. (gerli.com)
- Fatty acids (FA) are essential monomeric components that define the structural diversity of lipids and determine their functional properties in the CNS. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Insulin promotes the uptake of fatty acids and the synthesis of lipids, whilst inhibiting lipolysis. (assignmentexpert.com)
Labeled 20-carbon fatty acids1
- Indeed, evidence obtained with isotopically labeled 20-carbon fatty acids incubated with sheep vesicular glands, an abundant source of PGs, confirmed this assumption. (jci.org)
Nitric oxide sy5
- Morales-Ruiz M, Jiménez W, Pérez-Sala D, Ros J, Leivas A, Lamas S, Rivera F, Arroyo V: Increased nitric oxide synthase expression in arterial vessels of cirrhotic rats with ascites. (karger.com)
- oxLDL can interfere with the transduction of the signals responsible for triggering the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), causing reduced vasodilation and endothelial dysfunction, which are the main characteristics of preeclampsia. (biomedcentral.com)
- Together they counteract inflammation by inhibiting the synthesis of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). (sciencesupplements.com)
- Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition with Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride eliminated both sex as well as diet-induced differences in endothelial dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
- Sodium restriction impairs endothelial function, which is nitric oxide dependent, and increases vascular contractility in association with reduced vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase and NOX4 expression in female mice ablating the baseline sex difference. (bvsalud.org)
Lipid13
- Malondialdehyde is easily deprotonated to give the sodium salt of the enolate (m.p. 245 °C). Malondialdehyde results from lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Here, we focus on newly uncovered pathways, involving either the cyclooxygenases (COXs) or nonenzymatic chemical transformations, that lead to the formation of bioactive prostanoids and of previously unknown lipid mediators produced by COX-2. (jci.org)
- He localized the biologic activity to a fraction of lipid soluble acids that he termed "prostaglandin," hypothesizing that these substances originate in the prostate gland. (medscape.com)
- The arachidonic acid, released by phospholipase A2, is an important substrate for the production of a group of lipid mediators known as leukotrienes, which induce proinflammatory signaling through the activation of specific BLT and CysLT receptors. (hindawi.com)
- Cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LTs) are potent inflammatory lipid mediators derived from the 5-lypoxygenase (5-LO) pathway of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism [ 1 ], initially identified to have important effects on pathogenetic aspects of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma and approved in the late 1990s for the relief of perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms, and the treatment of mild persistent bronchial asthma [ 2 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Oleic acid yields approximately equal amounts of the 2 positional isomers of the 9,10-monochlorohydrin, while linoleic acid can form both monochlorohydrins and at higher HOCl/lipid ratios, bis-chlorohydrins (4 isomers are possible). (gerli.com)
- A review of these fatty acids and their derivatives was made by Dembitsky VM ( Prog Lipid Res 2002, 41, 315 ). (gerli.com)
- The first investigation of bromine in fatty acids was reported in the 1970s in lipid extracts from marine animals ( Lunge G, JAOCS 1972, 49, 44 ). (gerli.com)
- Knowledge of the mechanisms by which fatty acids control specific gene expression may identify important risk factors for cancer and provide insight into the development of new therapeutic strategies for a better management of whole body lipid metabolism. (springer.com)
- Uptake of long chain fatty acids is regulated by dynamic interaction of FAT/CD36 with cholesterol/sphingolipid enriched microdomains (lipid rafts). (springer.com)
- 1 L/d of drinking water was associated with concurrent changes in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and micronutrient metabolism, a metabolomic pattern of carbohydrate oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, instead of glycolysis to lactate, and a reduction of chronic disease risk factors in Week 6. (ppexmed.com)
- Over the past thirty years, Cayman developed a deep knowledge base in lipid biochemistry, including research involving the arachidonic acid cascade, inositol phosphates, and cannabinoids. (bertin-bioreagent.com)
- Phytanic acid replaces other fatty acids, including such essential ones as linoleic and arachidonic acids, in lipid moieties of various tissues. (medscape.com)
Conversion of arachidonic acid2
- It is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, an important precursor of prostacyclin, which is expressed in inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
- The conversion of arachidonic acid to PGG2 can be shown as a series of radical reactions analogous to polyunsaturated fatty acid autoxidation. (wikipedia.org)
Linoleic acid1
- In addition, it contains adequate amounts of linoleic acid. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolism5
- The toxicity observed in sheep eating the D. toxicarium seeds was explained by the metabolism of the fluoro acids which produces the very toxic fluoro-acetic acid. (gerli.com)
- Cytochrome p450-dependent metabolism of ω-6 and ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. (springer.com)
- In Sprague Dawley rats, GR haploinsufficiency induced steroid disturbances, which provoked hypertension only in combination with high salt intake, which was accompanied by disturbances in sEH and fatty acid metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
- Cell hydration, which is under tight homeostatic control, determines if body water is retained, lost, or produced by metabolism [2-10]. (ppexmed.com)
- An enzyme involved in the metabolism of ASCORBIC ACID and aldarate. (lookformedical.com)
Metabolizes arachidonic acid1
- Furthermore, aspirin-treated COX-2 metabolizes arachidonic acid almost exclusively to 15(R)-HETE which product can be further metabolized to epi-lipoxins. (wikipedia.org)
Synthesis7
- The absence of endoperoxide-containing products derived from 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid has been thought to indicate the importance of a C-10 carbocation in PGG2 synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- Further investigations by Smith concluded that aspirin and indomethacin inhibited synthesis by specifically blocking oxygenation of arachidonic acid. (medscape.com)
- A non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to reconstruct the metabolic pathways for the synthesis of oxylipins, derived from roughanic, linoleic, α-linolenic, and arachidonic acid in wild type, the oxylipin-deficient mutants of Ppaos1 and Ppaos2 , the mutants of Ppdes being deficient in all fatty acids harboring a Δ 6 -double bond and the C20-fatty acid-deficient mutants of Ppelo . (frontiersin.org)
- Long chain saturated FAs (LCSFA) and unsaturated FAs of ω9 and ω7 can be synthesized from palmitic acid (PA, C16:0) produced by the de novo FA synthesis. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Insulin also activates several of the enzymes that are directly involved in glycogen synthesis, including phosphofructokinase and glycogen synthase. (assignmentexpert.com)
- When the liver is saturated with glycogen, any additional glucose taken up by hepatocytes is shunted into pathways leading to synthesis of fatty acids, which are exported from the liver as lipoproteins. (assignmentexpert.com)
- Our scientists are experts in the synthesis, purification, and characterization of biochemicals ranging from small drug-like heterocycles to complex biolipids, fatty acids, and many others. (bertin-bioreagent.com)
Docosahexaenoic acid1
- A phytanic acid-restricted diet and combination docosahexaenoic acid and cholic acid therapy may inhibit disease progression. (medscape.com)
Free fatty2
- available triacylglycerols are used by LPL to provide free fatty acids for foetal transport. (biomedcentral.com)
- The lipoproteins are ripped apart in the circulation, providing free fatty acids for use in other tissues, including adipocytes, which use them to synthesize triglyceride. (assignmentexpert.com)
Amino5
- the membrane-binding domain consists of a series of amphipathic α helices with several hydrophobic amino acids exposed to a membrane monolayer. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, using sequence analysis of human genomic DNA, researchers concluded that the amino acids important for catalysis by COX-1 are conserved and are equally important for catalysis by COX-2. (medscape.com)
- The identification of an alternate extended form of angiotensin I composed of the first twelve amino acids at the N-terminal of angiotensinogen has generated new knowledge of the importance of noncanonical mechanisms for renin independent generation of angiotensins. (bvsalud.org)
- Somatostatin , peptide with 14 amino acids, 3 mg per day, injected slowly in the evening after supper, subcutaneously or intravenously with a 12-hour timed syringe (evening administration is indispensable since this coincides with the nocturnal peak in GH and GH-dependent growth factors). (beatingcancercenter.com)
- Octreotide , peptide with 8 amino acids, in a 1 mg ampoule/day administered as above (alternatively, the delayed formulation of Octreotide can be administered intramuscularly at the same doses). (beatingcancercenter.com)
Pathways5
- They are part of a much larger group of compounds, the eicosanoids, which, although ubiquitous as a group, are produced by a variety of cell type-, tissue-, and species-specific biosynthetic pathways. (jci.org)
- Furthermore, GR+/- rats showed dysregulation of the equilibrated linoleic and arachidonic acid pathways, with a significant increase of less active metabolites such as 8,9-DiHETrE. (bvsalud.org)
- 1 L/d drinking water in healthy, normal weight, young men, 2) identify metabolic pathways potentially impacted by chronic hypotonicity, and 3) explore if effects of chronic hypotonicity differ by type of specimen and/or acute hydration condition. (ppexmed.com)
- Similar metabolic pathways appeared potentially impacted in urine, but the directions of impact differed by specimen type. (ppexmed.com)
- Describe two major pathways activated by insulin and the signalling mechanisms undermining their activation? (assignmentexpert.com)
Prostaglandin endoperoxide3
- PTGS2 (COX-2), converts arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin endoperoxide H2. (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, COX - also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), fatty acid COX, prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase, and EC 1.14.99.1 - is implicated in the production of fever, inflammation, and pain. (medscape.com)
- The AA, a normal component of cell membrane phospholipids, serve as substrate for prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH) syntases-1 and -2, also known as cycloxygenase (COX)-1 and -2, lipoxygenase (5-, 12-, or 15) (LO), or cytochrome p450 enzymes [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Oleic acid1
- Olive oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (mainly oleic acid). (biomedcentral.com)
Derivatives5
- A major class of oxylipins are the circular derivatives to which 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its metabolite jasmonic acid (JA) belong. (frontiersin.org)
- MNU was dissolved im- (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) mediately before use in glacial acetic acid and water (pH into their intermediate inactive 50 derivatives and 5- 4.5-5). (sagepub.com)
- This article reviews the current knowledge and experimental research about the mechanisms by which fatty acids and their derivatives control specific gene expression involved during carcinogenesis. (springer.com)
- Inorganic derivatives of phosphorus trihydroxide (P(OH)3) and its tautomeric form dihydroxyphosphine oxide (HP=O(OH)2). (lookformedical.com)
- Note that organic derivatives of phosphonic acids are listed under are ORGANOPHOSPHONATES. (lookformedical.com)
Enzymes5
- The tertiary and quaternary structures of PTGS1 (COX-1) and PTGS2 (COX-2) enzymes are almost identical. (wikipedia.org)
- PTGS1 (COX-1) and PTGS2 (COX-2) are bifunctional enzymes that carry out two consecutive chemical reactions in spatially distinct but mechanistically coupled active sites. (wikipedia.org)
- PLA2 enzymes hydrolyze membrane phospholipids at the sn-2 position, releasing lysophospholipids and fatty acids. (fapesp.br)
- In times of high metabolic demand and adequate availability of oxygen, elevated calcium in mitochondria can increase ATP production by stimulation of three enzymes in the Krebs citric acid cycle: pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate and isocitrate dehydrogenase. (benbest.com)
- In mammals, FA elongation depends on a set of enzymes termed elongation of very long-chain fatty acid enzymes (ELOVLs) [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Enzyme11
- Our recent work demonstrated that CB-PLA2 induces prostacyclin (PGI2) release by endothelial cells monolayers (in vitro) through activation of COX-1 and -2 enzyme systems. (fapesp.br)
- Moreover, this toxin also up-regulated protein expression of COX-2 isoform, whereas an inhibitor of phospholipases A2 enzyme activity, abrogated this effect. (fapesp.br)
- Following a high salt diet, these rats developed salt-sensitive hypertension and maintained elevated enzyme-soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in adrenal glands, while sEH was significantly decreased in wild-type rats. (bvsalud.org)
- Podocyte-specific overexpression of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 attenuates diabetic nephropathy in mice. (ohri.ca)
- Increased urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in renal transplant patients with diabetes. (ohri.ca)
- Then, Acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are coupled to the acyl-carrier protein domain of the rate-limiting enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- Patients with RD are unable to degrade phytanic acid because of a deficient activity of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (PhyH), a peroxisomal enzyme catalyzing the first step of phytanic acid alpha-oxidation. (medscape.com)
- CD, but not UC patients, showed increased gene expression for the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase alpha. (nature.com)
- This assay is coupled to succinate co-enzyme Q oxidoreductase (complex II) for the generation of QH2. (bertin-bioreagent.com)
- An enzyme that converts ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. (lookformedical.com)
- Patients with Refsum disease are unable to degrade phytanic acid because of a deficient activity of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (PhyH), a peroxisomal enzyme catalyzing the first step of phytanic acid alpha-oxidation. (medscape.com)
Inflammatory12
- The lipoxins and epi-lipoxins are potent anti-inflammatory agents and may contribute to the overall activities of the two COX's as well as to aspirin. (wikipedia.org)
- Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom and its major toxin, crotoxin or type II PLA2 (CB) subunit of this toxin, modulates immune and inflammatory responses, interfering with the activity of leukocytes. (fapesp.br)
- Based on this, incorporation of bioactives such as polyphenols, thymoquinone, resveratrol, curcumin, celastrol, hesperidin and gambogic acid show high efficacy against RA in a dosedependent manner via targeted action on inflammatory biomarkers. (drugtargetreview.com)
- 12 These all target the actions of various inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, NF-kβ, lipoxygenase (LOX) and arachidonic acid (AA). (drugtargetreview.com)
- Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins are SPM derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids that limit excessive leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory signals, stimulate innate microbial killing, and enhance resolution. (frontiersin.org)
- Cardinal signs of resolution are: (1) limitation/cessation of PMN infiltration, (2) sequestration and counter-regulation of pro-inflammatory chemical mediators, (3) apoptosis of PMN and removal (e.g., by efferocytosis), (4) clearance of pathogens, inflammatory stimuli, and cell debris, and (5) tissue repair. (frontiersin.org)
- These reactions suggest that the formation of lysophospholipids from unsaturated phospholipids by hypochlorous acid can be relevant in vivo under acute inflammatory conditions. (gerli.com)
- Omega-3 fatty acids also have anti-inflammatory and cancer-fighting properties. (healthandscience.eu)
- Effect of dietary fatty acids on inflammatory gene expression in healthy humans. (springer.com)
- A diet that favors omega-6 fatty acids over omega-3s is one reason, he says, as is a lack of the antioxidants that can neutralize pro-inflammatory compounds like cytokines, interleukin 1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). (nutritionaloutlook.com)
- Between an excess of omega-6 fatty acids, a lack of omega-3 fatty acids, and inadequate intake of antioxidants," Holtby concludes, "the body's pro-inflammatory reaction goes out of control, leading to chronic inflammation and pain. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
- Standard treatment for IBD includes anti-inflammatory agents, such as aminosalicylic acid as well as immunomodulators, steroids, and biological agents. (nature.com)
Biochemistry2
- Essential fatty acids: biochemistry, physiology and pathology. (springer.com)
- The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 1 (2), 68-79. (springer.com)
Pathway2
- In mammals, this process is a critical anabolic pathway that takes place in the cytoplasm [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- However, this pathway has only one known product, lipoic acid, which functions as a cofactor for several important mitochondrial multienzyme complexes [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Compounds6
- Combination of phenolic compounds with arachidonic acid induces "futile thiol pumping" and oxidative stress in epidermal human keratinocytes. (cdc.gov)
- Electron microscopy revealed characteristic apoptotic nuclear fragmentation in keratinocytes exposed to a combination of phenolic compounds with arachidonic acid. (cdc.gov)
- Halogenated fatty acids which are one of the most interesting groups among the naturally occurring halogen compounds are not well known but several reviews on these compounds may be found. (gerli.com)
- All compounds, as the previous one, with adjacent chloro- and hydroxy- goups are named fatty acid chlorohydrins. (gerli.com)
- Aside from these two receptors, evidence exists supporting the presence of yet uncloned cannabinoid receptors, a hypothesis predominantly based on pharmacological activity of cannabinoid compounds in CB1 and CB2 receptor-deficient mice or following the administration of 'selective' CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists (Jarai et al. (420magazine.com)
- By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS. (lookformedical.com)
PUFA1
- Role of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on tumorigenesis. (springer.com)
Precursors2
- This made us suspect that these naturally occurring acids might be precursors" (see ref. 5 and references within). (jci.org)
- Their distinct biosynthetic activity includes an endoperoxidase synthase reaction that oxygenates and cyclizes polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors (eg, arachidonic acid) to form prostaglandin G 2 (PGG2), and a peroxidase reaction that converts PGG2 to prostaglandin H 2 (PGH2), as shown below. (medscape.com)
Biosynthesis1
- FAE ( Fatty Acid Elongation ) like genes take part in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs, growth regulation, and stress responses, and are further comprised of KCS ( Ketoacyl-CoA synthase ) and ELO ( Elongation Defective Elongase ) sub-gene families. (nature.com)
Leukotrienes1
- The eicosanoid family encompasses thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), epoxyeicosatrienic acids (EETs), lipoxins, and isoprostanes, the last of which can be generated by nonenzymatic oxidative mechanisms and may serve as markers of oxidative stress in humans. (jci.org)
Oxygenation2
- However, oxygenation of 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid to 11-(S )-hydroxyeicosa-5,8,12,14-tetraenoic acid is not consistent with the generation of a carbanion intermediate because it would eliminate fluoride to form a conjugated diene. (wikipedia.org)
- This is not consistent with the results of the isotope experiments of arachidonic acid oxygenation. (wikipedia.org)
PTGS3
- PTGS-2 is a sequence homodimer. (wikipedia.org)
- COX-2 is naturally inhibited by calcitriol (the active form of Vitamin D). Both the peroxidase and PTGS activities are inactivated during catalysis by mechanism-based, first-order processes, which means that PGHS-2 peroxidase or PTGS activities fall to zero within 1-2 minutes, even in the presence of sufficient substrates. (wikipedia.org)
- Initial investigations by Miyamoto and Simmons demonstrated that 2 isoforms exist: COX-1 (PTGS-1) and COX-2 (PTGS-2), respectively. (medscape.com)
Inflammation4
- 2 RA may be due to an abnormal immune response that finally leads to joint destruction and synovial inflammation, but its complete aetiology is still not clear. (drugtargetreview.com)
- Mild, insidious inflammation is a problem in lifestyle diseases such as atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome - an early stage of type-2 diabetes. (healthandscience.eu)
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation. (springer.com)
- Aspirin , also known as acetylsalicylic acid ( ASA ), is a medication used to treat pain , fever, or inflammation. (everipedia.org)
Eicosapentaenoic1
- With polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains, such as arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, increasingly complex mixtures of chlorohydrins can be formed. (gerli.com)
PGH21
- In turn, PGH2 is converted to biologically active products (ie, prostaglandin E 2 [PGE2]) by individual synthase and reductase reactions. (medscape.com)
Amounts4
- Figure 2) While metabolizing arachidonic acid primarily to PGG2, COX-2 also converts this fatty acid to small amounts of a racemic mixture of 15-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acids (i.e., 15-HETEs) composed of ~22% 15(R)-HETE and ~78% 15(S)-HETE stereoisomers as well as a small amount of 11(R)-HETE. (wikipedia.org)
- Adhesion molecule expression leads to T-cells excessively binding to synovial-type B-cells, which finally produces large amounts of MMP. (drugtargetreview.com)
- Postsynaptic membranes contain two voltage-gated calcium channels (L-type & T-type) as well as a sodium/calcium exchanger, but the NMDA channel is particularly adept at allowing large amounts of calcium ion to enter the cell. (benbest.com)
- Each softgel capsule contains an ultra-potent 750 mg of the highest quality Omega-3 fatty acids, including high amounts of EPA (450 mg) and DHA (300 mg). (prosource.net)
Essential fatt1
- [ 6 ] This situation leads to an essential fatty acid deficiency, which is associated with the development of ichthyosis. (medscape.com)
Uptake1
- Membrane proteins implicated in long-chain fatty acid uptake by mammalian cells: CD36, FATP and FABPm. (springer.com)
Cyclooxygenases2
- In humans it is one of two cyclooxygenases. (wikipedia.org)
- Changes in dietary fatty acids, specifically the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families and some derived eicosanoids from lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P-450, seem to control the activity of transcription factor families involved in cancer cell proliferation or cell death. (springer.com)
Phytanic acid9
- Refsum disease (RD) is a neurocutaneous syndrome that is characterized biochemically by the accumulation of phytanic acid in plasma and tissues. (medscape.com)
- Skeletal defects (noticed in some patients) are not related directly to phytanic acid levels. (medscape.com)
- In Refsum disease (RD), the phytanic acid level in the blood is increased. (medscape.com)
- however, phytanic acid levels are 10-50 mg/dL or even higher in patients with RD. (medscape.com)
- [ 8 ] A minor indication is failure of dietary management to reduce a high plasma phytanic acid level. (medscape.com)
- Pharmacological up-regulation of the omega-oxidation of phytanic acid may form the basis of the new treatment strategy for adult RD in the near future. (medscape.com)
- Refsum disease is a recessive disorder characterized by defective peroxisomal alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid. (medscape.com)
- Blood levels of phytanic acid are increased in patients with Refsum disease. (medscape.com)
- An infantile form of Refsum disease also exists and is an autosomal recessive disorder of peroxisomal biogenesis, leading to many biochemical abnormalities, including elevated plasma concentration of phytanic acid, pristanic acid, very long chain fatty acids, and C27 bile acids. (medscape.com)
Carbon4
- First, hydrogen is abstracted from carbon 13 of arachidonic acid, and then two molecules of oxygen are added by the PTGS2 (COX-2), giving PGG2. (wikipedia.org)
- Twenty-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with cyclopentane ring. (medscape.com)
- Accumulation of carbon dioxide results in carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ), which further increases acidity. (benbest.com)
- The elongation of the chain occurs by repeating the condensation cycle until a 16-carbon palmitic acid (16:0) is generated. (encyclopedia.pub)
Acyl2
- 2010). Vertebrate fatty acyl desaturase with Δ4 activity. (springer.com)
- Then, 3-ketoacyl-CoA is reduced and dehydrated to produce trans-2-enoyl-CoA, which is finally reduced to form the elongated acyl-CoA. (encyclopedia.pub)
Dietary4
- Dietary fatty acids and membrane protein function. (springer.com)
- Data obtained in metabolic epidemiological and laboratory animal model studies are sufficiently convincing in showing the enhancement of colon cancer by certain types of fat and protection against it by certain dietary fibers. (aacrjournals.org)
- A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. (lookformedical.com)
- Dietary absorption of VITAMIN C is highly dependent upon this class of transporters and a subset of SODIUM GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS which transport the oxidized form of vitamin C, DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID. (lookformedical.com)
Reactions3
- This page is intended as a comprehensive and rapid survey of fatty acids possessing carbonâ halogen covalent bonds, which have been described in living organisms, some of them being formed during chemical reactions in various industrial situations. (gerli.com)
- Glutaredoxin-2 is Required to Control Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cardiac Muscle by Mediating Deglutathionylation Reactions. (ohri.ca)
- This made it possible to identify the predominant microbiota in cases of teeth with and without chronic periapical reactions 2-3 . (bvsalud.org)
Methyl2
- 1-Methyl-2-phenylindole is an alternative more selective reagent. (wikipedia.org)
- The fatty acid profiling of mammary gland tissue was evaluated using fatty acid methyl esters formation. (sagepub.com)
Elongation2
- In this study, 53 KCS genes were identified in B. carinata compared to 32 and 33 KCS genes in B. nigra and B. oleracea respectively, which suggests that polyploidization might has impacted the fatty acid elongation process during Brassica evolution. (nature.com)
- The current study provides a basis to understand the evolution of both KCS and ELO genes in fatty acid elongation and their role in stress tolerance. (nature.com)
Carcinogenesis1
- TCDD for every step of the mechanism described for 2,3,7,8-TCDD carcinogenesis in humans including receptor binding, gene expression, protein activity changes, cellular replication, oxidative stress, promotion in initiation-promotion studies and complete carcinogenesis in laboratory animals. (who.int)
Bioactive1
- More importantly, this finding shattered a dogma of the time that held that fatty acids played only structural roles in cells, thus opening the way for discovery of the many other important bioactive fatty acid-derived products. (jci.org)
Palmitic2
- Next, palmitic acid is further elongated and desaturated to generate complex fatty acids. (encyclopedia.pub)
- We also examined healthy porcine cartilage explants treated with physiologic doses of leptin, alone or in combination with IL-1α and palmitic and oleic fatty acids, to determine the effects of leptin on cartilage extracellular matrix homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Thromboxane1
- This product is further metabolized by thromboxane synthase to thromboxane A2, 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, and malonyldialdehyde. (wikipedia.org)
Autoxidation1
- Letter: A suggested mechanism for the production of malondialdehyde during the autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
Protein4
- Measurements with a thiol-reagent, ThioGlo-1 showed that phenol (cresol) + arachidonic acid depleted GSH and oxidized protein sulfuydryls in keratinocytes. (cdc.gov)
- The transcription of COX-1 yields a 2.7-kilobase (kb) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that encodes a 576-residue, 65-kd protein. (medscape.com)
- Conversely, the transcription of COX-2 yields a 4.5-kb mRNA that encodes a 70-kd protein with roughly 70-75% homology to the COX-1 protein. (medscape.com)
- Two cannabinoid G protein-coupled receptors have been cloned thus far, CB1 receptors (Matsuda et al. (420magazine.com)
Receptors4
- Based on findings in neurological diseases ( 20-23 ) and pharmacological interactions ( 24-27 ), it appears that a malfunction of 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)2 receptors may have a major role in the pathogenesis of bruxism. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Two receptors for LTB 4 have been molecularly identified: BLT1 and BLT2. (hindawi.com)
- Postsynaptic membranes contain several types of glutamate receptors, notably NMDA & AMPA receptors, which allow calcium ion entry. (benbest.com)
- Following the cloning of CB1 and CB2 receptors, two endocannabinoid ligands were identified and characterized: arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) (Devane et al. (420magazine.com)
Acetylsalicylic acid1
- [8] In 1897, scientists at the Bayer company began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for common salicylate medicines. (everipedia.org)
Precursor1
- ALA provides energy and is a precursor of the other omega-3 fatty acids, where EPA and DHA support various structural and biochemical processes. (healthandscience.eu)
Uric acid1
- Gout is another joint disorder, wherein excess deposits of uric acid, especially in the foot, cause intense pain, Pande says. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
Lipoxins1
- The two 15-HETE stereoisomers have intrinsic biological activities but, perhaps more importantly, can be further metabolized to a major class of agents, the lipoxins. (wikipedia.org)
Alternatively1
- Alternatively, it may rearrange non-enzymatically to a mixture of 8-cis and 8-trans isomers of 12-hydroxyeicosaheptaenoic acid plus malonyldialdehyde (see 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid). (wikipedia.org)
Mammals1
- Mature adipocytes are known to play an important role controlling energy balance in mammals by storing fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in periods of excess of energy and by releasing fatty acids when are needed. (biomedcentral.com)
Liver3
- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and can result in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and progressive liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (wjgnet.com)
- An estimated 30% of adults and 10% of children and adolescents in the United States have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as liver fat content exceeding 5% (Figure 1 )[ 1 - 3 ]. (wjgnet.com)
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, non-insulin dependent diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia and represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)
Metabolic2
- In U. N. DAs (Ed.), Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology: the role of essential fatty acids (pp. 181-200). (springer.com)
- 1 L/d drinking water, urine osmolality decreased below 800 mOsm/kg H 2 O and saliva osmolality decreased below 100 mOsm/kg H 2 O. Between Week 1 and Week 6, 325 of 562 metabolic features in serum changed by 2-fold or more relative to creatinine. (ppexmed.com)
Membrane phospholipids1
- We used a fluorescence HPLC assay for quantitation of membrane phospholipids metabolically prelabelled with oxidation-sensitive natural fluorescent fatty acid, cis-parinaric acid (PnA). (cdc.gov)
Deficiency2
- Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. (lookformedical.com)
- An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. (lookformedical.com)
Serum1
- 2006). The serum levels of workers engaged in sealant removal were 2-10 times higher at the end of these activities than they had been one year before (Kontsas et al. (who.int)
Abundant1
- Neutrophils, also known as polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, are the most abundant cell type in human blood. (assignmentexpert.com)
Phospholipids1
- We found that a combination of phenol /arachidpnic acid or cresol/rachidonic acid caused a pronounced oxidation of major phospholipids: phosphatidytcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine in keratinocytes. (cdc.gov)