• Arachidonic acid is a precursor to a wide range of eicosanoids: The enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (i.e. prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 {PTGS1 and PTGS2}) convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2, which in turn may be converted to various prostaglandins, to prostacyclin, to thromboxanes, and to the 17-carbon product of thromboxane metabolism of prostaglandin G2/H2, 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT). (wikipedia.org)
  • Bergström stated in his 1982 Nobel lecture that, following the structural assignments of the six PGs, "These 20-carbon prostaglandins have cis -double bonds located as in certain essential fatty acids, when counting from the carboxyl. (jci.org)
  • The PTGS (COX) enzymes catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins in two steps. (wikipedia.org)
  • In human epidermis, active metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins is regulated by prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) which is also known to catalyze xenobiotic biotransformation. (cdc.gov)
  • Two decades later, the prostaglandins were deduced to be a family of related compounds that contain 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids with a cyclopentane ring, as depicted below. (medscape.com)
  • By 1964, after recognition of this basic structure, Bergstrom and colleagues successfully synthesized series 2 prostaglandins from arachidonic acid using sheep seminal fluid. (medscape.com)
  • Prostaglandins are hormone like compounds derived from essential fatty acid from prostaglandins synthase enzyme. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Enzyme complexes that catalyze the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS from the appropriate unsaturated FATTY ACIDS, molecular OXYGEN, and a reduced acceptor. (bvsalud.org)
  • Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 75 (3), 197-202. (springer.com)
  • The term "eicosanoids" includes prostaglandins (PGs), tromboxanes (TX), leukotrienes (LTs), and hydroxyl-eicosatetraenoic acid made by polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids (PUFA), including the most abundant and biological precursor AA [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • For instance, the omega-3 fatty acid EPA and the omega-6 fatty acid AA (arachidonic acid) are in direct competition about producing the different prostaglandins that control inflammation, insulin production, ovulation, labor contractions, and other processes in the body. (healthandscience.eu)
  • The occurrence of a tetrachloro-fatty acid was reported in fish lipids. (gerli.com)
  • Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) possess more than twenty carbon atoms and are the major components of seed storage oil, wax, and lipids. (nature.com)
  • Fatty acids (FA) are essential monomeric components that define the structural diversity of lipids and determine their functional properties in the CNS. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • We highlight the key roles of TDH and AASS in amino acids, and ABCB1 and CD36 in lipids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Indeed, evidence obtained with isotopically labeled 20-carbon fatty acids incubated with sheep vesicular glands, an abundant source of PGs, confirmed this assumption. (jci.org)
  • It is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, an important precursor of prostacyclin, which is expressed in inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The conversion of arachidonic acid to PGG2 can be shown as a series of radical reactions analogous to polyunsaturated fatty acid autoxidation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Uptake of long chain fatty acids is regulated by dynamic interaction of FAT/CD36 with cholesterol/sphingolipid enriched microdomains (lipid rafts). (springer.com)
  • An infantile form of Refsum disease also exists and is an autosomal recessive disorder of peroxisomal biogenesis, leading to many biochemical abnormalities, including elevated plasma concentration of phytanic acid, pristanic acid, very long chain fatty acids, and C27 bile acids. (medscape.com)
  • However, oxygenation of 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid to 11-(S )-hydroxyeicosa-5,8,12,14-tetraenoic acid is not consistent with the generation of a carbanion intermediate because it would eliminate fluoride to form a conjugated diene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is not consistent with the results of the isotope experiments of arachidonic acid oxygenation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further investigations by Smith concluded that aspirin and indomethacin inhibited synthesis by specifically blocking oxygenation of arachidonic acid. (medscape.com)
  • Airway epithelial cells carry out their physiologic role in part by activating phospholipase-fatty acid oxygenation pathways. (wustl.edu)
  • Our laboratory has a long-standing interest in enzymes of arachidonic acid oxygenation. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Studies of arachidonate metabolism in airway epithelial cells have often been done on a heterogeneous cell population of basal, ciliated, and goblet cells, so information on individual cell types and alterations during cellular differentiation is still poorly defined. (wustl.edu)
  • Knowledge of the mechanisms by which fatty acids control specific gene expression may identify important risk factors for cancer and provide insight into the development of new therapeutic strategies for a better management of whole body lipid metabolism. (springer.com)
  • Cytochrome p450-dependent metabolism of ω-6 and ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. (springer.com)
  • The toxicity observed in sheep eating the D. toxicarium seeds was explained by the metabolism of the fluoro acids which produces the very toxic fluoro-acetic acid. (gerli.com)
  • Cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LTs) are potent inflammatory lipid mediators derived from the 5-lypoxygenase (5-LO) pathway of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism [ 1 ], initially identified to have important effects on pathogenetic aspects of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma and approved in the late 1990s for the relief of perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms, and the treatment of mild persistent bronchial asthma [ 2 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 1 L/d of drinking water was associated with concurrent changes in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and micronutrient metabolism, a metabolomic pattern of carbohydrate oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, instead of glycolysis to lactate, and a reduction of chronic disease risk factors in Week 6. (ppexmed.com)
  • In addition to being involved in cellular signaling as a lipid second messenger involved in the regulation of signaling enzymes, such as PLC-γ, PLC-δ, and PKC-α, -β, and -γ isoforms, arachidonic acid is a key inflammatory intermediate and can also act as a vasodilator. (wikipedia.org)
  • PLA2 enzymes hydrolyze membrane phospholipids at the sn-2 position, releasing lysophospholipids and fatty acids. (fapesp.br)
  • In mammals, FA elongation depends on a set of enzymes termed elongation of very long-chain fatty acid enzymes (ELOVLs) [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In times of high metabolic demand and adequate availability of oxygen, elevated calcium in mitochondria can increase ATP production by stimulation of three enzymes in the Krebs citric acid cycle: pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate and isocitrate dehydrogenase. (benbest.com)
  • He localized the biologic activity to a fraction of lipid soluble acids that he termed "prostaglandin," hypothesizing that these substances originate in the prostate gland. (medscape.com)
  • Electric pulse stimulation inhibited lipid accumulation on C2C12 myotubes incubated with oleic acid and palmitic acid. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • A review of these fatty acids and their derivatives was made by Dembitsky VM ( Prog Lipid Res 2002, 41, 315 ). (gerli.com)
  • The first investigation of bromine in fatty acids was reported in the 1970s in lipid extracts from marine animals ( Lunge G, JAOCS 1972, 49, 44 ). (gerli.com)
  • The arachidonic acid, released by phospholipase A2, is an important substrate for the production of a group of lipid mediators known as leukotrienes, which induce proinflammatory signaling through the activation of specific BLT and CysLT receptors. (hindawi.com)
  • Phytanic acid replaces other fatty acids, including such essential ones as linoleic and arachidonic acids, in lipid moieties of various tissues. (medscape.com)
  • the membrane-binding domain consists of a series of amphipathic α helices with several hydrophobic amino acids exposed to a membrane monolayer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, using sequence analysis of human genomic DNA, researchers concluded that the amino acids important for catalysis by COX-1 are conserved and are equally important for catalysis by COX-2. (medscape.com)
  • Grisemycin, salinipeptin, and cypemycin belong to the linaridin class of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides that contain multiple dehydrobutyrine and D-amino acid residues. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • The biosynthetic gene clusters of these linaridins lack obvious candidate genes for the dehydratase and epimerase required to introduce dehydrobutyrine and D-amino acid residues, respectively. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • Furthermore, we demonstrated that GrmH/GrmL complex accepted salinipeptin and cypemycin precursor peptides, which possess three additional amino acids. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • PKB activation involves phosphorylation of two amino acid residues, Ser473 and Thr308. (justia.com)
  • 2. Describe how monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed from gut. (medical-junction.com)
  • The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), which in turn converts to various leukotrienes (i.e., leukotriene B4, leukotriene C4, leukotriene D4, and leukotriene E4 as well as to 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) which may then be further metabolized to 5-HETE's more potent 5-keto analog, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) (also see 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzyme 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12) catalyzes oxidation of arachidonic acid to 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE), which may then be metabolized to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and to hepoxilins. (wikipedia.org)
  • We used a fluorescence HPLC assay for quantitation of membrane phospholipids metabolically prelabelled with oxidation-sensitive natural fluorescent fatty acid, cis-parinaric acid (PnA). (cdc.gov)
  • We found that a combination of phenol /arachidpnic acid or cresol/rachidonic acid caused a pronounced oxidation of major phospholipids: phosphatidytcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine in keratinocytes. (cdc.gov)
  • Chlorinated fatty acids are also formed during the production of bleached paper for oxidation of lignins using elemental chlorine. (gerli.com)
  • However, HPPH alternatively may be bioactivated by peroxidases, such as prostaglandin H synthase, to a reactive intermediate that initiates DNA oxidation (reflected by 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine), genotoxicity (reflected by micronuclei) and embryopathy. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Patients with RD are unable to degrade phytanic acid because of a deficient activity of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (PhyH), a peroxisomal enzyme catalyzing the first step of phytanic acid alpha-oxidation. (medscape.com)
  • Pharmacological up-regulation of the omega-oxidation of phytanic acid may form the basis of the new treatment strategy for adult RD in the near future. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with Refsum disease are unable to degrade phytanic acid because of a deficient activity of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (PhyH), a peroxisomal enzyme catalyzing the first step of phytanic acid alpha-oxidation. (medscape.com)
  • Refsum disease is a recessive disorder characterized by defective peroxisomal alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid. (medscape.com)
  • The absence of endoperoxide-containing products derived from 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid has been thought to indicate the importance of a C-10 carbocation in PGG2 synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • A non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to reconstruct the metabolic pathways for the synthesis of oxylipins, derived from roughanic, linoleic, α-linolenic, and arachidonic acid in wild type, the oxylipin-deficient mutants of Ppaos1 and Ppaos2 , the mutants of Ppdes being deficient in all fatty acids harboring a Δ 6 -double bond and the C20-fatty acid-deficient mutants of Ppelo . (frontiersin.org)
  • Long chain saturated FAs (LCSFA) and unsaturated FAs of ω9 and ω7 can be synthesized from palmitic acid (PA, C16:0) produced by the de novo FA synthesis. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Together they counteract inflammation by inhibiting the synthesis of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). (sciencesupplements.com)
  • Our research group has interests in the areas of protein structure and function, nucleic acid chemistry, drug design and synthesis, and chemical genomics. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • A phytanic acid-restricted diet and combination docosahexaenoic acid and cholic acid therapy may inhibit disease progression. (medscape.com)
  • Plasma obtained and RBC membrane prepared from blood collected over EDTA post-treatment were assayed for total cholesterol (TC), phospholipids and fatty acid profile using spectrophotometry and Gas chromatography while heparinized blood was subjected to fragility test. (bvsalud.org)
  • Number of cis- and saturated fatty acids increased in copper-treated plasma and RBC membrane compared to control. (bvsalud.org)
  • BACKGROUND: The membrane components of cardiomyocytes are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are easily oxidized. (bvsalud.org)
  • This membrane is made up of dense rows of fatty acids. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Fatty acids specifically related to the anisotropic properties of plasma membrane from rat urothelium. (springer.com)
  • Membrane proteins implicated in long-chain fatty acid uptake by mammalian cells: CD36, FATP and FABPm. (springer.com)
  • Dietary fatty acids and membrane protein function. (springer.com)
  • The expression of regulatory molecules, TGF-β1/2, phospho-Akt (Ser473), PPARα, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and acyl dehydrogenases was analyzed in virus-infected hepatocytes. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • Then, Acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are coupled to the acyl-carrier protein domain of the rate-limiting enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • These reactions suggest that the formation of lysophospholipids from unsaturated phospholipids by hypochlorous acid can be relevant in vivo under acute inflammatory conditions. (gerli.com)
  • State the physiological role of lysophospholipids & fatty acids produced by the breakdown of lecithin. (medical-junction.com)
  • The eicosanoid family encompasses thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), epoxyeicosatrienic acids (EETs), lipoxins, and isoprostanes, the last of which can be generated by nonenzymatic oxidative mechanisms and may serve as markers of oxidative stress in humans. (jci.org)
  • Arachidonic acid for signaling purposes appears to be derived by the action of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, 85 kDa), whereas inflammatory arachidonic acid is generated by the action of a low-molecular-weight secretory PLA2 (sPLA2, 14-18 kDa). (wikipedia.org)
  • Effect of dietary fatty acids on inflammatory gene expression in healthy humans. (springer.com)
  • Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom and its major toxin, crotoxin or type II PLA2 (CB) subunit of this toxin, modulates immune and inflammatory responses, interfering with the activity of leukocytes. (fapesp.br)
  • Based on this, incorporation of bioactives such as polyphenols, thymoquinone, resveratrol, curcumin, celastrol, hesperidin and gambogic acid show high efficacy against RA in a dosedependent manner via targeted action on inflammatory biomarkers. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • 12 These all target the actions of various inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, NF-kβ, lipoxygenase (LOX) and arachidonic acid (AA). (drugtargetreview.com)
  • A diet that favors omega-6 fatty acids over omega-3s is one reason, he says, as is a lack of the antioxidants that can neutralize pro-inflammatory compounds like cytokines, interleukin 1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Between an excess of omega-6 fatty acids, a lack of omega-3 fatty acids, and inadequate intake of antioxidants," Holtby concludes, "the body's pro-inflammatory reaction goes out of control, leading to chronic inflammation and pain. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins are SPM derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids that limit excessive leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory signals, stimulate innate microbial killing, and enhance resolution. (frontiersin.org)
  • Omega-3 fatty acids also have anti-inflammatory and cancer-fighting properties. (healthandscience.eu)
  • Arachidonic acid is also a precursor to anandamide. (wikipedia.org)
  • ALA provides energy and is a precursor of the other omega-3 fatty acids, where EPA and DHA support various structural and biochemical processes. (healthandscience.eu)
  • However, this pathway has only one known product, lipoic acid, which functions as a cofactor for several important mitochondrial multienzyme complexes [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • 2010). Vertebrate fatty acyl desaturase with Δ4 activity. (springer.com)
  • With polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains, such as arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, increasingly complex mixtures of chlorohydrins can be formed. (gerli.com)
  • A major class of oxylipins are the circular derivatives to which 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its metabolite jasmonic acid (JA) belong. (frontiersin.org)
  • This article reviews the current knowledge and experimental research about the mechanisms by which fatty acids and their derivatives control specific gene expression involved during carcinogenesis. (springer.com)
  • MNU was dissolved im- (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) mediately before use in glacial acetic acid and water (pH into their intermediate inactive 50 derivatives and 5- 4.5-5). (sagepub.com)
  • They are part of a much larger group of compounds, the eicosanoids, which, although ubiquitous as a group, are produced by a variety of cell type-, tissue-, and species-specific biosynthetic pathways. (jci.org)
  • 1 L/d drinking water in healthy, normal weight, young men, 2) identify metabolic pathways potentially impacted by chronic hypotonicity, and 3) explore if effects of chronic hypotonicity differ by type of specimen and/or acute hydration condition. (ppexmed.com)
  • Similar metabolic pathways appeared potentially impacted in urine, but the directions of impact differed by specimen type. (ppexmed.com)
  • This made us suspect that these naturally occurring acids might be precursors" (see ref. 5 and references within). (jci.org)
  • Their distinct biosynthetic activity includes an endoperoxidase synthase reaction that oxygenates and cyclizes polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors (eg, arachidonic acid) to form prostaglandin G 2 (PGG2), and a peroxidase reaction that converts PGG2 to prostaglandin H 2 (PGH2), as shown below. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, COX - also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), fatty acid COX, prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase, and EC 1.14.99.1 - is implicated in the production of fever, inflammation, and pain. (medscape.com)
  • Arachidonic acid (AA, sometimes ARA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid 20:4(ω-6), or 20:4(5,8,11,14). (wikipedia.org)
  • see essential fatty acid interactions and the enzyme and metabolite linkages given in the previous paragraph for more details. (wikipedia.org)
  • Combination of phenolic compounds with arachidonic acid induces "futile thiol pumping" and oxidative stress in epidermal human keratinocytes. (cdc.gov)
  • Electron microscopy revealed characteristic apoptotic nuclear fragmentation in keratinocytes exposed to a combination of phenolic compounds with arachidonic acid. (cdc.gov)
  • Halogenated fatty acids which are one of the most interesting groups among the naturally occurring halogen compounds are not well known but several reviews on these compounds may be found. (gerli.com)
  • All compounds, as the previous one, with adjacent chloro- and hydroxy- goups are named fatty acid chlorohydrins. (gerli.com)
  • Arachidonic acid is freed from phospholipid by hydrolysis, catalyzed by the phospholipase A2 (PLA2). (wikipedia.org)
  • FAE ( Fatty Acid Elongation ) like genes take part in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs, growth regulation, and stress responses, and are further comprised of KCS ( Ketoacyl-CoA synthase ) and ELO ( Elongation Defective Elongase ) sub-gene families. (nature.com)
  • Figure 2) While metabolizing arachidonic acid primarily to PGG2, COX-2 also converts this fatty acid to small amounts of a racemic mixture of 15-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acids (i.e., 15-HETEs) composed of ~22% 15(R)-HETE and ~78% 15(S)-HETE stereoisomers as well as a small amount of 11(R)-HETE. (wikipedia.org)
  • In turn, PGH2 is converted to biologically active products (ie, prostaglandin E 2 [PGE2]) by individual synthase and reductase reactions. (medscape.com)
  • Refsum disease (RD) is a neurocutaneous syndrome that is characterized biochemically by the accumulation of phytanic acid in plasma and tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Skeletal defects (noticed in some patients) are not related directly to phytanic acid levels. (medscape.com)
  • In Refsum disease (RD), the phytanic acid level in the blood is increased. (medscape.com)
  • however, phytanic acid levels are 10-50 mg/dL or even higher in patients with RD. (medscape.com)
  • [ 8 ] A minor indication is failure of dietary management to reduce a high plasma phytanic acid level. (medscape.com)
  • Blood levels of phytanic acid are increased in patients with Refsum disease. (medscape.com)
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation. (springer.com)
  • Mild, insidious inflammation is a problem in lifestyle diseases such as atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome - an early stage of type-2 diabetes. (healthandscience.eu)
  • Aspirin , also known as acetylsalicylic acid ( ASA ), is a medication used to treat pain , fever, or inflammation. (everipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, aspirin-treated COX-2 metabolizes arachidonic acid almost exclusively to 15(R)-HETE which product can be further metabolized to epi-lipoxins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Twenty-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with cyclopentane ring. (medscape.com)
  • The elongation of the chain occurs by repeating the condensation cycle until a 16-carbon palmitic acid (16:0) is generated. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Accumulation of carbon dioxide results in carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ), which further increases acidity. (benbest.com)
  • Morales-Ruiz M, Jiménez W, Pérez-Sala D, Ros J, Leivas A, Lamas S, Rivera F, Arroyo V: Increased nitric oxide synthase expression in arterial vessels of cirrhotic rats with ascites. (karger.com)
  • oxLDL can interfere with the transduction of the signals responsible for triggering the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), causing reduced vasodilation and endothelial dysfunction, which are the main characteristics of preeclampsia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Changes in dietary fatty acids, specifically the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families and some derived eicosanoids from lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P-450, seem to control the activity of transcription factor families involved in cancer cell proliferation or cell death. (springer.com)
  • Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid present in the phospholipids (especially phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositides) of membranes of the body's cells, and is abundant in the brain, muscles, and liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, 53 KCS genes were identified in B. carinata compared to 32 and 33 KCS genes in B. nigra and B. oleracea respectively, which suggests that polyploidization might has impacted the fatty acid elongation process during Brassica evolution. (nature.com)
  • The current study provides a basis to understand the evolution of both KCS and ELO genes in fatty acid elongation and their role in stress tolerance. (nature.com)
  • More importantly, this finding shattered a dogma of the time that held that fatty acids played only structural roles in cells, thus opening the way for discovery of the many other important bioactive fatty acid-derived products. (jci.org)
  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and can result in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and progressive liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (wjgnet.com)
  • An estimated 30% of adults and 10% of children and adolescents in the United States have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as liver fat content exceeding 5% (Figure 1 )[ 1 - 3 ]. (wjgnet.com)
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, non-insulin dependent diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia and represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)
  • Data obtained in metabolic epidemiological and laboratory animal model studies are sufficiently convincing in showing the enhancement of colon cancer by certain types of fat and protection against it by certain dietary fibers. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Gout is another joint disorder, wherein excess deposits of uric acid, especially in the foot, cause intense pain, Pande says. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • The invention furthermore relates to novel nucleic acid sequences which code for the Δ6-desaturases used in the method, gene constructs comprising these nucleic acid sequences, a vector and transgenic plants comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence or a gene construct. (rothamsted.ac.uk)
  • [8] In 1897, scientists at the Bayer company began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for common salicylate medicines. (everipedia.org)
  • This page is intended as a comprehensive and rapid survey of fatty acids possessing carbonâ halogen covalent bonds, which have been described in living organisms, some of them being formed during chemical reactions in various industrial situations. (gerli.com)
  • The expression levels of LPL (lipoprotein lipase), HSL (Hormone-sensitive lipase), FAS (fatty acid synthase), and PPARα/PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma) were significantly changed in the sheep preadipocytes during differentiation for 7 days. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • Longer-term (24 and 48 h) treatment reduced the expression of lipogenic markers (FA synthase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1) and increased the expression of lipolytic [hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)] and mitochondrial (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1) markers. (academic-accelerator.com)