GlycerolAminoType 2 diabetShort-chainKetone bodiesOxidationSerumLipid metabolismGlycogenUptakeSynthesisGluconeogenesisMetabolitesLiverAdiposeConcentrationsIntravenous glucoseInfusionMetabolicHomeostasisRise in blood glucoseLipidsKetonesIntakePUFACoronary heart dPlasmaCarbohydratesMicrobiotaSubstratesProteinSupplementationFatsMmolDeficiencyOral glucoseCholesterolMicrobialAdipocytesMechanismsGlycolysisLipoic acidMetabolism disordersTriglyceridesLevelsToleranceFree
Glycerol2
- Nocturnal profiles of blood glucose, plasma free fatty acid (FFA), glycerol, and lactate and overnight glucose kinetics ([3- 3 H] glucose infusion) were measured in 15 non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients with a relative body weight of 128 ± 4% who were poorly controlled with oral therapy alone. (diabetesjournals.org)
- After a few hours of fasting, insulin levels fall, and increased lipolysis creates free fatty acids and glycerol. (medscape.com)
Amino12
- Glucose and several amino acids stimulate insulin secretion under physiologic conditions, and the sequence of events leading to insulin secretion is well delineated. (medscape.com)
- The average weight of an amino acid is 120 g/mole. (flashcardmachine.com)
- Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolism of blood glucose, amino acids, and lipids in humans. (biorxiv.org)
- To address this question, we used mathematical modeling to identify the selective regulatory mechanisms of insulin on blood amino acids and lipids. (biorxiv.org)
- One of insulin's primary functions is to regulate blood glucose levels, but it also has a role in regulating other blood metabolites such as amino acids and lipids 3 - 6 . (biorxiv.org)
- While there has been extensive research on the mathematical modeling of insulin's regulation of blood glucose 8 - 13 , there has been limited investigation of its selective regulation of blood amino acids and lipids 14 - 17 . (biorxiv.org)
- To address this gap, we utilized mathematical model selection to explore insulin's selective regulatory mechanisms on blood amino acids and lipids, considering their temporal patterns after oral glucose ingestion. (biorxiv.org)
- Numerous studies have investigated how insulin regulates amino acids and lipids in the bloodstream 4 , 18 , 19 . (biorxiv.org)
- Insulin reduces blood amino acid concentrations by limiting the release of amino acids into the bloodstream from skeletal muscle 18 , 20 and promoting protein synthesis in the liver and other tissues 3 . (biorxiv.org)
- These differences in metabolic regulatory mechanisms of amino acids are reflected in their temporal patterns after glucose ingestion 7 . (biorxiv.org)
- Our findings suggest that plasma glycogenic amino acids are sensitive indicators of brain glycogen levels in endurance exercise. (frontiersin.org)
- It is also important for the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates. (drugs.com)
Type 2 diabet1
- OBJECTIVE: Free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation is reduced in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
Short-chain6
- Among microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are modulators of different metabolic pathways. (springer.com)
- More specifically, we analysed evidence from observational studies and randomized nutritional intervention investigating the relationship between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids and glucose metabolism. (springer.com)
- Plasma parameters, gut microbiota, bile acid and short-chain fatty acids were analyzed to detect the improved effects and possible mechanisms. (ijpsonline.com)
- and increased the short-chain fatty acids, especially acetic acid and butyric acid. (ijpsonline.com)
- In addition, dietary fiber can be fermented by gut microbes into Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), which have beneficial effects on the gut barrier and can mitigate obesity by regulating the endocrine activity[ 8 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
- In addition, gut microbiota and their metabolites, namely short-chain fatty acids, were measured in stool samples. (eurekalert.org)
Ketone bodies2
- Diagnostic criteria include plasma glucose levels less than 3 mmol/L with detectable serum insulin and C-peptide, low serum ketone bodies, and low serum fatty acids. (medscape.com)
- Blood lipids consist of free fatty acids and ketone bodies, such as 3-hydroxybutyrate. (biorxiv.org)
Oxidation7
- Because exercise training is known to increase fatty acid (FA) oxidation, we investigated whether a combined diet and physical activity intervention program can improve FA oxidation in subjects with IGT. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
- Substrate oxidation was measured at rest and during moderate intensity exercise using indirect calorimetry in combination with stable isotope infusion ([U-(13)C]palmitate and [6,6-(2)H(2)-]glucose). (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
- SCOPE We previously found that curcuminoids decreased blood glucose and improved insulin resistance by reducing serum free fatty acids (FFAs) and increasing fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats . (bvsalud.org)
- These findings suggest a glucose -lowering effect of curcuminoids in type 2 diabetes , which is partially due to decrease in serum FFAs, which may result from promoting fatty acid oxidation and utilization. (bvsalud.org)
- The rate of glucose entry into the beta cell is facilitated by a glucose transporter, and the entry rate exceeds the oxidation rate of glucose. (medscape.com)
- To study the role of fat metabolism in GSD type V, Andersen et al manipulated the availability of free fatty acid for oxidation during exercise in 10 patients with the disease. (medscape.com)
- Comparing their trial results with those of placebo and glucose infusion studies, the authors concluded that although during exercise lipids are an important fuel source in persons with GSD type V, maximal fat oxidation rates during exercise cannot be raised above physiologically normal rates in these patients. (medscape.com)
Serum2
- Curcuminoids exert glucose-lowering effect in type 2 diabetes by decreasing serum free fatty acids: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (bvsalud.org)
- Significant decreases in serum glucose and significant increases in serum cholesterol were observed. (cdc.gov)
Lipid metabolism2
- Indeed, it may influence multiple physiological mechanisms related to human health, i.e. synthesis of micronutrients, defence against pathogens, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune function [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
- Therefore, it is becoming more and more popular to adjust the obesity and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism by eating dietary fiber. (ijpsonline.com)
Glycogen5
- The action of antidiabetic plants of the Canadian James Bay Cree traditional pharmacopeia on key enzymes of hepatic glucose homeostasis ") report the antidiabetic action of seven Canadian plants as evidenced by glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen synthase, two key enzymes, respectively, involved in gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in hepatocytes. (hindawi.com)
- Endurance exercise induced fatigue factors such as a decrease in blood glucose, an increase in blood lactate, and the depletion of muscle glycogen, but those parameters recovered to basal levels within 6 h after exercise. (frontiersin.org)
- These enzymes normally catalyze reactions that ultimately convert glycogen compounds to glucose. (medscape.com)
- With intense exercise, glucose from glycogen stores in muscle becomes the predominant resource. (medscape.com)
- With an unavailability of fatty acids, the body resorts to using glucose and glycogen for its energy, which then leads to hypoglycemia. (cdc.gov)
Uptake3
- The main finding was that the right ventricular glucose uptake was decreased (p = 0.001 for the training effect) after both HIT (-22 %) and MIT (-15 %) whereas fat metabolism remained unchanged (p = 0.96). (jyu.fi)
- S. H. Kim and coworkers (" Citrus junos Tanaka peel extract exerts antidiabetic effects via AMPK and PPAR- both in vitro and in vivo in mice fed a high-fat diet ") indicate that the ethanol extract of the peel of Citrus junos in vitro stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotube cells. (hindawi.com)
- Chromium helps regulate blood sugar levels by collaborating with insulin in facilitating the uptake of glucose into the cells. (digitalnaturopath.com)
Synthesis3
- Hypoglycemia associated with elevated insulin levels makes certain disorders unlikely, such as defects in gluconeogenesis, free fatty acid synthesis and ketogenesis, growth hormone deficiency, and cortisol deficiency. (medscape.com)
- In addition, insulin indirectly regulates FFA synthesis from TAG by regulating blood glucose levels 5 . (biorxiv.org)
- The mineral assists in the metabolism of glucose and the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol by stimulating the enzymes involved in these processes. (digitalnaturopath.com)
Gluconeogenesis1
- EFA treatment enhances glucose production but inhibits hepatic mRNA abundance related to gluconeogenesis. (radar-service.eu)
Metabolites2
- Secondary endpoints included resting energy expenditure (REE), plasma metabolites, and glucose and insulin metabolism as assessed by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.RESULTS Chronic mirabegron therapy increased BAT metabolic activity. (jci.org)
- The previous studies have shown that the regulation of these metabolites by insulin is selective and can vary over time after oral glucose ingestion 7 . (biorxiv.org)
Liver11
- Age- and sex-adjusted FABP3 levels were positively associated with uric acid, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, FABP1, FABP2, and fatty liver index, but negatively associated with eGFR and hemoglobin. (medsci.org)
- In the fasting state, glucose is provided through glycogenolysis in the liver. (medscape.com)
- Ketosis is when the body breaks down fatty acids to produce ketones in the liver. (pinterest.de)
- Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, it causes chronic hepatitis, which leads to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (scirp.org)
- We aimed to assess the value of liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) in the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in comparison to ultrasonography. (scirp.org)
- Ninty subjects were enrolled in this study who attended the Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Internal medicine clinics in Benha University Hospitals between January 2017 and January 2018 and divided into group I included 70 consecutive patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease who were diagnosed by ultrasound with or without elevated liver enzymes and group II included 20 healthy control subjects without NAFLD (by ultrasound) with normal liver enzymes. (scirp.org)
- Common substances injected include hypertonic dextrose, phenol-glycerine-glucose, and morrhuate sodium, a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from cod liver oil ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Ingestion of the poison causes a malady referred to as Jamaican vomiting sickness, which involves a disruption of fatty acid metabolism, leading to fatty acid accumulating in the liver. (cdc.gov)
- Background: Accumulation of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the liver is known to induce hepatic steatosis and inflammation causing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (lu.se)
- Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease have a high cardiovascular risk, but statins are rarely prescribed because of fear of hepatotoxicity. (medscape.com)
- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver condition that ranges from isolated liver fat accumulation to severe inflammation and necrosis [known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)], in the absence of alcohol abuse and other causes of liver disease, such as viruses, autoimmunity, or drug-induced hepatitis. (medscape.com)
Adipose5
- The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
- BACKGROUND Beige adipose tissue is associated with improved glucose homeostasis in mice. (jci.org)
- In lipodystrophy there is insufficient adipose tissue to absorb the postprandial influx of fatty acids, so these fatty acids will again be directed to other tissues. (cambridge.org)
- With regards to free fatty acids (FFA), insulin reduces their concentration in the blood by inhibiting their efflux from adipose tissue into the blood and by promoting their accumulation as triglycerides (TAG) in adipose tissue 5 , 6 . (biorxiv.org)
- Biopsy of adipose in glucose transport ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)
Concentrations2
- 001). These data raise the possibility the improvement in overall glycemic control by the administration of evening insulin is related to the suppression of overnight plasma FFA concentrations and to a consequent reduction in overnight glucose production. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Blood samples for determination of blood lactate and plasma glucose concentrations were collected 1 minute before IET and during the 15 seconds immediately preceding each speed change. (avma.org)
Intravenous glucose1
- An intravenous glucose infusion rate greater than 8 mg/kg/min (normally, 4-6 mg/kg/min) strongly supports the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Infusion2
- Abstract) The study tested the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and essential fatty acid (EFA) infusion on glucose metabolism and the somatotropic axis in dairy cows around calving. (radar-service.eu)
- [ 2 ] The patients, who cycled at a constant workload corresponding to 70% of their maximum oxygen consumption, received either nicotinic acid or 20% Intralipid infusion, which, respectively, reduced or increased free fatty acid availability. (medscape.com)
Metabolic5
- Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
- The primary endpoint was the change in BAT metabolic activity as measured by [18F]-2-fluoro-d-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT. (jci.org)
- The metabolic state in which the body is running on fat as opposed to glucose is called ketosis. (pinterest.de)
- In the same metabolic group, leucine and isoleucine showed similar temporal patterns, while ornithine and citrulline showed different temporal patterns from leucine and isoleucine after glucose ingestion 7 . (biorxiv.org)
- Andersen et al suggested that this limitation results from glycolytic flux impairment, which causes a "metabolic bottleneck" in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (medscape.com)
Homeostasis2
- Might β3-adrenergic receptor agonists be useful in disorders of glucose homeostasis? (jci.org)
- An understanding of glucose homeostasis can help narrow the differential diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Rise in blood glucose1
- Insulin is secreted in response to the rise in blood glucose levels after the consumption of a meal. (digitalnaturopath.com)
Lipids1
- Fasting blood samples from the participants underwent analysis for gastrointestinal hormones, glucose, lipids, and inflammatory markers. (eurekalert.org)
Ketones3
- Increased free fatty acids result in production of ketones, and the brain is able to metabolize ketones as an alternative source of fuel. (medscape.com)
- Disorders of fat metabolism result in the unavailability of free fatty acids and ketones as alternative fuels. (medscape.com)
- I diagnosed myself, 4+ of glucose and ketones. (abc.net.au)
Intake5
- 1 Evidence-based lifestyle modification programmes to lower the risk for diabetes involve dietary changes, including reductions in saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake and increases in dietary fibre intake. (bmj.com)
- For patients with diabetes, dietary guidelines often recommend increasing the intake of foods rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and sometimes the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). (bmj.com)
- Carnitine supplementation improved insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in genetically diabetic mice and wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet, without altering body weight or food intake. (nih.gov)
- This study investigates the association between dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake and hand grip strength (HGS) in Korean adults. (mdpi.com)
- When a person restricts their carbohydrate intake, their body produces glucose. (medicalnewstoday.com)
PUFA4
- Eligible studies were randomized controlled feeding trials that investigated the effects of a diet high in plant-derived PUFA as compared with saturated fatty acids (SFA) or carbohydrates and measured markers of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance as outcomes. (bmj.com)
- Plant-derived PUFA did not significantly affect fasting glucose (−0.01 mmol/L (95 % CI − 0.06 to 0.03 mmol/L)), but lowered fasting insulin by 2.6 pmol/L (−4.9 to −0.2 pmol/L) and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) by 0.12 units (-0.23 to − 0.01 units). (bmj.com)
- In dose-response analyses, a 5% increase in energy (En%) from PUFA significantly reduced insulin by 5.8 pmol/L (95% CI −10.2 to −1.3 pmol/L), but not glucose (change −0.07, 95% CI −0.17 to 0.04 mmol/L) and HOMA-IR (change − 0.24, 95% CI −0.56 to 0.07 units). (bmj.com)
- In subgroup analyses, studies with higher PUFA dose (upper tertiles) reduced insulin (-6.7, -10.5 to −2.9 pmol/L) and HOMA-IR (-0.28, -0.45 to −0.12 units), but not glucose (−0.09, 95% CI −0.18 to 0.01 mmol/L), as compared with an isocaloric control. (bmj.com)
Coronary heart d1
- Eating fatty fish decreased the lipophilic index in people with impaired glucose metabolism or coronary heart disease, according to a new study from the University of Eastern Finland. (news-medical.net)
Plasma5
- Supplementation with CLA and the combination of CLA with EFA resulted in elevated plasma glucose but decreased glucose production and stimulation of the somatotropic axis after calving. (radar-service.eu)
- Additionally, there were elevations in plasma levels of the beneficial lipoprotein biomarkers HDL and ApoA1, as well as total bile acids. (jci.org)
- Maternal diet apparently does not have a significant role on neonatal cord blood insulin, C-peptide, or plasma glucose levels although a lower maternal glycemic load appears to be associated with lower adiposity in infants born to these women. (medscape.com)
- Blood samples were analyzed for plasma glucose, insulin, and free-fatty acids in response to a standardizedmeal and work skills were evaluated. (cdc.gov)
- The proportion of CpGs demonstrating a correlation of DNA methylation with plasma glucose was higher in NASH-SFA and only-SFA groups, while the proportion of significant correlations with plasma insulin was higher in only-NASH and NASH-SFA groups as compared to all CpGs on the Illumina 450 K array (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). (lu.se)
Carbohydrates3
- In addition to refined carbohydrates, eating foods that contain high levels of saturated fats, omega-6 fats (vegetable oils) and trans-fatty acids (partially hydrogenated oils) also contribute to insulin resistance. (naturalnews.com)
- The way it is supposed to work is that after a meal is consumed the body breaks down the carbohydrates into glucose. (naturalnews.com)
- Typically, carbohydrates provide a person's body with glucose, which the body burns to generate energy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Microbiota2
- The aim of this review was to summarize and discuss current knowledge on the impact of dietary fibre as modulator of the relationship between glucose metabolism and microbiota composition in humans. (springer.com)
- Therefore, in this review, we summarized current evidence from observational and intervention studies performed in humans investigating the relationship between the composition of the gut microbiota, concentration of SCFA and glucose metabolism. (springer.com)
Substrates1
- Fatty acids and glucose serve as substrates for energy production. (medscape.com)
Protein2
- Fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) located in renal mesangial and distal tubular cells, and had been shown to be a sensitive marker of renal injury, potentially be a mediator in pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). (medsci.org)
- Obesity element binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthase. (cdc.gov)
Supplementation3
- These findings suggest that carnitine supplementation relieves lipid overload and glucose intolerance in obese rodents by enhancing mitochondrial efflux of excess acyl groups from insulin-responsive tissues. (nih.gov)
- Curcuminoids supplementation significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (p insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (p patients . (bvsalud.org)
- Chromium supplementation is primarily used in hypoglycemia and diabetes (conditions of impaired glucose tolerance). (digitalnaturopath.com)
Fats2
- Fatty acids (fats) cannot be converted to carbohydrate (glucose). (drmcdougall.com)
- When we digest fats , they are broken down into fatty acids. (akronchildrens.org)
Mmol1
- fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or postprandial blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L) were randomly assigned to curcuminoids (300 mg/day) or placebo for 3 months. (bvsalud.org)
Deficiency2
- Although at least 14 unique GSDs are discussed in the literature, the 4 that cause clinically significant muscle weakness are Pompe disease ( GSD type II , acid maltase deficiency), Cori disease ( GSD type III , debranching enzyme deficiency), McArdle disease (GSD type V, myophosphorylase deficiency), and Tarui disease ( GSD type VII , phosphofructokinase deficiency). (medscape.com)
- One form, von Gierke disease (GSD type Ia, glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency), causes clinically significant end-organ disease with significant morbidity. (medscape.com)
Oral glucose1
- These findings have been demonstrated through the use of various methods, including oral glucose ingestion studies 3 , 4 , 7 , 18 , 19 , 21 . (biorxiv.org)
Cholesterol1
- These free radicals that are created from glucose are able to oxidize low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood. (naturalnews.com)
Microbial1
- Results from our study indicated that the addition of capsaicin have better effects to reduce the weight, insulin and fasting blood glucose, and the possibly mechanism can be due to the changes in bile acid composition, microbial abundance and shortchain fatty acids. (ijpsonline.com)
Adipocytes1
- The present article discusses how accumulation of triacylglycerol in adipocytes can lead to deterioration of the responsiveness of glucose metabolism in other tissues. (cambridge.org)
Mechanisms1
- Chromium is an active component of GTF ( glucose tolerance factor ) and has beneficial effects on blood sugar control mechanisms. (digitalnaturopath.com)
Glycolysis2
- Glucokinase is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis (ATP production), not glucose transport. (medscape.com)
- The first step in glycolysis (ie, conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate [G6P] by glucokinase) is the rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
Lipoic acid2
- One way to achieve this is by supplementing with alpha-lipoic acid. (naturalnews.com)
- Alpha-lipoic acid is effective for deactivating free radicals and is important for converting glucose to energy. (naturalnews.com)
Metabolism disorders1
- Some studies have demonstrated that early inulin intervention in High Dietary (HD) fed mouse can reduce the glucose metabolism disorders and gut dysbiosis in the offspring[ 7 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Triglycerides1
- Which generates more energy, glucose or triglycerides? (flashcardmachine.com)
Levels7
- Scientists at Klick Labs have developed a new way to catch the earliest signs the human body is failing to control blood glucose levels, before it reaches prediabetic levels in patients. (news-medical.net)
- When this happens, the glucose does not get utilized for energy and glucose levels remain high. (naturalnews.com)
- When glucose levels stay elevated, this insulin resistance eventually becomes diabetes. (naturalnews.com)
- Elevated glucose levels can also lead to a process called glycosylation, which has been tied to accelerated aging and disease. (naturalnews.com)
- To prevent or treat insulin resistance it is necessary to reduce glucose levels and control the free radicals that are fueled by glucose. (naturalnews.com)
- Insulin functions by increasing the rate that glucose is taken up by the cells and the lowers blood glucose levels. (digitalnaturopath.com)
- A strong correlation was found between L-FABP and ALT, AST, BMI and glucose levels. (scirp.org)
Tolerance1
- Glucose tolerance, anthropometric characteristics, and substrate use at rest and during exercise were evaluated before and after 1 year. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
Free4
- There is also recent research that has connected elevated glucose to free radical activity. (naturalnews.com)
- Because glucose is very active within the body, it is able to oxidize itself and consequently spins off high numbers of free radicals. (naturalnews.com)
- These free radicals react to normal molecules and oxidize them and when glucose is chronically higher than normal this oxidization happens more readily and more free radicals are created. (naturalnews.com)
- Aside from blood glucose, this fraction reduced blood triglyceride and free fatty acids. (hindawi.com)