Phosphatidic acidProteinAcyltransferaseOxidationInsulin resistancePhospholipidFree fattyLipaseAcylSynthaseSynthesisEnzymeCholineEsterSubstrateIntermediatesCytosolPhorbol estersIntracellularPrecursorOleateReceptorsMoietySkeletal muscleArachidonic acidConcentrationsAminoTriacylglycerolType-2 diabetEnzymesDependsCompoundReleaseFamilyApproachCellRole
Phosphatidic acid9
- Glycerol-3-phosphate is first acylated with acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to form lysophosphatidic acid, which is then acylated with another molecule of acyl-CoA to yield phosphatidic acid. (wikipedia.org)
- Phosphatidic acid is then de-phosphorylated to form diacylglycerol. (wikipedia.org)
- Since diacylglycerol is synthesized via phosphatidic acid, it will usually contain a saturated fatty acid at the C-1 position on the glycerol moiety and an unsaturated fatty acid at the C-2 position. (wikipedia.org)
- Diacylglycerol can be phosphorylated to phosphatidic acid by diacylglycerol kinase. (wikipedia.org)
- This, in turn, reacts with an acyl-CoA through a lipase complex resulting in the release of CoA and phosphatidic acid. (smpdb.ca)
- Phosphatidic acid reacts with water through a phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase 1 resulting in the release of a phosphate and a diacylglycerol. (smpdb.ca)
- regulatory components we performed a targeted RNAi screen in (converts phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol) and (a GTPase regulating Golgi function) were important for low-PC activation of SBP-1/SREBP-1. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
- donation of phosphatidic acid from CDP diacylglycerol to alcohol. (flashcardmachine.com)
- Phosphatidylinositols are acidic (anionic) phospholipids that consist of a phosphatidic acid backbone, linked via the phosphate group to inositol (hexahydroxycyclohexane). (ymdb.ca)
Protein12
- IP3 stimulates the release of calcium ions from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, whereas DAG is a physiological activator of protein kinase C (PKC). (wikipedia.org)
- Diacylglycerol has been shown to exert some of its excitatory actions on vesicle release through interactions with the presynaptic priming protein family Munc13. (wikipedia.org)
- The serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a stress-responsive kinase and sensor for reactive oxygen species, which can initiate cell survival through NF-κB signaling. (biologists.com)
- Protein kinase C (PKC) activation is one of the sequelae of hyperglycaemia and it is thought to play an important role in the development of diabetic complications. (nih.gov)
- O 2 − release, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, and translocation of PKC-α and -βII and p47phox were increased in THP-1 cells (human monocytic cell line) under HG (15 mmol/l glucose) conditions, whereas AT supplementation inhibited these changes. (diabetesjournals.org)
- The possible mechanisms by which hyperglycemia, in monocytes, can cause adverse effects is via the activation of diacylglycerol (DAG)-sensitive protein kinase C (PKC) ( 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- He co-authored a paper that describes the NMR structure determination of an integral membrane protein enzyme, diacylglycerol kinase, a 100-kDa protein-detergent complex, which was published in Science . (vckd.org)
- 2. High Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acid Administration and Skeletal Muscle Protein Turnover in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. (vckd.org)
- Although AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) reportedly mediates the metabolic effects of LA in rodents, no change in AMPK activity was observed, suggesting LA acted independently of this kinase. (oregonstate.edu)
- A-kinase anchoring protein 17A [Sou. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- A-kinase anchoring protein 8 [Sourc. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- Importantly, it appears that orexigenic neuropeptide Y agouti connected protein neurons come to be lively inside a low ROS situation, which can be the opposite of anorexigenic VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor pro opiomelanocortin cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript cells, which appear to rely a lot more on glucose and are much more lively at increased ROS levels. (wnt-signaling.com)
Acyltransferase5
- Diacylglycerol is a precursor to triacylglycerol (triglyceride), which is formed in the addition of a third fatty acid to the diacylglycerol under the catalysis of diglyceride acyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
- The biosynthesis of triacylglycerol is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and starts with glycerol 3-phosphate reacting with acyl-CoA through a glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase resulting in the release of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). (smpdb.ca)
- The diacylglycerol reacts in the endoplasmic reticulum with an acyl-CoA through a diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase resulting in the release of coenzyme A and a triacylglycerol. (smpdb.ca)
- LA offset the rise in blood and liver TG by inhibiting liver lipogenic gene expression (e.g. sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase-2), lowering hepatic TG secretion, and stimulating clearance of TG-rich lipoproteins. (oregonstate.edu)
- Oleate preincubation exerted its protective effect by two mechanisms: (i) in contrast to CPT1mt expression, oleate preincubation increased the channeling of palmitate toward triglycerides, as a result of enhanced diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 expression, and (ii) oleate preincubation promoted palmitate oxidation through increasing CPT1 expression and modulating the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and AMP-activated protein kinase. (mitophysiology.org)
Oxidation10
- The hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) target genes involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation was either unchanged or decreased with LA, indicating a different mode of action than for fibrate drugs. (oregonstate.edu)
- Henique C, Mansouri A, Fumey G, Lenoir V, Girard J, Bouillaud F, Prip-Buus C, Cohen I (2010) Increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation is sufficient to protect skeletal muscle cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis. (mitophysiology.org)
- This study aimed to examine the role of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation in mediating oleate's protective effect against palmitate-induced lipotoxicity. (mitophysiology.org)
- Theoretically, a decrease in fatty acid β-oxidation can lead to lipid accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Detection of mitochondrial function includes measures of fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Metabolic abnormalities that contribute to the onset and progression of insulin resistance include impaired fatty acid oxidation, ectopic lipid deposition and lipotoxicity [2-5]. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
- Excess lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle is not only due to ectopic deposition but may also be due to dysregulation of mitochondrial beta oxidation of fatty acids , both of which have been noted in the obese, diabetic state and may be causative in insulin resistance [2,3,5]. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
- Conversely, exercise training has been shown to improve skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity, while increasing beta oxidation of fatty acids [15-18]. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
- The metabolism of Tn mainly depends on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to provide energy. (biomedcentral.com)
- Two current pieces of investigate recommend that redox is integral for the appetite anorexic mechanism, and integrate this action with all the endocannabinoid program, Via acti vation of AMPK, ghrelin results in elevated mitochon drial oxidation of fatty acids, increased ROS along with a concomitant raise in anti ROS mechanisms, together with transcription of UCP two and improved mitochondrial bio genesis. (wnt-signaling.com)
Insulin resistance6
- Activation of PKC-θ by diacylglycerol may cause insulin resistance in muscle by decreasing IRS1-associated PI3K activity. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast, others have favored the concept that exaggerated insulin secretion will cause insulin resistance ( 3 , 4 ), possibly via fatty acid-mediated impairment of insulin action ( 5 - 7 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Furthermore, similar to preincubation with oleate, CPT1mt expression protected muscle cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis and insulin resistance by decreasing the content of deleterious palmitate derivates (i.e. diacylglycerols and ceramides). (mitophysiology.org)
- whereas, exercise training augments insulin resistance while improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and producing beneficial fatty acid profiles. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
- Recent evidence suggests that short chain fatty acids that act as histone deacetylase inhibitors prevent and ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
- We then discuss how obesity leads to insulin resistance via a complex interplay among systemic fatty acid excess, microhypoxia in adipose tissue, ER stress, and inflammation. (jci.org)
Phospholipid2
- In biochemical signaling, diacylglycerol functions as a second messenger signaling lipid, and is a product of the hydrolysis of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by the enzyme phospholipase C (PLC) (a membrane-bound enzyme) that, through the same reaction, produces inositol trisphosphate (IP3). (wikipedia.org)
- While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. (ymdb.ca)
Free fatty2
- Because triglycerides cannot be absorbed by the digestive system, triglycerides must first be enzymatically digested into monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, or free fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Blood glucose concentrations are closely tracked by changes in the levels of free fatty acids and these, in addition to oxidative stress, may account for the aberrant activation of PKCs in diabetes. (nih.gov)
Lipase4
- Triacylglycerol metabolism begins with a reaction with water through lipase resulting in the release of a fatty acid, hydrogen ion, and a diacylglycerol. (smpdb.ca)
- Diacylglycerol then reacts with a lipase 3 resulting in the release of a fatty acid and a monoacylglycerol. (smpdb.ca)
- Monoacylglycerols are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. (hmdb.ca)
- Therefore, the orexigenic circuit may well rely far more on fatty acids, whereas the anorexic one relies additional on carbohydrate, In another examine, via activation of PKC, ghrelin was discovered to activate diacylglycerol lipase, which increases 2 arachidonoylglycerol, so activating the CB 1 receptor. (wnt-signaling.com)
Acyl2
- These are glycerolipids lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acyl group is esterified. (hmdb.ca)
- Indeed, skeletal muscle lipid accumulation in the form of triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and long chain acyl-CoAs have all been negatively correlated with insulin action [7-9]. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
Synthase1
- fatty acid synthase [Source:HGNC Sy. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Synthesis2
- Synthesis of diacylglycerol begins with glycerol-3-phosphate, which is derived primarily from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a product of glycolysis (usually in the cytoplasm of liver or adipose tissue cells). (wikipedia.org)
- The synthesis of PI involves CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol condensation with myo-inositol. (ymdb.ca)
Enzyme1
- In biochemical signaling, diacylglycerol (DAG) functions as a second messenger signaling lipid , a resultant of a reaction conducted by enzyme phospholipase C (PLC) (a membrane -bound enzyme ) that, through the same reaction, produces inositol triphosphate (IP3). (wikidoc.org)
Choline1
- choline kinase alpha [Source:HGNC S. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Ester3
- A diglyceride, or diacylglycerol (DAG), is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages. (wikipedia.org)
- A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. (smpdb.ca)
- A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage. (hmdb.ca)
Substrate1
- DG(8:0/i-12:0/0:0) is also a substrate of diacylglycerol kinase. (hmdb.ca)
Intermediates1
- Diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) demonstrated shifts in the metatranscriptome and metabolome including increased bile acids, polyamines, succinate pathway intermediates (malate, fumarate), and transcripts involved in fructose, mannose, and polyol metabolism compared to constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). A classifier incorporating metabolites and gene-normalized transcripts differentiated IBS-D from IBS-C with high accuracy (AUC 0.86). (biomedcentral.com)
Cytosol2
- Although inositol trisphosphate diffuses into the cytosol, diacylglycerol remains within the plasma membrane, due to its hydrophobic properties. (wikipedia.org)
- Although inositol triphosphate (IP 3 ) diffuses into the cytosol , diacylglycerol (DAG) stays close to the plasma membrane , due to its hydrophobic properties. (wikidoc.org)
Phorbol esters2
- Diacylglycerol can be mimicked by the tumor-promoting compounds phorbol esters. (wikipedia.org)
- Diacylglycerol can be mimicked by phorbol esters . (wikidoc.org)
Intracellular1
- TASK-1 channels are sensitive to a wide array of physiological and pharmacological mediators that affect their activity such as unsaturated fatty acids, extracellular pH, hypoxia, anaesthetics and intracellular signalling pathways. (ersjournals.com)
Precursor1
- In addition to activating PKC, diacylglycerol has a number of other functions in the cell: a source for prostaglandins a precursor of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol an activator of a subfamily of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) cation channels, TRPC3/6/7. (wikipedia.org)
Oleate2
- This review questions the currently held dogma that PKC stimulation in diabetes is solely mediated through the overproduction of palmitate and oleate enriched diacylglycerols. (nih.gov)
- The mechanisms underlying the protective effect of monounsaturated fatty acids (e.g. oleate) against the lipotoxic action of saturated fatty acids (e.g. palmitate) in skeletal muscle cells remain poorly understood. (mitophysiology.org)
Receptors1
- In addition to PKCs, it is evident that novel diacyglycerol-activated non-kinase receptors could also play a role in the development of diabetic complications. (nih.gov)
Moiety1
- Phosphatidylinositol can be phosphorylated by a number of different kinases that place the phosphate moiety on positions 4 and 5 of the inositol ring, although position 3 can also be phosphorylated by a specific kinase. (ymdb.ca)
Skeletal muscle1
- Yet, metabolic derangements in skeletal muscle lead to differential levels of specific fatty acid species, suggesting that specific species of fatty acids in addition to total lipid levels may account for the detrimental or beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity [10]. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
Arachidonic acid1
- PIs contain almost exclusively stearic acid at carbon 1 and arachidonic acid at carbon 2. (ymdb.ca)
Concentrations2
- β-Cells possess inherent mechanisms to adapt to overnutrition and the prevailing concentrations of glucose, fatty acids, and other fuels to maintain glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Both glucose and fatty acids may cause good/adaptive or evil/toxic actions on the β-cell, depending on their concentrations and the time during which they are elevated. (diabetesjournals.org)
Amino2
- 1. Leucine disposal rate for assessment of amino acid metabolism in maintenance hemodialysis patients. (vckd.org)
- Specifically, NMR metabonomics profiling of serum revealed that centenarians are characterized by a metabolic phenotype distinct from that of elderly subjects, in particular regarding amino acids and lipid species. (aging-us.com)
Triacylglycerol2
- Lipoic acid improves hypertriglyceridemia by stimulating triacylglycerol clearance and downregulating liver triacylglycerol secretion. (oregonstate.edu)
- Elevated blood triacylglycerol (TG) is a significant contributing factor to the current epidemic of obesity-related health disorders, including type-2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. (oregonstate.edu)
Type-2 diabet2
- We support the concept that elevated glucose and fatty acids synergize in causing toxicity in islets and other organs, a process that may be instrumental in the pleiotropic defects associated with the metabolic syndrome and type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Here, we discuss the potential of mitochondrial-derived fatty acids, especially short chain fatty acids, to epigenetically regulate obesity and type 2 diabetes. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
Enzymes1
- Phosphatidylinositol and the phosphatidylinositol phosphates are the main source of diacylglycerols that serve as signaling molecules, via the action of phospholipase C enzymes. (ymdb.ca)
Depends1
- The survival of all cells depends on fatty acids (FAs) that deliver energy supply and provide maintenance of the integrity of structural membranes. (frontiersin.org)
Compound2
Release1
- Among these, 41 studies were ex- in the release of higher amounts of fatty challenge to Arab governments due to cluded because the samples were not acids into the circulation. (who.int)
Family3
- DG(8:0/i-12:0/0:0) belongs to the family of Diacylglycerols. (hmdb.ca)
- TWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium channel 1 (TASK-1 encoded by KCNK3) belongs to the family of two-pore domain potassium channels. (ersjournals.com)
- The FA2 gene of Chlamydomonas encodes a NIMA family kinase with roles in cell cycle progression and microtubule severing during deflagellation. (bio.net)
Approach1
- 2015). "Review on the Current State of Diacylglycerol Production Using Enzymatic Approach" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
Cell1
- We discuss here the emerging view that β-cell "glucotoxicity" is in part indirectly caused by "lipotoxicity," and that β-cell abnormalities will become particularly apparent when both glucose and circulating fatty acids are high. (diabetesjournals.org)
Role1
- Role of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol for the maintenance of photosystem II in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (bio.net)