Nonribosomal peptideSynthesisBiosynthesisEnzymesMoleculePeptidyl carrierMoleculesAminoPeptidesSerine residuePrecursorMalonylReductaseTransferasePlastidGeneNADHOleic acidPalmitic acidMitochondrialLipidMethylConsequenceEnzymeStructuralCatalyzesDomainCompoundsChainFormCarbonHumanProcessApproachesCriticalCells
Nonribosomal peptide3
- The ACPs are related in structure and mechanism to the peptidyl carrier proteins (PCP) from nonribosomal peptide synthases. (wikipedia.org)
- 4'-Phosphopantetheine is a prosthetic group of several acyl carrier proteins including the acyl carrier proteins (ACP) of fatty acid synthases, ACPs of polyketide synthases, the peptidyl carrier proteins (PCP), as well as aryl carrier proteins (ArCP) of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). (wikipedia.org)
- Cpr37, which belongs to the adenylation domain protein in the nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS), subsequently activates PABA and loads it to holo-Cpr36 Two proteins Cpr34 and Cpr35 work in concert to catalyze decarboxylative condensation between a thioester linked PABA and malonyl- S -acyl carrier protein (ACP) during aromatic polyketide biosynthesis catalyzed by type II polyketide synthases. (uky.edu)
Synthesis8
- Long chain saturated FAs (LCSFA) and unsaturated FAs of ω9 and ω7 can be synthesized from palmitic acid (PA, C16:0) produced by the de novo FA synthesis. (encyclopedia.pub)
- More importantly, most maize genes encoding lipid-related transcription factors, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthetic enzymes, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and Calvin Cycle proteins were not regulated during seed oil synthesis, despite the presence of many homologs in the maize genome. (researchsquare.com)
- Moreover, transcripts representing fatty acid degradation were up-regulated indicating that fatty acids might be degraded to feed the increased need to channel carbons into fatty acid synthesis creating a futile cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
- To be available for TAG synthesis, carbons from sucrose must first be converted to pyruvate through cytosolic or plastidic glycolytic pathways and at some point be imported into the plastid to yield acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) which feeds fatty acid (FA) synthesis with carbon backbones. (biomedcentral.com)
- This process inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid, required for the mycobacterial cell wall. (genaxxon.com)
- Beta subunit of fatty acid synthetase, which catalyzes the synthesis of long-chain saturated fatty a. (yeastrc.org)
- Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. (hmdb.ca)
- Ammonia is a product of the metabolism of proteins and other compounds, and it is required for the synthesis of essential cellular compounds. (medscape.com)
Biosynthesis5
- The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a cofactor of both fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis machinery. (wikipedia.org)
- Alterations in six metabolic pathways were found on D 17 and D 45, including variations in the level of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, glycerolipid metabolism, folate biosynthesis, and tyrosine metabolism. (nature.com)
- Transcriptome sequencing revealed that all homologs induced the same general patterns with a drastic shift in gene expression profiles of leaves from that of a typical source tissue to a source-limited sink-like tissue: Transcripts encoding enzymes for plastid uptake and metabolism of phosphoenolpyruvate, fatty acid and oil biosynthesis were up-regulated, as were also transcripts encoding starch degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here we present the functional assignment and biochemical characterization of seven proteins, Cpr33-38 and Cpr12, that initiate the biosynthesis of the polyamide. (uky.edu)
- In this scenario, hydride is predicted to be added to the re face to generate the S configuration resulting in the same stereochemical outcome as other 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase (FabG) from bacterial type II fatty acid synthases.These findings are critical advancement for interrogating the biosynthesis of the unusual chemical components of the family of antibiotics of capuramycin. (uky.edu)
Enzymes1
- In mammals, FA elongation depends on a set of enzymes termed elongation of very long-chain fatty acid enzymes (ELOVLs) [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Molecule3
- Search proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule. (rhea-db.org)
- ELOVLs are located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and catalyze FA elongation via the condensation of a malonyl-CoA to an acyl-CoA molecule to yield 3-ketoacyl-CoA, which is the first rate limiting step in the elongation cycle of FAs [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- Oleic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. (ymdb.ca)
Peptidyl carrier1
- The human 4'-phosphopantetheine transferase is also capable of phosphopantetheinylation of peptidyl carrier and acyl carrier proteins from prokaryotes. (rhea-db.org)
Molecules2
- In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). (hmdb.ca)
- In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). (hmdb.ca)
Amino6
- The ACPs are small negatively charged α-helical bundle proteins with a high degree of structural and amino acid similarity. (wikipedia.org)
- Grisemycin, salinipeptin, and cypemycin belong to the linaridin class of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides that contain multiple dehydrobutyrine and D-amino acid residues. (hokudai.ac.jp)
- The biosynthetic gene clusters of these linaridins lack obvious candidate genes for the dehydratase and epimerase required to introduce dehydrobutyrine and D-amino acid residues, respectively. (hokudai.ac.jp)
- Furthermore, we demonstrated that GrmH/GrmL complex accepted salinipeptin and cypemycin precursor peptides, which possess three additional amino acids. (hokudai.ac.jp)
- Functional characterization of Cpr38, which has sequence similarity to the gene products encoded by pabA and pabB from E. coli , revealed that it functions as a 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate (ADC) synthase catalyzing a two-step reaction involving amidohydrolysis of L-Gln with ammonia channeled and incorporated into chorismic acid to generate ADC. (uky.edu)
- Sources of ammonia include bacterial hydrolysis of urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the intestine, the purine-nucleotide cycle and amino acid transamination in skeletal muscle, and other metabolic processes in the kidneys and liver. (medscape.com)
Peptides1
- The aggregation of both amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides extracellularly and Tau proteins intracellularly plays key roles in the pathological consequences of AD, which lead to cholinergic neurodegeneration and eventually death. (inra.fr)
Serine residue1
- The enzyme is capable of transferring the 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety of coenzyme A to a conserved serine residue in both the acyl carrier protein domain of the human cytosolic multifunctional fatty acid synthase and the acyl carrier protein associated independently with human mitochondria. (rhea-db.org)
Precursor2
- In this study, we confirmed that both GrmH and GrmL, which were shown to constitute a protein complex by a co-purification experiment, were required to catalyze the dehydration, epimerization, and proteolytic cleavage of a precursor peptide GrmA by in vivo experiments. (hokudai.ac.jp)
- AF237571_1 malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase precursor [Plasmo. (yeastrc.org)
Malonyl12
- Then, Acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are coupled to the acyl-carrier protein domain of the rate-limiting enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase, putative [Geobacter sulf. (yeastrc.org)
- Predicted malonyl-CoA:ACP transferase, putative component of a type-II mitochondrial fatty acid synt. (yeastrc.org)
- malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase [Anaplasma phagocytophilu. (yeastrc.org)
- malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase [Campylobacter jejuni RM1. (yeastrc.org)
- malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase [Carboxydothermus hydroge. (yeastrc.org)
- malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase [Colwellia psychrerythrae. (yeastrc.org)
- malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase [Dehalococcoides ethenoge. (yeastrc.org)
- malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase [Ehrlichia chaffeensis st. (yeastrc.org)
- malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase [Geobacter sulfurreducens. (yeastrc.org)
- malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase [Neorickettsia sennetsu s. (yeastrc.org)
- PREDICTED: similar to Malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase, mi. (yeastrc.org)
Reductase1
- This complex binds tightly to the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase known as InhA, thereby blocking the natural enoyl-AcpM substrate and the action of fatty acid synthase. (genaxxon.com)
Transferase1
- This coupling is mediated by acyl carrier protein synthase (ACPS), a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase. (wikipedia.org)
Plastid1
- Environmental sequences of ten novel plastid lineages and structural innovations in plastid proteins confirm that plastids in apicomplexans and their relatives are widespread and share a common, photosynthetic origin. (elifesciences.org)
Gene3
- Beyond the P protein, the Henipavirus P gene also encodes the V and W proteins which share with P their N-terminal, intrinsically disordered domain (NTD) and possess a unique C-terminal domain. (sciencegate.app)
- The corresponding gene, AtWRINKLED1 ( AtWRI1, At3g54320), encodes a protein with two APETALA2-ethylene responsive element-binding protein (AP2/EREBP) motifs that is a signature for plant-specific transcription factors involved in a wide range of developmental processes [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cpr12, encoded by a gene that was originally proposed to be outside the gene cluster and sharing similarity to proteins annotated as ADC lyase, was revealed to catalyze the elimination of pyruvate to form PABA. (uky.edu)
NADH1
- to form isonicotinic acyl-NADH complex. (genaxxon.com)
Oleic acid2
- Oleic acid, also known as oleate or 18:1 N-9, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. (ymdb.ca)
- Oleic acid is a potentially toxic compound. (ymdb.ca)
Palmitic acid9
- The elongation of the chain occurs by repeating the condensation cycle until a 16-carbon palmitic acid (16:0) is generated. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Next, palmitic acid is further elongated and desaturated to generate complex fatty acids. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. (hmdb.ca)
- Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid. (hmdb.ca)
- As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. (hmdb.ca)
- 352132 ). Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents. (hmdb.ca)
- Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. (hmdb.ca)
- The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid ( Wikipedia ). (hmdb.ca)
- Palmitic acid is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent. (hmdb.ca)
Mitochondrial1
- However, this pathway has only one known product, lipoic acid, which functions as a cofactor for several important mitochondrial multienzyme complexes [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Lipid1
- A study by White et al (2009) found that psychosine's cytotoxic effects on oligodendroglia and Schwann cells was mediated through disruption of the architecture and composition of lipid rafts (cell membrane regions characterized by high cholesterol and sphingolipid concentration), followed by altered protein kinase C (PKC) function. (medscape.com)
Methyl1
- To assess the quality of biodiesel produced, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) composition was studied. (hindawi.com)
Consequence1
- 4] The ATP depletion is due to activation of Na+/K+ -ATPase, which, in turn, is a consequence of decreased phosphorylation by protein kinase C. Activation of the NMDA receptor is probably the cause of seizures in acute hyperammonemia. (medscape.com)
Enzyme2
- The human enzyme, which is expressed mainly in the cytosolic compartment in a wide range of tissues, is a 329-residue, monomeric protein. (rhea-db.org)
- Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. (hmdb.ca)
Structural2
- Structural and molecular information on Henipavirus W proteins is lacking. (sciencegate.app)
- Fatty acids (FA) are essential monomeric components that define the structural diversity of lipids and determine their functional properties in the CNS. (encyclopedia.pub)
Catalyzes1
- In one of the most-studied quorum-sensing systems in gram-negative bacteria, the LuxI AHL synthase catalyzes the production of N-(β-ketocaproyl)-L-homoserine lactone utilizing S-adenosylmethionine and hexanoyl-acyl carrier protein as reaction substrates in the marine bioluminescence bacterium V. fischeri. (absin-reagent.com)
Domain1
- Here, through analysis of an ethylene-response mutant mhz9, we identified a glycine-tyrosine-phenylalanine (GYF) domain protein MHZ9, which positively regulates ethylene signaling at translational level in rice. (bvsalud.org)
Compounds1
- belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. (ymdb.ca)
Chain1
- AHLs vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), in the substitution of C3 (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and in the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. (absin-reagent.com)
Form5
- In addition, using Congo red and Thioflavin T binding assays and negative-staining transmission electron microscopy, we show that the W proteins phase separate to form amyloid-like fibrils. (sciencegate.app)
- Then, 3-ketoacyl-CoA is reduced and dehydrated to produce trans-2-enoyl-CoA, which is finally reduced to form the elongated acyl-CoA. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Cpr36 is demonstrated to function as a free-standingpeptidyl carrier protein (PCP), which is activated to form holo-protein from the apo-form. (uky.edu)
- An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. (hmdb.ca)
- The calcium salt form of glucaric acid, a natural substance found in many fruits and vegetables, with potential anti-cancer property. (medindex.am)
Carbon1
- These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. (ymdb.ca)
Human1
- One of the key processes in which human body eliminates toxic chemicals as well as hormones (such as estrogen) is by attaching glucuronic acid to them in the liver and then excreting the complex in the bile. (medindex.am)
Process1
- This Review summarizes the more recent biochemical, cellular and mouse model studies that underscore the importance of the ER acetylation process in maintaining protein homeostasis and autophagy within the secretory pathway, and its impact on developmental and age-associated diseases. (biologists.com)
Approaches1
- By combining various bioinformatic approaches, we herein show that the Henipaviruses W proteins are predicted to be prevalently disordered and yet to contain short order-prone segments. (sciencegate.app)
Critical1
- In light of the critical role of the Henipavirus W proteins in evading the host innate immune response and of the functional role of phase separation in biology, these studies provide a conceptual asset to further investigate the functional impact of the phase separation abilities of the W proteins. (sciencegate.app)
Cells2
- It is one of the most abundant proteins in cells of E. coli. (wikipedia.org)
- Biological activity of ABD-GCSF protein was assessed by proliferation assay on NFS-60 cells. (sciencegate.app)