AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, Agriculture
Fatty Acids, NonesterifiedFat Emulsions, IntravenousInsulinBlood GlucoseGlucoseTriglyceridesLipid MetabolismMuscle, SkeletalLipolysisNiacinGlycerolGlucose Clamp TechniqueFastingFatty AcidsAdipose TissueInsulin ResistancePlasmaLecithinsOxidation-ReductionObesityNicotinic AcidsSoybean Oil3-Hydroxybutyric AcidPalmitatesPalmitic AcidC-PeptideGlycogenInfusions, IntravenousPlasma CellsHeparinEmulsionsHydroxybutyratesPalmitic AcidsAcetoacetatesLiverGlucagonLipoproteins, VLDLHypolipidemic AgentsHormonesCarbon IsotopesTime FactorsEpinephrineMetabolic Clearance RateLipidsCell MembraneEnergy MetabolismReference ValuesOsmolar ConcentrationGluconeogenesisPlasma GasesPhysical Endurance
TriglyceridesAdiposeDecreasesTriglycerideMmolHepaticKetone levelsGlycerolFatty acidLiverFreeBloodMobilizationSynthesisIndicesDecreaseOGTTHormonesMetabolismMetabolitesGlucose and insulinInhibitsOvernightSerumHigherAlbuminFewerGlucagonObeseObesityIncreaseIngestionHypoglycemiaSecretionOralDoseMembraneStateRatsEffectConsumptionHigh
Triglycerides7
Adipose4
  • Adipose tissue expression of several inflammation-related genes increased by more than 30%, but was not associated with a corresponding increase in plasma cytokine concentrations, with the exception of IL-6 and C-reactive protein. (bvsalud.org)
  • During feeding, insulin inhibits the activity of hormone-sensitive lipases that regulate lipolysis in adipose tissue and also inhibits the synthesis and release of FFA into the blood by degrading TAG 22 . (biorxiv.org)
  • IMTG are contained within the muscle and can be used directly, FFA from adipose tissue must be carried through the bloodstream to the muscles to be used for energy. (ironmagazine.com)
  • This is due in part to the elevation in plasma insulin in response to the carbohydrate meal and the resultant inhibition of lipolysis in adipose tissues, thus reducing the mobilization of FFA into the plasma. (myfitnesspal.com)
Decreases4
  • CONCLUSIONS -These results suggest that pioglitazone therapy in type 2 diabetic patients decreases fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels by improving hepatic and peripheral (muscle) tissue sensitivity to insulin. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • At higher plasma insulin concentrations, leg palmitate release relative to systemic palmitate release decreases, whereas splanchnic palmitate release relative to systemic palmitate release increases. (blogspot.com)
  • Compared to older children, adolescents, and adults, plasma glucose decreases and plasma ketone concentrations increase more rapidly. (oncohemakey.com)
  • In this case, the bicarbonate HCO3− ion concentration decreases by binding of bicarbonate HCO3− ions and protons H+, which results in the formation of H2CO3 carbonic acid, which subsequently breaks down into carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O. (msdmanuals.com)
Triglyceride4
  • Here we report findings from a 25-year-old woman with rigorously defined MHO (normal oral glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity [assessed using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedure], plasma triglyceride, and intrahepatic triglyceride content) evaluated at baseline (body mass index, 37.7â kg/m2) and 5 years later, after a 32% (30.8â kg) increase in body mass (BMI, 49.6â kg/m2). (bvsalud.org)
  • Weight gain did not have adverse effects on fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance, ß-cell function, insulin sensitivity, plasma triglyceride, intrahepatic triglyceride content, or carotid intima-media thickness. (bvsalud.org)
  • The term metabolic syndrome (MS) is used to describe a cluster of metabolic disorders: insulin resistance (IR) or hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia (high very-low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride [VLDL-TG] concentration and low plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]), and essential hypertension (HTN). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Because both EPI and NE interact with hormone sensitive lipase, an increase in triglyceride degradation may be observed with capsaicinoid intake, which may lead to an increase in circulating free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mmol5
  • The loss of GSIS and the accumulation of TGs, but not the GLUT2 loss, can be induced in vitro in normal islets cultured in a 2 mmol/l FFA-containing medium, but prediabetic islets seem far more vulnerable to FFA-induced functional impairment and TG accumulation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Cardiovascular disease rose progressively as fasting plasma glucose and post-load glucose levels rose above 75 mg/dL = 4.2 mmol/liter (Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Usuf S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. (thepmc.org)
  • Post challenge plasma glucose/OGTT is suggested when fasting glucose is between 5.5-7.8 mmol/l. (howmed.net)
  • In response to feeding, blood glucose concentrations increase, which stimulates insulin and inhibits glucagon secretion, to maintain plasma glucose concentrations below 7-9 mmol/L [126-162 mg/dL]. (oncohemakey.com)
  • the acidosis even with quite prolonged fasting is only ever of mild to moderate severity with keto-anion levels up to a maximum of 3 to 5 mmol/l and plasma pH down to 7.3. (litfl.com)
Hepatic4
  • For all subjects, baseline plasma palmitate concentrations in the femoral artery, femoral vein, and hepatic vein were 133 ± 6, 147 ± 7, and 106 ± 6 µmol/l, respectively. (blogspot.com)
  • Hepatic ketone production increases and rising plasma ketone body concentrations provide an alternative fuel for brain and muscle. (oncohemakey.com)
  • In addition to the change in plasma fatty acid levels, hepatic apoA-I andapoA-II are increased by PPAR-alpha activation, which improves cholesterol levels by increasing HDL levels (Chinetti et al. (bodybuilding.com)
  • when hepatic glycogen stores are exhausted (eg after 12-24 hours of total fasting), the liver produces ketones to provide an energy substrate for peripheral tissues. (litfl.com)
Ketone levels2
  • In fact, in some studies, an inverse relationship has been shown to hold between glucose oxidation and serum ketone levels in people fasting for short periods ⁶ , and in epileptic children ⁷ . (ketotic.org)
  • FFA levels are much less then ketone levels and contribute only a small amount to the metabolic acidosis. (litfl.com)
Glycerol4
  • TG is composed of a glycerol backbone with three FFA attached to it. (ironmagazine.com)
  • In the present investigation we compared blood epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol concentrations in response to a capsaicinoid supplement or placebo in healthy adults before and after acute exercise. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In terms of percent change from Pre, glycerol was higher with Capsimax™ than for placebo at 4 hr (p = 0.011) and FFA was higher with Capsimax™ than for placebo at 2 hr (p = 0.025) and at 2.5 hr (p = 0.015). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ingestion of low dose (2 mg) Capsimax™ was associated with an increase in blood FFA and glycerol at selected times post ingestion, as compared to placebo. (biomedcentral.com)
Fatty acid5
  • Serum FGF21 is also elevated in obese children and is associated with free fatty acid (FFA) and leptin levels, whereas weight loss is accompanied by a decrease in FGF21 levels, indicating that obesity causes elevation in FGF21 concentration 44. (biotech2012.org)
  • Blood samples were taken and analyzed for glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol (TAG) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The disassembling is accompanied by the break down of cellular substances to form certain new products such as phospholipids, such as arachidonic acid, free fatty acid or FFA. (phdify.com)
  • This study strengthens the emerging link between fatty acid metabolism and PCa progression and suggests that measuring levels of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines in pre-operative patient plasma may provide a basis for improving patient stratification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Increased lipolysis which also occurs in hyperthyroidism results in increased levels of free fatty acid (FFA) (Maxon et al. (springeropen.com)
Liver5
Free3
Blood14
  • P rediabetes is presently defined as moderately elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG), and is estimated to affect 79 million adult Americans, or 35% of the adult population. (ddw-online.com)
  • It would make intuitive sense that higher blood ketone concentrations would correspond to lower levels of glucose oxidation, since ketones can usually replace glucose for fuel. (ketotic.org)
  • Changes in blood circulation levels of FGF21 in different subtypes of diabetes It is noteworthy that a higher blood FGF21 concentration was found in T2D and obese individuals 36-38. (biotech2012.org)
  • Pre-diabetes is defined as an intermediary state of hyperglycaemia that occurs between normoglycaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with blood glucose concentrations above normal but below the threshold for diagnosis of diabetes (1, 2). (researchsquare.com)
  • As expected, blood glucose concentrations were higher after the HGI than the LGI meals and had returned to baseline levels by the time exercise was commenced, after which they were not influenced by breakfast type. (krnq.com)
  • In addition, insulin's inhibitory effects on glycogenesis and urea synthesis have been shown to reduce the concentrations of arginine, citrulline, and ornithine in the blood 4 , 21 . (biorxiv.org)
  • In addition, insulin indirectly regulates FFA synthesis from TAG by regulating blood glucose levels 5 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Blood glucose concentrations are normally maintained within a relatively narrow range. (oncohemakey.com)
  • We utilized ELISA kits to measure fasting blood glucose (FBS) and lipid profile markers, and additionally calculated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and insulin sensitivity markers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ketoacidosis is a high anion gap metabolic acidosis due to an excessive blood concentration of ketone bodies (keto-anions). (litfl.com)
  • With metabolic acidosis, "acidosis" refers to a process that lowers blood pH below 7.35, and "metabolic" refers to the fact that it's a problem caused by a decrease in the bicarbonate HCO3− concentration in the blood. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Normally, blood pH depends on the balance or ratio between the concentration of bases, mainly bicarbonate HCO3−, which increases the pH, and acids, mainly carbon dioxide CO2, which decrease the pH. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The main problem with all of this is that they lead to a primary decrease in the concentration of bicarbonate HCO3− in the blood. (msdmanuals.com)
  • CRP apparently stands for Cytokine Rich Plasma which in simple terms is a "more purified form of PRP," and it does not contain red blood cells. (womenshairlossproject.com)
Mobilization1
  • In summary, FFA mobilization was similar in lean and obese pigs, GH concentrations were lower in plasma of obese pigs and relative differences in plasma glucose and insulin between pig strains were influenced by time after feed removal. (psu.edu)
Synthesis2
  • At picomolar to nanomolar concentrations, GHK-Cu stimulated the synthesis of collagen in skin fibroblasts, increased accumulation of total proteins, glycosaminoglycans (in a biphasic curve) and DNA in the dermal wounds in rats. (wikipedia.org)
  • GHK-Cu treatment resulted in faster wound contraction and epithelization, higher level of glutathione and ascorbic acid, increased synthesis of collagen, and activation of fibroblasts and mast cells. (wikipedia.org)
Indices3
  • At the end of the 20 and 32-week periods, glucose handling using the Homeostasis Model Assessment indices, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) concentrations were measured. (researchsquare.com)
  • Abnormal thyroid hormone levels have been reported in type 2, but the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and glycaemic indices: fasting plasma glucose (FPG), C-peptide (C-pep) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA lc ), used in the management of type 2 is not well defined. (springeropen.com)
  • 1993 ). Glycaemic index levels are commonly used for diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus without due attention to the influence of thyroid hormone levels on those indices such as fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and C-peptide. (springeropen.com)
Decrease3
  • No changes were observed in ACTH concentration at week 20 while, at week 32, a decrease in plasma ACTH concentration was observed in the PD group by comparison to the NPD group. (researchsquare.com)
  • This was followed by the observation of a decrease in ACTH and CORT concentration in the PD stressed group by comparison to the NPD stressed group. (researchsquare.com)
  • During fasting, plasma glucose concentrations decrease, insulin secretion is suppressed, and increased secretion of the counter‐regulatory hormones glucagon, adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), cortisol, and growth hormone ( GH ) prevent hypoglycaemia. (oncohemakey.com)
OGTT2
  • The change in mean plasma glucose concentration during the OGTT was strongly related to the change in total body glucose disposal during the second insulin clamp step. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In the absence of a specific marker of the diabetic state the OGTT remains the most sensitive and practical test for the early recognition of asymptomatic diabetes , without fasting hyperglycaemia even if it is a non-specific test. (howmed.net)
Hormones2
  • Effect of fasting on hormones and metabolites in plasma of fast-growing, lean and slow-growing obese pigs. (psu.edu)
  • 1 The brain monitors changes in the body energy state by sensing alterations in the plasma levels of key metabolic hormones and nutrients. (nature.com)
Metabolism1
  • Excluded were any medications known to influence FFA metabolism. (blogspot.com)
Metabolites3
  • In this study we investigated the association between pre-operative plasma metabolites and risk of biochemical-, local- and metastatic-recurrence, with the aim of improving patient stratification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pre-operative plasma from primary cases and the plasma from metastatic patients and controls were assessed with untargeted metabolomics by LC-MS. The association between risk of progression and metabolite abundance was calculated using multivariate Cox proportional-hazard regression and the relationship between metabolites and outcome was calculated using median cut-off normalized values of metabolite abundance by Log-Rank test using the Kaplan Meier method. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Metabolites can be measured in bodily fluids such as urine and plasma, which are readily accessible without the need for invasive procedures [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Glucose and insulin1
Inhibits1
  • Binding insulin to the insulin receptor recruits PI3K to the plasma membrane which then activates the central mediator of insulin's effects, Akt-1 also called protein kinase B. Protein kinase B inhibits apoptosis, stimulates myocyte hypertrophy/fibrosis, and nitric oxide (NO) production. (thepmc.org)
Overnight2
  • All studies were initiated in the 12 hour overnight fasted state and palmitate was infused for the duration of the study. (blogspot.com)
  • ketoacidosis can appear after an overnight fast but it typically requires 3 to 14 days of starvation to reach maximal severity. (litfl.com)
Serum1
  • From our findings, an increased estimated intake of BCAA seems to correlate with diminished serum LDL concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
Higher5
  • at the end of the 24-hr fast, plasma glucose was higher (P less than .01) in lean pigs. (psu.edu)
  • Plasma insulin was higher (P less than .05) in obese pigs than in lean pigs immediately after food removal only (21.4 +/- 3.0 vs 9.8 +/- 2.4 microU/ml). (psu.edu)
  • The availability of the insulin immunoassay, developed by Yalow and Berson in 1960, established that most patients with DM had higher plasma insulin levels than healthy subjects ( 6 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Higher fasting insulin levels increase cardiovascular events 550% and are more predictive than high LDL or Apo B, or low HDL. (thepmc.org)
  • Fermentation of RS in the large bowel gives rise to increased production of SCFA which is reflected in higher epithelial and portal concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
Albumin2
  • Loren Pickart isolated the copper peptide GHK-Cu from human plasma albumin in 1973. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pickart proposed that this activity in human plasma albumin was a tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine and that it might function by chelating metal ions. (wikipedia.org)
Fewer1
  • Elderly persons exhibit fewer symptoms of hypoglycemia, and their threshold of plasma glucose is lower at presentation than in younger persons. (medscape.com)
Glucagon1
  • this enzyme is inhibited by increased FFA levels, decreased insulin levels and particularly by the rise in glucagon. (litfl.com)
Obese2
  • Plasma FFA concentrations were similar in lean and obese pigs and increased five-fold within 24 hr of fasting. (psu.edu)
  • average plasma GH was lower in obese pigs than in lean pigs (2.8 +/- .7 vs 9.4 +/- 1.9 ng/ml). (psu.edu)
Obesity2
  • Nondiabetic obesity in Zucker rats is characterized by hypersecretion of insulin at normal fasting and subfasting glucose concentrations. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Saraca asoca has a high concentration of antioxidants that lower oxidative stress and the prevalence of obesity, making it the ideal option for testing for pharmaceutically related chemicals in its endophytes. (phytomorphology.com)
Increase4
  • For instance, exercising after short-term fasting (such as before breakfast) may increase the amount of fat burned. (krnq.com)
  • Excess FFA increase the OXYGEN DEMANDS of ischemic heart muscle and reduce the use of glucose as a metabolic fuel by the heart. (thepmc.org)
  • SCFA concentration in the periphery, however, is very low and therefore difficult to measure accurately so any increase in production of SCFA in response to RS consumption may not be detectable in the peripheral circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When cell death or damage occurs, there is a rapid and sudden increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. (phdify.com)
Ingestion1
  • Many studies have examined the relationship between RS ingestion and postprandial metabolite and hormone concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypoglycemia2
  • A major advantage over conventional insulin is the fact that the insulinotropic actions of GLP-1 are dependent upon ambient glucose concentration, mitigating the risks of hypoglycemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hypoglycemia is characterized by a reduction in plasma glucose concentration to a level that may induce symptoms or signs such as altered mental status and/or sympathetic nervous system stimulation. (medscape.com)
Secretion1
  • Since GH secretion is inhibited in the fed state these actions are mainly important in the postprandial or fasting state. (diabetestalk.net)
Oral1
  • These and subsequent studies showed that more insulin-resistant subjects had greater plasma insulin concentration, VLDL-TG, and plasma glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test than did insulin-sensitive subjects, findings supporting the relationship between IR and MS ( 26 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
Dose1
  • In summary, we examined the dose-response relationship between insulin and regional FFA release. (blogspot.com)
Membrane1
  • As cell death proceeds, necrotic cells swell and holes and gaps begin to be seen on the plasma membrane. (phdify.com)
State3
  • Therefore, in the postprandial state, leg was a net FFA producer, and the splanchnic bed was a net FFA consumer. (blogspot.com)
  • The endocrine and metabolic responses involved in the transition from the fed to the fasted state are shown in Figure 2.1 . (oncohemakey.com)
  • Figure 2.1 Transition from the fed to the fasting state. (oncohemakey.com)
Rats2
  • Ischemic open wounds in rats treated with GHK-copper healed faster and had decreased concentration of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 as well as of tumor necrosis factor-beta (a major inflammatory cytokine) compared with vehicle alone or with untreated wounds. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a first series of experiments rats were injected once daily for a period of 10 days with HCS (100 g), GH (10 or 100 g) or prolactin (10 or 100 g), each thyroxine (T4, 0.5 g), and then challenged in a glucose tolerance test with glucose plus 0.03 units protamine zinc insulin (PZI) following a 6-h fast. (diabetestalk.net)
Effect2
  • 12-week NW training undertaken by premenopausal women not only has a positive effect on body composition but also on the plasma antioxidative capacity. (hindawi.com)
  • FFA mobilisation is initiated by the effect of absolute or relative insulin deficiency on fat cells. (litfl.com)
Consumption1
  • In general, it is accepted that RS consumption lowers postprandial glucose concentrations marginally and postprandial insulin concentrations markedly. (biomedcentral.com)
High1