Family p21 activated kinase regulates. Medical search. Frequent questions

The ability of cells to respond to extracellular signals is mediated by signal transduction networks that almost invariably include a cascade of protein kinases. (berkeley.edu)
One family of protein kinases that is universally conserved in eukaryotes is called the p21-activated protein kinases (PAKs). (berkeley.edu)
Among these effectors are several protein kinases that either are or might be amenable to small molecule inhibition. (sciencepop.org)
This motif is found in Cdc42/Rac-associated proteins such as the protein kinases Pak, MRCK and Ack, the adaptor proteins Spec and WASP, and, in degenerate form, in the kinases MLK, Mekk4, adaptor Par6, scaffold protein IRSp53, and the Borg proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

We have shown that both cAMP-dependent protein kinase and PAKs (p21-activated kinases) play a role in integrin regulation of the Erk pathway, acting primarily at the level of Raf-1. (nih.gov)
The family of p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are oncogenic proteins that regulate critical cellular functions. (endocrine.org)
PAKs play central signaling roles in the integrin/CDC42/Rho, ERK/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, functioning both as kinases and scaffolds to regulate cell motility, mitosis and proliferation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and other cellular activities. (endocrine.org)
LIMK-1 can be activated by Rho-kinase as well as by p21-activated kinases (PAKs). (uni-muenchen.de)
PAKs are Rho family GTPase-regulated kinases that serve as important mediators in the function of Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) and Rac. (umbc.edu)
PAK3 belongs to group I. Group I PAKs contain a PBD (p21-binding domain) overlapping with an AID (autoinhibitory domain), a C-terminal catalytic domain, SH3 binding sites and a non-classical SH3 binding site for PIX (PAK-interacting exchange factor). (umbc.edu)
Group I PAKs contain a PBD (p21-binding domain) overlapping with an AID (autoinhibitory domain), a C-terminal catalytic domain, SH3 binding sites and a non-classical SH3 binding site for PIX (PAK-interacting exchange factor). (umbc.edu)
Since group II PAKs do not contain an obvious AID, they may be regulated differently from group I PAKs. (umbc.edu)
p21 activated kinases (PAKs) the most extensively studied CDC42 and RAC effector proteins consist of two subgroups made up of three members each: group I (PAK1-3) and group II (PAK4-6). (sciencepop.org)

This gene encodes a family member of serine/threonine p21-activating kinases, known as PAK proteins. (antikoerper-online.de)
P21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase, and PAK3 affects the EMT, proliferation, metastasis and invasion of HCC. (jcancer.org)
serine/threonine protein kinase family. (ece-inhibitor.com)
Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, p21-activated kinase 3. (umbc.edu)
Serine/threonine kinases (STKs), p21-activated kinase (PAK) 3, catalytic (c) domain. (umbc.edu)
Five members of the Plk family have been discovered in humans and these serine/threonine kinases have emerged as key players by performing crucial functions in the cell cycle, DNA damage response and neuron biology [ 2 - 6 ]. (oncotarget.com)
For example RAC and CDC42 share two protein serine-threonine kinase effectors in common - PAK and MLK - and inhibitors for both these kinases have been developed. (sciencepop.org)
Another common effector of CDC42 and RAC the mixed-lineage kinases (MLKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that translate signals from cell surface receptors to MAPKs. (sciencepop.org)

The fact that many Rho family effector proteins will specifically recognize the GTP bound form of the protein has been exploited experimentally to develop a powerful affinity purification assay that monitors Rac and Cdc42 protein activation. (cytoskeleton.com)
The morphological and functional changes of platelets require a drastic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton regulated by numerous actin-binding proteins and signaling molecules such as the family of Rho-GTPases. (uni-muenchen.de)
this family of proteins is hereafter called EBF) are a group of DNA-binding transcription factors with the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain. (aacrjournals.org)
Finally, IGF‑1R protein, phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt signaling pathway‑associated proteins and cyclin pathway‑associated proteins were differentially expressed between miR‑497‑overexpressing cells and miR-497-silenced cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Background The RHO family proteins RAC1 CDC42 and RHOA are small GTP-binding proteins that act as molecular switches shifting between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that define functions of RHO GTPases. (sciencepop.org)
This process is usually regulated by guanine nucleotide-exchange factors GTPase-activating proteins and guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (1). (sciencepop.org)
these proteins are also important in regulating gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
A roughly similar number of proteins are recruited to activated Rac [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, the signaling proteins involved in LPLI-induced proliferation merit special attention, some of which are regulated by mitochondrial signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
HDACs form a family of enzymes that catalyze 67346-49-0 the removal of acetyl moieties from acetylated proteins including histones structural proteins or transcription factors (25 31 Together with their counterparts the histone acetyltransferases HDACs regulate the reversible acetylation of core histones and additional proteins. (bio2009.org)
Rho GTPases represent a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton organization, migration, transcription, and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
Within their GTPase domains, they share approximately 30% amino acid identity with the Ras proteins and 40-95% identity within the family. (biomedcentral.com)
In turn, GTP-bound active GTPases can interact with a plethora of different effectors which mediate the different cellular functions of this family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Rho GTPase effectors are a large group of proteins and include actin nucleation promoting molecules, adaptors, as well as kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
The proto-oncogene family members encodes little GTP binding proteins that transduce development indicators from cell surface area receptors in response to extracellular stimuli (1 6 37 Prior studies have recommended that aberrant activation of is certainly a crucial stage during tumorigenesis. (molecularcircuit.com)
It has been established that overexpressed anti-apoptotic proteins (such as those in the Bcl-2 family) as well as down-regulated proteins (such as for example Bet, BAK) and BIK may disrupt the total amount between apoptosis and anti-apoptosis [41,42]. (geogise.com)
discovered that a low degree of HDAC10 in gastric tumor might activate proapoptotic substances including caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bet through the thioredoxin interacting proteins (TXNIP)-induced ROS signaling pathway [46] (Body 1B). (geogise.com)
The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases. (lookformedical.com)
The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
The mutant proteins often retain some of their capabilities but are no longer sensitive to the controls that regulate the normal form of the protein. (cancerquest.org)

Thus integrins modulate the efficiency of the Erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/MAP kinase (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, acting at several distinct levels. (nih.gov)
Activation of ERβ by WAY-200070 also resulted in the phosphorylation of p21-activated kinase (PAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in cultured cortical neurons, suggesting a mechanism for the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. (jneurosci.org)
Signaling via ERβ also resulted in activation of a PAK/ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) signaling pathway. (jneurosci.org)
Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family and contains two extracellular α subunits (including the ligand-binding site) and two β subunits (with intracellular tyrosine kinase activity) ( 22 , 23 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
RESULTS Identification of a 95-kDa Tyrosine Phosphorylated Nck-binding Protein The SH3-SH3-SH3-SH2 adaptor protein Nck is a major downstream mediator of extracellular matrix and growth element receptor signaling to the cytoskeleton through its ability to associate with receptor tyrosine kinases PAK and the WASP/WAVE complex (Buday and indicated like a Box-and-Whiskers Storyline (Number 10B). (healthyguide.info)
These effects were associated with inhibition of the mitogen‑activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 and protein kinase B signaling pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
The underlying mechanisms of these effects were primarily mediated by G 1 phase cell cycle arrest and inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulate kinase 1/2 (Erk 1/2) and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
Selective compounds have been developed that target either the extracellular ligand-binding region of the EGFR (including a number of monoclonal antibodies [MAbs], immunotoxins, and ligand-binding cytotoxic agents) or the intracellular tyrosine kinase region (including various small-molecule inhibitors). (medscape.com)
Rho GTPases are key integrating molecules from different extracellular signals, as they can be activated by different GEFs. (biomedcentral.com)
In primary mammalian cells oncogenic induces premature senescence depending on an active MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. (molecularcircuit.com)
Relationship between Ras and Raf-1 qualified AP24534 prospects towards the sequential activation from the MAP kinase kinases (MAPKKs) MEK1 and MEK2 as well as the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2. (molecularcircuit.com)

Finally, we found that PAK3 regulated EMT-related molecule expression and EMT-related TGF-β/smad signaling pathway. (jcancer.org)
We have identified a novel pathway that directs Lyn/Src family tyrosine kinase signals to the invadopodia to regulate sarcoma cell invasion via the molecule AFAP-1-like-1 (AFAP1L1), a new member of the AFAP (actin filament-associated protein) family. (nature.com)
AFAP1L1 intersects several invadopodia pathway components through its multiple domains and motifs, including the following (i) pleckstrin homology domains that bind phospholipids generated at the plasma membrane by phosphoinositide 3-kinase, (ii) a direct filamentous-actin binding domain and (iii) phospho-tyrosine motifs (pY136 and pY566) that specifically bind Vav2 and Nck2 SH2 domains, respectively. (nature.com)
These data define a novel pathway that directs Lyn/Src family tyrosine kinase signals to sarcoma cell invadopodia through specific recruitment of Vav2 and Nck2 to phosphorylated AFAP1L1, to control cell migration and invasion. (nature.com)
Here, we show that human antigen R (HuR), an RNA binding protein which binds preferentially to AU-rich elements (AREs) and stabilizes mRNAs, regulates TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression in the MK2/HuR signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Considering that AREs located in the 3′-UTR of ICAM-1 and IL-8 mRNAs, we hypothesize that the MK2 pathway might regulate the expression of ICAM-1 and IL-8 through HuR in TNF-α-induced HPMECs. (biomedcentral.com)
Rho-kinase regulates a second pathway that involves activation of LIM-kinases (LIMKs) and subsequent phosphorylation and inactivation of cofilin, an actin dynamizing protein. (uni-muenchen.de)
The signaling pathway Rho-kinase/LIMKs/cofilin phosphorylation during platelet activation and the question, how the phosphorylation of cofilin affects the actin dynamics underlying platelet activation, has not previously been studied. (uni-muenchen.de)
Inhibition of the Rho-kinase/LIMK-1 pathway unmasked cofilin dephosphorylation suggesting that during shape change the simultaneous activation of a cofilin phosphatase counteracts the effect of LIMK-1 for phosphorylating cofilin. (uni-muenchen.de)
Since the kinetics of cofilin phospho-cycle was similar during secretion and platelet aggregation in LPA- and thrombin-stimulated cells, I propose a general two-step regulatory process for cofilin phospho-cycle underlying primarily secretion, and subsequently platelet aggregation: dephosphorylation by a cofilin phosphatase and then rephosphorylation by the Rho-kinase/LIMK-1 pathway. (uni-muenchen.de)
Through Cdc42, FGD1 protein also activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade, a pathway that regulates cell growth, apoptosis, and cellular differentiation. (mhmedical.com)
Therefore, EBF3 regulates a transcriptional program underlying a putative tumor suppression pathway. (aacrjournals.org)
while both wild-type and mutant variants of genotype C induced similar tumorigenic evidence as mutant variant of genotype B. In general, both wild-type and mutant variants of all HBx genotypes played an important role in liver hepatitis by activating the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway. (edu.hk)
while Pak6 has been reported to regulate actin cytoskeleton via RAC/PAK signalling pathway. (edu.hk)
Constitutive activation of the pathway induces p53 p21 and p16 and leads to early senescence. (molecularcircuit.com)
Ectopic expression of MEKK3 a MAPKKK that activates p38 induced G1 arrest and reversed induces premature senescence through sequential activation of the MEK-ERK pathway and the MKK3/6-p38 pathway in primary human fibroblasts. (molecularcircuit.com)
The MEK-ERK pathway when activated by transforms cells. (molecularcircuit.com)
and Specifically, by activating the transforming growth-factor (TGF-) pathway, deletion of HDAC10 promotes the expression of sex-determining region Y box protein 9 CP-640186 (SOX9), which subsequently up-regulates the expression of SLUG, as well as CD44. (geogise.com)
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates biological functions in tumors that are mediated by liver kinase B1 (LKB1), such as cell survival and transcription, via the mTOR pathway [33]. (geogise.com)

Thus we have discovered a novel protein that links the alpha5beta1 integrin to migration controlled by Rho-family GTPases. (nih.gov)
These studies emphasize the intricate connection between integrins and Rho-family GTPases and their effectors in controlling both mitogenesis and migration. (nih.gov)
The availability of alpha -tubulin for microtubule formation is based on the ability of PAK1 to phosphorylate a alpha -tubulin chaperone, tubulin cofactor B. PAK1 is activated following binding to active GTPases which induce PAK autophosphorylation. (rndsystems.com)
Understanding the mechanisms that regulate activation / inactivation of the GTPases is of obvious biological significance and is a subject of intense investigation. (cytoskeleton.com)
Rho-family GTPases orchestrate both of these cellular processes. (silverchair.com)
FGD1 encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that specifically activates Cdc42, a member of the Rho (Ras homology) family of the p21 GTPases. (mhmedical.com)
RHO GTPases members of the RAS superfamily of small GTPases are adhesion and growth-factor activated molecular switches that play important roles in tumor development and progression. (sciencepop.org)
Although inhibitors of RHO GTPases and their downstream signaling kinases have not yet been widely adopted for clinical use their potential value as cancer therapeutics continues to facilitate Olmesartan medoxomil pharmaceutical research and development and is a promising therapeutic strategy. (sciencepop.org)
Upon activation GTP-bound RHO-GTPases interact with a wide spectrum of effectors to regulate various cellular pathways including cytoskeletal dynamics motility cytokinesis cell growth apoptosis and transcriptional activity. (sciencepop.org)
The three best studied members of the RHO family - RAC1 CDC42 and RHOA - are essential for transformation by activated RAS (3 4 and in the case of RAC1 and RAC2 themselves can be oncogenic drivers in human malignancies (5 6 As with RAS the RHO GTPases have proven difficult to Olmesartan medoxomil target directly with small molecule inhibitors. (sciencepop.org)

We hypothesized that FO might regulate related genes in apoptosis and PI3K-AKT pathways to mediate the proliferation and apoptosis of liver cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
Regulation of these pathways is thought to be an important mechanism for regulating spine morphology. (jneurosci.org)
One of the well established Rho-kinase-mediated signaling pathways is the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) and its counteracting MLC phosphatase. (uni-muenchen.de)
Among them, the sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, p53, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathways are most widely studied. (frontiersin.org)
Due to their ability to activate multiple MAPK pathways MLKs mediate a variety of biological processes. (sciencepop.org)
In addition, they play important roles in gene transcription (via activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and, in higher eukaryotes, the transcription factor NFκB), generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
Activated TPKR could activate its downstream signaling elements, like Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/eIF4E, PI3K/Akt/eNOS and PLC-gamma/PKC pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore oncogenic provokes premature senescence by activating the MEK-ERK and MKK3/6-p38 pathways in normal primary cells sequentially. (molecularcircuit.com)

Several hallmarks of cellular senescence, such as cell cycle arrest, expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, DNA damages, and senescence-associated secretory profile were evaluated. (aging-us.com)
SnCs exhibit irreversible growth arrest accompanied by increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKi) such as p16 INK4a , and p21 Cip1 , accumulation of DNA damages, and secretion of diverse bioactive molecules known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). (aging-us.com)
The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors was profoundly affected with early activation and then repression of p21 cip1/waf1 and persistent activation of both p27 kip1 and p57 kip2 , whereas genes involved in cell survival and proliferation were suppressed. (aacrjournals.org)
Upon treatment with Plk1 inhibitors, p53 in tumor cells is activated and induces strong apoptosis, whereas tumor cells with inactive p53 arrest in mitosis with DNA damage. (oncotarget.com)
Recently several reports showed the induction of p21 by inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) such as for example sodium butyrate (46) trichostatin A (TSA) (56) suberoylanilide hydroxamic acidity (51) oxamflatin (32) MS-27-275 (52) apicidin (22) and trapoxin (54). (bio2009.org)
The transcriptional activation from CACNA1F the p21 gene by these inhibitors is normally marketed by chromatin redecorating pursuing acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in the p21 promoter area (32 54 This activation of p21 takes place within a p53-unbiased fashion and for that reason HDAC inhibitors are appealing realtors for cancers therapy being that they are operative in cells with mutated p53 genes a hallmark of several tumors. (bio2009.org)
Evidence suggests that both cell cycle inhibitors (such as P21 and P27) and promoters (such as cyclins E1 and D1) play a vital role in malignancy progression [37C39]. (geogise.com)

Our previous report showed that FO inhibits HCC cell invasion via AKT-, mitogen-activated protein kinase- (MAPK-), and EMT-related signals [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Our previous study showed that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38/ MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) regulates the expression of ICAM-1 and IL-8 at the post-transcriptional level in HPMECs after TNF-α stimulation [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The PAK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (umbc.edu)
CDC42 also has distinct kinase effectors such as MRCK and the tyrosine kinase ACK and these kinases too might provide suitable drug targets in cancer. (sciencepop.org)
Activated CDC42 kinase (ACK or TNK2) is a ubiquitously expressed non-receptor tyrosine kinase that binds to and is activated by CDC42 (22). (sciencepop.org)
ACK1 has been reported to regulate the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL to promote activation of. (sciencepop.org)
The HER (erbB) family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases is one of the cytostatic targets in tumor cell growth and survival. (medscape.com)
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. (biomedcentral.com)

Among other targets of miR-7 are insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and PIK3CD, E(spl) gene family and Pak1 (cancer cells). (wikipedia.org)
Through its interaction with Vav2, AFAP1L1 regulates Rac activity and downstream control of PAK1/2/3 (p21-activated kinases) phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) kinase and MLC2. (nature.com)
Results PAK4 promotes the production of cellular lipids and other metabolites It has been shown that PAK1 is usually a regulator of glucose metabolism.18, 19, 20 We hypothesized that PAK4, a representative of Group II, could also serve as an important regulator of glucose metabolism which in turn regulates tumor cell growth and proliferation. (californiaehealth.org)
A recent study from Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine has expanded the clinical spectrum of a new epileptic disorder called Intellectual Developmental Disorder with Macrocephaly, Seizures, and Speech Delay (IDDMSSD) with the identification of the first recurrently affected residue identified in the protein kinase domain of PAK1 protein. (texaschildrens.org)
I am proud of my dedicated team and collaborators who made it possible to identify the rare genetic alteration in the gene p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and expand our understanding of PAK1 -related IDDMSSD. (texaschildrens.org)
In mice, Pak1 is highly expressed in the brain, where it regulates fundamental processes such as cell proliferation and neuronal migration. (texaschildrens.org)
The initial disease-causing variants in PAK1 were found to be present in the auto-regulatory domain of the encoded protein, which inhibits the protein kinase domain. (texaschildrens.org)
To evaluate if there was any correlation between the protein domain location of the eight known disease-causing PAK1 variants and the spectrum of symptoms, the researchers compared the symptoms of individuals with PAK1 variants in either the auto-regulatory or the protein kinase domains. (texaschildrens.org)
They found that the three PAK1 variants affecting the kinase domain were more often associated with severe epilepsy that was refractory and not responsive to medication. (texaschildrens.org)
Somatic mutations in this gene that result in increased expression of this gene lead to different cancers, suggesting that potential strategies developed in the cancer field to inhibit the protein kinase activity may also be helpful in treating this neurological condition for individuals who have PAK1 variants leading to constitutive activation of the kinase," Dr. Chao said. (texaschildrens.org)

Our results showing that only dephosphorylated (activated) cofilin binds with F-actin support previous observations that the state of cofilin phosphorylation determines its association with F-actin. (uni-muenchen.de)
The absence of either FAK or Src-family kinases prevents PKL phosphorylation and suppresses localization of PKL Panobinostat but not GIT1 to focal adhesions after Rac activation. (healthyguide.info)
Manifestation of Panobinostat an triggered FAK mutant in the absence of Src-family kinases partially restores PKL localization suggesting that Src activation of FAK is required for PKL phosphorylation and localization. (healthyguide.info)

Use of effector domain mutants of Rac suggest that Nischarin acts downstream of Rac, probably at the level of PAK-family kinases. (nih.gov)
The small GTPase Rho can regulate several aspects of cellular function, predominantly through its downstream effector Rho-kinase. (uni-muenchen.de)
their downstream protein kinase effectors. (sciencepop.org)

LincRNA-p21 participates in TP53-dependent transcriptional repression leading to apoptosis and seem to have to effect on cell-cycle regulation. (lsbio.com)
At the transcriptional level, we identified Igf2 as a commonly up-regulated gene in tumor induced by mutant HBx and Pak6 and Arhgap27 as a commonly up-regulated gene in tumor induced by wild-type HBx. (edu.hk)
In addition to its function as a transcriptional activator Sp1 offers been recently shown to act as a repressor by recruiting HDAC1 to the growth-regulated murine thymidine kinase gene (TK) promoter (11). (bio2009.org)
The tumor suppressor p53 directly interacts with Sp1 and may compete with the transcriptional repressor HDAC1 for binding to the C terminus of Sp1 leading to histone acetylation and concomitant manifestation of p21. (bio2009.org)

We focus on six 'core' effectors that operate in almost all these species - members of the Pak, WASP/WAVE, formin, lipid-kinase, IQGAP and NADPH oxidase families. (biomedcentral.com)
Many, but not all, of these effectors contain a conserved 18 amino-acid binding motif that has been termed CRIB (Cdc42-Rac interactive binding), PBD (p21-binding domain) or GBD (GTPase-binding domain) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In many organs, cell proliferation and differentiation are antagonistically regulated by multiple basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) activator and repressor genes. (biologists.com)
In this primer, we describe the key features of Hes factors and detail their roles in some representative processes of embryogenesis: namely, in the development of the nervous and digestive systems, two well-characterized processes, where Hes1 (and Hes3 and Hes5 in the nervous system) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, and in the process of somite segmentation, where Hes7 functions as a biological clock. (biologists.com)
Chemokines regulate the transport activation and sometimes proliferation of several cell types including myeloid lymphoid GW788388 endothelial and epithelial cells1 2 There are four chemokine subfamilies - CXC C CX3C and CC - based on the positions of conserved cysteine residues near the amino terminus of the proteins1 (TABLE 1). (cancerrealitycheck.com)
Due to the pivotal role of PAK4 as key regulator in cancer cell signaling networks, we sought to specifically probe the role of PAK4 in regulating the colon malignancy cell metabolism and proliferation. (californiaehealth.org)
The role of miR‑497 in regulating the proliferation of HCC‑derived cells was also investigated in vitro and in vivo. (spandidos-publications.com)
In addition, compared to the mono-treatment, combination of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition with anti-mitotic or DNA damaging agents boosts more severe mitotic defects, effectually triggers apoptosis and strongly inhibits proliferation of cancer cells with functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
Activated ERK2 and ERK1 promote cell proliferation. (molecularcircuit.com)

The assay uses the Cdc42/Rac Interactive Binding (CRIB) region (also called the p21 Binding Domain, PBD) of the Cdc42 / Rac effector protein, p21 activated kinase 1 (PAK). (cytoskeleton.com)
p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4), a specific effector of the Rho GTPase Cdc42, is activated by HGF, and we have previously shown that activated PAK4 induces a loss of both actin stress fibres and focal adhesions. (silverchair.com)
RHO-A has a distinct set of effector kinases including the ROCK CITRON Olmesartan medoxomil and PRK1 all of which regulate cellular processes that contribute to tumorigenesis invasion and metastasis (12). (sciencepop.org)

Pax6 translation in the lateral wall of the subventricular zone of developed mice is post-transcriptionally regulated by miRNA-7a mediated gene silencing, which is necessary to control the rate of dopaminergic neuron production in the olfactory bulb. (wikipedia.org)
VPF In this review I discuss the factors that lie upstream of the NF-κB cascade that are activated during tumorigenesis and the role of the putative NF-κB enhanceosome in constitutive chemokine gene transcription during tumorigenesis. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
effects the main target for p53-induced cell cycle arrest seems to be the p21 gene. (bio2009.org)
Likewise the p21 67346-49-0 gene could be turned on by transforming development aspect β Ca2+ lovastatin or nerve development aspect (16). (bio2009.org)
The promoter from the individual p21 gene harbors six conserved GC containers binding sites for the transcription aspect Sp1. (bio2009.org)
With this statement we display that HDAC1 is definitely a crucial regulator of p21 gene manifestation. (bio2009.org)
Activation of p53 efficiently counteracts deacetylase-mediated repression and induces cell cycle arrest by activating the p21 gene. (bio2009.org)
The ER81 ETS protein, for example, is activated in human breast cancer cells by the oncoprotein HER-2, resulting in over-expression of the prosurvival telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

KEGG enrichment analysis showed that FO mainly regulates PI3K-AKT- and apoptosis-related signals, in which BBC3, DDIT3, NOXA, and CDKN1A on the surface serve as the novel targets of FO inducing HCC cell apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
The result implied that FO might exacerbate HCC cell apoptosis by regulating BBC3, DDIT3, CDKN1A, and NOXA signals. (hindawi.com)
In addition, cell cycle distribution analysis revealed that G0/G1 phase arrest was induced following pristimerin treatment in CAL‑27 and SCC‑25 cells, which was strongly associated with upregulation of p21 and p27, coupled with downregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin E. Meanwhile, pristimerin induced significant apoptosis of CAL‑27 and SCC‑25 cells, alongside decreased levels of caspase‑3 and specific cleavage of poly (ADP‑ribose) polymerase. (spandidos-publications.com)
The human ETS (E26 Transformation-Specific) protein family is a diverse group of 27 known transcription factors that regulate such varied cellular processes as differentiation and apoptosis, but also appear to induce oncogenesis when mutated or aberrantly expressed [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Activation of NF-kB prevents apoptosis in response to the tumor necrosis factor family of cytokines. (medscape.com)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (ERBB1) and related family member HER-2/ neu (ERBB2) are often overexpressed in aggressive breast cancers and their overexpression is correlated with poor prognosis. (aacrjournals.org)
The epidermal growth factor receptor family (ERBB) is overexpressed in a wide variety of tumor types and is correlated with poor prognosis. (aacrjournals.org)
Table 1 CXC- C- CX3C- and CC-chemokine and receptor families As the CXC-chemokines CXCL1 and GW788388 CXCL8 have been associated with tumour growth metastasis and angiogenesis I concentrate on these important chemokines. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
The ArfGAP paxillin kinase linker (PKL)/G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein (GIT)2 continues to be implicated in regulating cell spreading and motility through its transient recruitment of the p21-activated kinase (PAK) to focal adhesions. (healthyguide.info)
This family, which includes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), plays a pivotal role in normal cell growth, lineage determination, repair, and functional differentiation. (medscape.com)

By regulating filamentous actin, Cdc42 and Rac exert a profound effect on cell shape, polarity, migration, cell:cell and cell:matrix adhesion, protein traffic, and cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)

miR-7 is directly regulated by the transcription factor HoxD10. (wikipedia.org)
Induces the transcription of long intergenic non-coding RNA p21 (lincRNA-p21) and lincRNA-Mkln1. (lsbio.com)
or by activating protein 1 (AP1)-mediated transcription. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
EBF3 bound directly to p21 cip1/waf1 promoter and regulated transcription from both p21 cip1/waf1 and p27 kip1 promoters in reporter assays. (aacrjournals.org)
The ETS family transcription factor ESE-1 is often overexpressed in human breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
NEMO/IKK -gamma is the regulatory subunit of the inhibitor kappa kinase (IKK) complex and is required for the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB (NF-kB). (medscape.com)

It contains one GTPase binding domain (aa 75-105) plus a protein kinase catalytic region (aa 250-521). (rndsystems.com)

HDAC10 plays an oncogenic role by inhibiting the expression of P27, P21 and enhancing that of cyclins D1 and E1 [29] (Physique 1A). (geogise.com)

CXCL8 and CXCL6 bind to the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 whereas CXCL1 and other CXC-chemokines that have a Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) motif at their amino terminus (CXCL2 -3 and-5) bind to and activate CXCR2 only2. (cancerrealitycheck.com)

In this review I explore the mechanisms by which constitutively activated kinases that GW788388 function upstream of the NF-κB cascade facilitate chemokine-mediated tumorigenesis. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
The activation of Rho-kinase was found to be upstream to secretion and integrin IIbβ3 activation. (uni-muenchen.de)
Like Rho-kinase activation, it was also found that LIMK-1 activation was independent and upstream of integrin IIbβ3 activation. (uni-muenchen.de)

In this regard, restoration of p53 in tumor cells with loss or mutation of p53 will reinforce the cytotoxicity of combined Polo-like kinase 1 therapy and provide a proficient strategy for combating relapse and metastasis of cancer. (oncotarget.com)

It was found that the activation of Rho-kinase is important for an increase in F-actin content underlying Ca2+-independent platelet shape change. (uni-muenchen.de)
The rapid activation of Rho-kinase during secretion leads to a further increase in F-actin content as compared to shape change. (uni-muenchen.de)
Our study shows that LIMK-1 activation was mainly Rho-kinase dependent in LPA- and thrombin-stimulated platelets. (uni-muenchen.de)
the latter phase was due to Rho-kinase/LIMK-1 activation. (uni-muenchen.de)
p21 has been recognized by virtue of its activation by p53 (13) its association with cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes (23 66 and its up-regulation during senescence (47). (bio2009.org)

One of the activated genes is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. (lsbio.com)
Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)

Multiple carcinogenesis-associated biological functions were predicted to be regulated negatively by these long noncoding RNAs. (cancerindex.org)
It has been reported that under certain biological conditions p38 AP24534 can negatively AP24534 regulate cell growth. (molecularcircuit.com)

These data highlight that ESE-1 contains NLS and NES signals that play a critical role in regulating its subcellular localization and function, and that an intact SAR domain mediates MEC transformation exclusively in the cytoplasm, via a novel nontranscriptional mechanism, whereby the SAR motif is accessible for ligand and/or protein interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
There is no longer a need for signals to activate these genes. (cancerquest.org)

NF-kB activity is normally regulated via the inhibitor kB protein. (medscape.com)

Prevents CDK7 kinase activity when associated to CAK complex in response to DNA damage, thus stopping cell cycle progression. (lsbio.com)

Polo-like kinase 1, a pivotal regulator of mitosis and cytokinesis, is highly expressed in a broad spectrum of tumors and its expression correlates often with poor prognosis, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target. (oncotarget.com)
Plk1 is mainly expressed during the late G2 and M phase, where it regulates various stages of mitosis [ 2 , 7 ]. (oncotarget.com)

Thus, inactive p53 is not associated with a susceptible cytotoxicity of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition and could rather foster the induction of polyploidy/aneuploidy in surviving cells. (oncotarget.com)

This specific family member regulates cell motility and morphology. (antikoerper-online.de)
It is responsible for regulating focal adhesions during motility. (rndsystems.com)

The physiological agonist thrombin and the pathophysiological relevant agonist lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is the main platelet-activating lipid in atherosclerotic plaque, were used as platelet stimuli to address these questions. (uni-muenchen.de)

Involved in cell cycle regulation as a trans-activator that acts to negatively regulate cell division by controlling a set of genes required for this process. (lsbio.com)

p53 represses the promoter of Polo-like kinase 1, whereas Polo-like kinase 1 inhibits p53 and its family members p63 and p73 in cancer cells lacking functional p53. (oncotarget.com)

The best-characterized molecules are Rho, which controls the stress fibers and focal adhesion formation, and Rac and Cdc42, which regulate membrane ruffling, and filopodium formation, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

also alpha -PAK and p65-PAK) is both a cytoplasmic and nuclear 58-60 kDa member of PAK group I, STE20 subfamily, STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family of molecules. (rndsystems.com)
They are small (21-25 kDa) molecules that share structural homology and become activated only when bound to GTP. (biomedcentral.com)

The mammalian Hes basic helix-loop-helix repressor genes play central roles in these processes by maintaining progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state and by regulating binary cell fate decisions. (biologists.com)
In mammalian cells, as many as twenty types of protein have been reported to bind to activated Cdc42 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

High expression of PAK3 enhances the invasion of HCC and regulates EMT, suggesting that PAK3 may be a potential target for the treatment of HCC. (jcancer.org)

The Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain is crucial for the death-inducing and dimerization properties of pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family, including Bak, Bax, and Bad. (lookformedical.com)

While p21 is usually activated by p53-dependent mechanisms in response to DNA damage to make sure cell cycle arrest and repair a number of realtors that promote differentiation like phorbol ester 67346-49-0 or okadaic acidity can up-regulate p21 separately of p53 (for an assessment see reference point 16). (bio2009.org)

Many aspects of Hes expression are regulated by Notch signaling, which mediates cell-cell communication. (biologists.com)
By activating Cdc42, FGD1 protein stimulates fibroblasts to form filopodia, cytoskeletal elements involved in cellular signaling, adhesion, and migration. (mhmedical.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs179

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Phenomena and Processes39

Information Science3

Protein kinases4

PAKs9

Serine8

Proteins21

Extracellular11

Pathway19

GTPases10

Pathways8

Inhibitors7

MAPK2

Tyrosine6

Pak110

Phosphorylation3

Downstream3

Transcriptional4

Effectors2

Proliferation7

Effector3

Gene8

Apoptosis5

Receptor5

Cdc42 and Rac1

Transcription6

GTPase1

Oncogenic1

Receptors1

Upstream3

Metastasis1

Activation5

Cyclin2

Biological2

Signals2

Inhibitor1

Progression1

Mitosis2

Inhibition1

Motility2

Lipid1

Negatively1

Inhibits1

Focal1

Molecules2

Mammalian2

Invasion1

Homology1

Cell cycle arrest1

Signaling2