Family of proteases. Medical search. Frequent questions

In biology and biochemistry , protease inhibitors , or antiproteases , [1] are molecules that inhibit the function of proteases ( enzymes that aid the breakdown of proteins ). (wikipedia.org)
Many naturally occurring protease inhibitors are proteins . (wikipedia.org)
Protease inhibitors may be classified either by the type of protease they inhibit, or by their mechanism of action. (wikipedia.org)
In 2004 Rawlings and colleagues introduced a classification of protease inhibitors based on similarities detectable at the level of amino acid sequence. (wikipedia.org)
[4] This classification initially identified 48 families of inhibitors that could be grouped into 26 related superfamily (or clans) by their structure. (wikipedia.org)
According to the MEROPS database there are now 81 families of inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
These families are named with an I followed by a number, for example, I14 contains hirudin -like inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
This is a family of protease suicide inhibitors called the serpins . (wikipedia.org)
It contains inhibitors of multiple cysteine and serine protease families. (wikipedia.org)
Disruption of the natural equilibria between proteases and their cognate inhibitors is a common feature of inflammatory disease. (ddw-online.com)
Although protease inhibition has been standard therapy for hereditary emphysema patients for many years, it is only recent studies that have predicted a further and more broad-based role for protease inhibitors in the treatment of respiratory disease. (ddw-online.com)
In contrast to current anti-inflammatory respiratory therapeutics, certain small molecule and protein protease inhibitors also have the capacity to inhibit directly the chronic airway remodelling and lung degeneration mediated by uncontrolled proteolytic activity. (ddw-online.com)
T o many, the age of blockbuster protease inhibitor therapeutics was heralded by the approval of aspartyl protease inhibitors for the treatment of HIV infection. (ddw-online.com)
Indeed, this major success story of the pharmaceutical industry has led to multiple protease inhibitor programmes geared towards the development of novel protease inhibitors that target further viral proteolytic enzymes, such as the NS3 protease of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the rhinovirus, or common cold virus 3C protease. (ddw-online.com)
Prior to these more recent developments, however, protease inhibitors were already in common usage for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure and, by virtue of sales in the $ billions per annum during the 1980s, these angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were the blockbuster drugs of their time. (ddw-online.com)
Shown in Table 1 are the key members of the large families of approved aspartyl protease inhibitors that comprise the anti-hypertensive and anti-HIV therapeutics (1). (ddw-online.com)
Despite the proven market potential of protease inhibitors, outside of the above two categories, the list of FDA-approved protease inhibitors is a short list indeed. (ddw-online.com)
As Table 1 also shows, the only other protease inhibitors that are FDA-approved for human use are the protein therapeutic serine protease inhibitors, Trasylol, used in heart bypass surgery, and then a growing family of plasma-derived human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitors. (ddw-online.com)
A structural study on the coronavirus main protease 3CL pro inhibitor complex established designing of broad-spectrum halomethyl ketone inhibitors to the Coronaviridae family and demonstrated that these inhibitors form a thioether linkage with high affinity to the target 3 . (nature.com)
Hilgenfeld's group reported earlier that a structure-based design of peptidomimetic α-ketoamides are also effective broad-spectrum inhibitors to the main and 3C protease of coronaviruses and enteroviruses as demonstrated by crystal structure of inhibitor-protease complex 4 . (nature.com)
Ritonavir, indinavir, and saquinavir, all human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors with a potent antiviral effect during triple therapy, are extensively metabolized by liver cytochrome P450 3A4. (aspetjournals.org)
As this P450 isoform is involved in the metabolism of about 50% of drugs, coadministration of protease inhibitors with other drugs may lead to serious effects due to enzyme inhibition. (aspetjournals.org)
In this study, metabolic interactions between these protease inhibitors and methadone or buprenorphine were studied in vitro in a panel of 13 human liver microsomes. (aspetjournals.org)
In brief, caution should be advised if human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors are coadministered with methadone and buprenorphine. (aspetjournals.org)
These drugs, namely ritonavir, indinavir, and saquinavir, are potent and specific inhibitors of HIV-1 protease, one of the major enzymes encoded by the retrovirus. (aspetjournals.org)
Mello and Mendelson, 1980 ), are likely to be coadministered with protease inhibitors to acquired acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. (aspetjournals.org)
1997a ), these two drugs are potential candidates to interact with protease inhibitors. (aspetjournals.org)
The aim of this study was to compare the inhibitory potential of the HIV protease inhibitors ritonavir, indinavir, and saquinavir against methadone and buprenorphine N -dealkylations catalyzed by P450 3A4 in a panel of human liver microsomes. (aspetjournals.org)
As the prediction of in vivo metabolic drug interaction from in vitro data has made significant advances in the last decade ( Bertz and Granneman, 1997 ), in vitro data allow us to estimate the likelihood of metabolic interactions between three protease inhibitors and two opioid substitutes. (aspetjournals.org)
Stock solutions of protease inhibitors were 1 mM ritonavir in methanol, 1 mM saquinavir, and 1 mM indinavir both in H 2 O/acetonitrile (1/1, v/v). (aspetjournals.org)
Five cryogenic X-ray structures were solved of the monomeric protease with allosteric inhibitors bound to the dimer interface site. (rcsb.org)
Distinct coordinated movements captured by the allosteric inhibitors were also revealed as alternative states in room-temperature X-ray data and comparative analyses of other dimeric herpesvirus proteases. (rcsb.org)
Protease assays are widely used for the investigation of protease inhibitors and the detection of protease activities. (stratech.co.uk)
Because the cleave step results in infectious viral particles, Drugs called protease inhibitors can interfere with this step of the viral life cycle and further prevent HIV infection progressing. (proteopedia.org)
It was also fueled by the fact that a lot of those early drugs, especially in the 1990s and early 2000s, were quite toxic - drugs like zidovudine (AZT) , stavudine (d4T), didanosine (ddI) , and the early protease inhibitors . (medscape.com)
Current or planned use of one or more of the following HIV medications: HIV protease inhibitors, HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, elvitegravir/cobicistat, or bictegravir. (who.int)

Phylogenetic analyses also reveal separate grouping of digestive trypsinogens, TLPs and other serine proteases. (sicb.org)
In biochemistry , serine proteases or serine endopeptidases (newer name) are a class of peptidases ( enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins ) that are characterised by the presence of a serine residue in the active site of the enzyme . (bionity.com)
Serine proteases are grouped into clans that share structural homology and then further subgrouped into families that share close sequence homology. (bionity.com)
Serine proteases participate in a wide range of functions in the body, including blood clotting , immunity , and inflammation , as well as contributing to digestive enzymes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (bionity.com)
The three serine proteases of the chymotrypsin-like clan that have been studied in greatest detail are chymotrypsin , trypsin , and elastase . (bionity.com)
Acid proteases secreted into the stomach (such as pepsin) and serine proteases present in duodenum (trypsin and chymotrypsin) enable us to digest the protein in food. (stratech.co.uk)
A family of serine proteases with specificity for proline-specific cleavage of peptides that are not longer than 30 amino acids. (bvsalud.org)
Wang S, Olt S, Schoefmann N, Stuetz A, Winiski A, Wolff-Winiski B. SPINK5 knockdown in organotypic human skin culture as a model system for Netherton syndrome: effect of genetic inhibition of serine proteases kallikrein 5 and kallikrein 7. (medscape.com)

Rhomboids are an ancient and conserved family of intramembrane-cleaving proteases, a small group of proteolytic enzymes capable of hydrolyzing a peptide bond within a transmembrane helix that anchors a substrate protein to the membrane. (ulaval.ca)
Recent progress in the identification and partial characterization of novel genes encoding cysteine proteases of the papain family has considerably increased our knowledge of this family of enzymes. (canada.ca)
Kinetic data available to date for this large family indicate relatively broad, overlapping specificities for most enzymes, thus inspiring a growing conviction that they may exhibit functional redundancy. (canada.ca)
New evidence suggests that St. John's Wort can induce a family of liver enzymes known as P450 enzymes that are responsible for breaking down (metabolizing) a large number of prescription drugs. (citizen.org)
These studies reveal a coordinated dynamic network of atomic communication linking cryptic binding site occupancy and allosteric inactivation of KHSV Pr that can be exploited to target other members of this clinically relevant family of enzymes. (rcsb.org)
The triad is located in the active site of the enzyme, where catalysis occurs, and is preserved in all serine protease enzymes. (bionity.com)
Proteases, also known as peptidases or proteolytic enzymes, are a large group of enzymes. (stratech.co.uk)
Proteases determine the lifetime of other proteins playing an important physiological role like hormones, antibodies, or other enzymes-this is one of the fastest "switching on" and "switching off" regulatory mechanisms in the physiology of an organism. (stratech.co.uk)
Pol gene on the other hand codes for three essential enzymes which are Reverse Transcriptase (RT), Integrase (IN) and Protease (PR), among other proteins. (proteopedia.org)
The CTSD gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called cathepsin D. Cathepsin D is one of a family of cathepsin proteins that act as protease enzymes, which modify proteins by cutting them apart. (medlineplus.gov)

The crystal structure of a cysteine protease ervatamin B, isolated from the medicinal plant Ervatamia coronaria, has been determined at 1.63 A. The unknown primary structure of the enzyme could also be traced from the high-quality electron density map. (rcsb.org)

ClpP is an ATP-dependent protease that cleaves a number of proteins, such as casein and albumin. (wikipedia.org)
A number of the proteins in this family are classified as non-peptidase homologues as they have been found experimentally to be without peptidase activity, or lack amino acid residues that are believed to be essential for catalytic activity. (wikipedia.org)
A well-known example of an aspartate protease is pepsin, which is found in the stomach and plays a crucial role in the digestion of proteins. (expasy.org)
Bacteria also secrete proteases to hydrolyze (digest) the peptide bonds in proteins and therefore break the proteins down into their constituent monomers (amino acids). (stratech.co.uk)
Bacterial and fungal proteases are particularly important to the global carbon and nitrogen cycles in the recycling of proteins, and such activity tends to be regulated by nutritional signals in these organisms. (stratech.co.uk)
The net impact of nutritional regulation of protease activity among the thousands of species present in soil can be observed at the overall microbial community level as proteins are broken down in response to carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur limitation. (stratech.co.uk)
HIV-1 protease cleaves an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) precursor proteins, such as cleaving the env protein , glycoprotein (GP) 160 , into gp41 and gp120 . (proteopedia.org)
In other words, HIV-1 protease is responsible for maturation of the virion by cleaving proteins into their mature form. (proteopedia.org)
HIV-1 Protease acts as 'chemical scissors' to cleave the polyproteins into functional constituent proteins. (proteopedia.org)

For the drugs used to treat viral infections, see protease inhibitor (pharmacology) . (wikipedia.org)
In medicine , protease inhibitor is often used interchangeably with alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT, which is abbreviated PI for this reason). (wikipedia.org)
[3] A1AT is indeed the protease inhibitor most often involved in disease, namely in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency . (wikipedia.org)
The peptidase inhibitor I9 family contains the propeptide domain at the N-terminus of peptidases belonging to MEROPS family S8A, subtilisins . (wikipedia.org)
Genetic and metabolic status of NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons saved by an inhibitor of ICE family proteases. (rupress.org)
We used an inhibitor to examine the function of interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE) family proteases during sympathetic neuronal death and to assess the metabolic and genetic status of neurons saved by such inhibition. (rupress.org)
Bocaspartyl(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (BAF), a cell-permeable inhibitor of the ICE family of cysteine proteases, inhibited ICE and CPP32 (IC50 approximately 4 microM) in vitro and blocked Fas-mediated apoptosis in thymocytes (EC50 approximately 10 microM). (rupress.org)
DDL-701 thus represents a drug that can immediately be repurposed and undergo clinical evaluation as a PL pro inhibitor that may be most effectively used in a protease inhibitor cocktail with an M pro inhibitor such as nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) for the treatment of COVID-19. (biorxiv.org)
This article outlines how proteases are involved in virtually all respiratory diseases studied to date and, consequently, why lung disease, and particularly COPD, represents a huge but largely untapped market for protease inhibitor therapeutics. (ddw-online.com)
pro provides a basis for designing of a potent inhibitor to the protease with a marked tropism to the lung and with ease of administration through inhalation . (nature.com)

1IWD: Proposed Amino Acid Sequence and the 1.63 Angstrom X-ray Crystal Structure of a Plant Cysteine Protease Ervatamin B: Insight into the Structural Basis of its Stability and Substrate Specificity. (rcsb.org)

SARS-CoV-2 requires two cysteine proteases for viral polypeptide processing to allow maturation and replication: the 3C-like protease also known as the Main protease (M pro ) and the papain-like protease (PL pro ). (biorxiv.org)
The 3CL protease of coronaviruses facilitates viral assembly by cleaving polyproteins and most active compounds prevent disease progression by inhibiting viral proteases 5 . (nature.com)
HIV-1 Protease is a viral aspartic protease that responsible for maturation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) . (proteopedia.org)
The new viral particles cannot enter the host cell without maturation which require HIV-encoded protease. (proteopedia.org)

A family of aspartic proteases an. (unige.ch)
Aspartic proteases are important virulence factors in pathogens like HIV, Candida albicans or Plasmodium falciparum. (unige.ch)
We report here the identification of seven putative aspartic proteases, TgASP1 to TgASP7, in the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. (unige.ch)
Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analysis of the TgASPs and other aspartic proteases from related Apicomplexa suggests the existence of five distinct groups of aspartic proteases with different evolutionary lineages. (unige.ch)
histidine (His 57), serine (Ser 195) (hence the name "serine protease") and aspartic acid (Asp 102). (bionity.com)
Mechanism These proteases are characterized by a conserved motif known as a catalytic dyad consisting of two aspartic acid residues or one glutamic and one aspartic acid residues. (expasy.org)

further, we discuss the aspects of their biology that are bound to introduce new paradigm shifts in our understanding of how the organelle uses this unique type of protease to govern stress, signaling to the nucleus, and other key mitochondrial activities in health and disease. (ulaval.ca)

A BLAST search of internal peptide sequences obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis suggested that the enzyme belonged to the GH27 family. (nih.gov)
Moreover, the isolated enzyme displayed remarkable resistance to acid proteases, neutral proteases and pepsin. (nih.gov)
Using the dimeric protease (Pr) from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) as a model system, we sought to dissect a putative allosteric network linking a cryptic site at the dimerization interface to enzyme function. (rcsb.org)
Located very near one another near the heart of the enzyme, these three key amino acids each play an essential role in the cleaving ability of the proteases. (bionity.com)
A protease is an enzyme that conducts proteolysis, i.e., the protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain which form the protein. (stratech.co.uk)
MYORG is a member of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 31 (GH31) and, like the other mammalian GH31 enzyme α-glucosidase II, this enzyme is found in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (bvsalud.org)

Retroviral aspartyl protease is synthesized as part of the POL polyprotein that contains an aspartyl protease, a reverse transcriptase, RNase H, and an integrase. (nih.gov)

The PARL family of mitochondrial rhomboid proteases. (ulaval.ca)
This '1+6' structure, which is shared only among mitochondrial rhomboids, defines a subfamily of rhomboids with the prototypical family member being mammalian Parl. (ulaval.ca)
ATP-dependent Clp protease (ClpP), a mitochondrial matrix protease, plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial protein turnover and bioenergetics activity. (springer.com)
An interconnected highly integrated system of mitochondrial and cytosolic chaperones and proteases along with the fission/fusion machinery represents the surveillance scaffold of mitostasis. (hindawi.com)

In order to address this issue we have concentrated on the subtilisin-like serine protease encoding gene ABNORMAL LEAF-SHAPE1 . (biologists.com)
Subtilisin is a serine protease in prokaryotes . (bionity.com)

Thus, many drug designs or much pharmaceutical research conduct by understanding the structure of HIV-1 protease active site and by inhibition of its activity disrupts HIV's ability to replicate and infect additional cells. (proteopedia.org)

2sigma(F). The protein belongs to the papain superfamily of cysteine proteases and has some unique properties compared to other members of the family. (rcsb.org)
Overview of the Structural Clusters (SC) and Functional Families within this CATH Superfamily. (cathdb.info)

Retropepsins_like_LTR, pepsin-like aspartate proteases. (nih.gov)
Retropepsin of retrotransposons with long terminal repeats are pepsin-like aspartate proteases. (nih.gov)

Activation of ICE-family proteases/caspases initiates apoptosis in mammalian cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
These substances include apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), apoptosis protease activating factor 1 (apaf 1), cytochrome c and members of the protease family: the caspases. (lu.se)

Provided these improvements, the structural modification resulted in loss of some inhibitory activities against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 and 3C proteases of enteroviruses as evidenced by increased IC 50 value. (nature.com)

Attachment of a protease to a certain group depends on the structure of catalytic site and the amino acid (as one of the constituents) essential for its activity. (stratech.co.uk)
Proteases are involved in digesting long protein chains into short fragments, splitting the peptide bonds that link amino acid residues. (stratech.co.uk)
Proteases can either break specific peptide bonds, depending on the amino acid sequence of a protein, or break down a complete peptide to amino acids. (stratech.co.uk)

The assay utilizes a fluorescent casein conjugate that is proven to be a generic substrate for a broad spectrum of proteases (e.g. trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin, proteinase K, protease XIV, and elastase). (stratech.co.uk)
Trypsin protease that presumably plays an important role in the initiation of the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) complement activation pathway. (lu.se)

Heart muscle cells die en masse after injury, yet the adult mammalian heart retains little capacity to regenerate them. (natureasia.com)

This is also supported in part by phenotypes of cathepsin knockout mice and suggests that several proteases can substitute for each other to degrade or process a given substrate. (canada.ca)
Other proteases are present in leukocytes (elastase and cathepsin G) and play several different roles in metabolic control. (stratech.co.uk)

Aspartate proteases in viruses act in the processing of polyproteins whereas glutamic proteases are involved in virion maturation. (expasy.org)

In molecular biology, the CLP protease family is a family of serine peptidases belong to the MEROPS peptidase family S14 (ClpP endopeptidase family, clan SK). (wikipedia.org)
This group of aspartate peptidases is classified by MEROPS as the peptidase family A2 (retropepsin family, clan AA), subfamily A2A. (nih.gov)

We present the proteolytic maturation and subcellular localization of this protease through the cell cycle. (unige.ch)

Calpain represents a family group of Ca2+-dependent cytosolic cysteine proteases found in almost all eukaryotes and some bacteria, and is involved in a variety of biological phenomena, including brain function. (ecolowood.com)

Family C1 cysteine proteases : biological diversity or redundancy? (canada.ca)
A 65-19-0 combination of this method with other analytical methods would contribute to elucidation of the biological relevance of the calpain family. (ecolowood.com)
Monitoring various protease activities has become a routine task for many biological laboratories. (stratech.co.uk)

In addition, acidic protease promoted the hydrolysis of RFOs by HEG. (nih.gov)
Protease-catalyzed hydrolysis relieves its quenching effect, yielding brightly fluorescent dye-labeled short peptides. (stratech.co.uk)
Crystal Structures of Highly Constrained Substrate and Hydrolysis Products Bound to HIV-1 Protease. (proteopedia.org)

some variants are more sensitive to proteases than others, hence the name: variably protease-sensitive. (msdmanuals.com)

In addition, differences in cellular distribution and intracellular localization may contribute to defining specific functional roles for some of these proteases. (canada.ca)

Proteases highly similar to ClpP have been found to be encoded in the genome of bacteria, in the mitochondria of metazoa, some viruses and in the chloroplast of plants. (wikipedia.org)
The genome products (red circle) that require protease to process. (proteopedia.org)

This family includes PinA, which inhibits the endopeptidase La. It binds to the La homotetramer but does not interfere with the ATP binding site or the active site of La. (wikipedia.org)

Crystal structures of the recombinant β-factor XIIa protease with bound Thr-Arg and Pro-Arg substrate mimetics. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Bacterial exotoxic proteases destroy extracellular structures. (stratech.co.uk)

An evolutionary history reconstructed for the family Camelidae based on cytb sequences suggested that the split of bactrian camel and dromedary 156897-06-2 IC50 may have occurred in North America before the tribe Camelini migrated from North America to Asia. (thetechnoant.info)

A secreted bacterial protease may also act as an exotoxin, and be an example of a virulence factor in bacterial pathogenesis. (stratech.co.uk)

The ancestral gene that gave rise to the AFGP gene was that of a trypsinogen-like protease (TLP), but whether TLP is the trypsinogen that performs digestive function in the notothenioids is not known. (sicb.org)
significantly, and nd1 gene has not been seen as polymorphic as the rest of ND family genes among camelids. (thetechnoant.info)
[ 18 ] Mutations in the SPINK5 gene in 13 families with Netherton syndrome were later reported. (medscape.com)

It exists as a heterodimer of ATP-binding regulatory A and catalytic P subunits, both of which are required for effective levels of protease activity in the presence of ATP, although the P subunit alone does possess some catalytic activity. (wikipedia.org)
The Clp protease has an active site catalytic triad. (nih.gov)
In E. coli Clp protease, ser-111, his-136 and asp-185 form the catalytic triad. (nih.gov)
Proteases are divided into four major groups according to the character of their catalytic active site and conditions of action. (stratech.co.uk)

We have now cloned and sequenced full length cDNA of both pancreatic TLPs and digestive trypsinogens across notothenioid families, thereby establishing that they are two distinct groups of pancreatic proteases. (sicb.org)

Belongs to peptidase family S1. (lu.se)

Here, the authors hide the P2-P3 amide bond into a pyridone ring to prevent it from cleavage by cellular proteases so that its plasma half-life is increased. (nature.com)

Proteases are used throughout an organism for various metabolic processes. (stratech.co.uk)

Background The family Camelidae has two Old World (tribe Camelina) species, bactrian camel ( Camelus bactrianus ) and dromedary 156897-06-2 IC50 ( C. dromedaries ), and four New World (tribe Lamini) species, guanaco ( Lama guanico e), llama ( L. glama ), alpaca ( L. pacos ) and vicuna ( L. vicugna or Vicugna vicugna ) at present time [1,2]. (thetechnoant.info)

The structure of the calicivirus capsid exemplified by a cryo- family. (cdc.gov)

The information is first arranged by families of drugs. (citizen.org)

role that the p94 molecule plays is not fully understood, it is possible that the dys-trophic muscle phenotype observed in LGMD2A is the result of accumulated losses in cellular responses to various physiological perturbations because p94 lacks its protease activity. (ecolowood.com)
By complex cooperative action the proteases may proceed as cascade reactions, which result in rapid and efficient amplification of an organism's response to a physiological signal. (stratech.co.uk)

PepChip Protease is a peptide microarray service or rapid protease characterization. (mimotopes.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms15

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs152

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes51

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Inhibitors36

Serine proteases8

Enzymes10

Crystal structure of a cysteine protease1

Proteins9

Inhibitor10

Cysteine protease1

Viral4

Aspartic6

Type of protease1

Enzyme6

Retroviral1

Mitochondrial4

Subtilisin2

Inhibition1

Superfamily2

Pepsin2

Apoptosis2

Inhibitory1

Acid3

Trypsin2

Mammalian1

Cathepsin2

Polyproteins1

Peptidases2

Maturation1

Cytosolic1

Biological3

Hydrolysis3

Hence the name1

Localization1

Genome2

Endopeptidase1

Structures2

Evolutionary1

Virulence1

Gene3

Catalytic4

Digestive1

Peptidase family1

Cleavage1

Metabolic1

Species1

Capsid1

Drugs1

Physiological2

Characterization1