Family of cytokines. Medical search. Frequent questions

Within each square, the full name of the cytokine is listed, along with its alternate names, a symbol to signify its structure, and the receptors that it utilizes to activate downstream signaling. (rndsystems.com)
The receptors for these cytokines contain extracellular Ig-like domains, similar to the IL-1 R family, but they have cytoplasmic domains with tyrosine kinase activity. (rndsystems.com)
Despite this, some members of the family are anti-inflammatory, such as IL-37, or act as antagonists of receptors that modulate inflammation driven by IL-1 itself. (researchsquare.com)
Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm and therefore typically exert their functions by interacting with specific cytokine receptors on the target cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
This webinar will discuss the critical biological roles and therapeutic applications of γc cytokines and receptors. (news-medical.net)
This may include the upregulation and/or downregulation of several genes and their transcription factors , in turn resulting in the production of other cytokines, an increase in the number of surface receptors for other molecules, or the suppression of their own effect by feedback inhibition . (wikidoc.org)
IL-17 and its receptor are founding members of an emerging family of cytokines and receptors with many unique characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)
This may include the regulation of several genes , the production of other cytokines, or an increase in surface receptors for other molecules. (wikipedia.org)
The cytokine family operates through a common theme of binding private receptors for each ligand before engaging the common γ c receptor to induce signaling. (biorxiv.org)
Cytokine receptors are integral components of the immune system and play a crucial role in cell signaling. (indigobiosciences.com)
These receptors are found on the surface of various cells and are activated by cytokines, which are small proteins involved in cell-to-cell communication. (indigobiosciences.com)
When cytokines bind to their respective receptors on the cell surface, they initiate a cascade of events within the cell. (indigobiosciences.com)
By modulating these signaling pathways, cytokine receptors help coordinate immune responses, inflammation, and other physiological processes. (indigobiosciences.com)
Dysregulation or malfunctioning of cytokine receptors can lead to immune disorders, autoimmune diseases, and other pathological conditions. (indigobiosciences.com)
2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
Belongs to the type I cytokine family of receptors. (lu.se)

Proteins in this family form homotrimers or in some cases, heterotrimers, and share a common extracellular domain known as the TNF homology domain (THD). (rndsystems.com)
Cytokines in the TNF superfamily bind to oligomeric, type I or type II transmembrane proteins that have multiple extracellular cysteine-rich domains. (rndsystems.com)
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5-25 kDa) important in cell signaling. (wikipedia.org)
We measured changes in Gc messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis and levels of secreted protein resulting from treatment of hepatocytes with cytokines and hormones known to influence synthesis of other proteins of hepatic origin. (nih.gov)
Cytokines are a group of proteins and peptides that are used in organisms as signaling compounds. (wikidoc.org)
The cytokine family consists mainly of smaller water-soluble proteins and glycoproteins (proteins with an added sugar chain) with a mass of between 8 and 30 kDa. (wikidoc.org)
Now new research has looked at the progression of a coronavirus infection in mice and found the cytokine storm is a vicious cycle, which leads to the overproduction of two signalling proteins called tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (INF)-gamma. (freerepublic.com)
Cytokines are small proteins that are secreted by immune cells and help ensure a rapid response to restrict a virus. (freerepublic.com)
[ 1 ] Neutrophils move to the site of invasion by means of chemotaxis, which occurs in response to microbial products, activated complement proteins, and cytokines. (medscape.com)
Taken together these studies indicate that, in addition to other inflammatory mediators and acute phase proteins, cytokines and chemokines are produced by hepatocytes, which may participate in hepatotoxic responses. (cdc.gov)
Samples were tested for cytokine production, markers of gut barrier integrity, metabolite profiles, and analysis of the fecal proteins (fecal proteomics). (medscape.com)
Among TLR family members, TLR4 has unique dual signaling capabilities due to the recruitment of two adapter proteins, myeloid differentiation marker 88 (MyD88) and interferon-ß adapter inducer containing the toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain (TRIF). (bvsalud.org)
STING helps produce beta-interferon, a member of a class of proteins called cytokines that promote inflammation. (medlineplus.gov)
Demographic and that this particular family of angiogenic clinical data were collected during routine proteins plays an important role in placental obstetric visits. (who.int)

Despite this, inflammation exacerbation is sometimes also attributed to IL-1 cytokines, although some others down-regulate inflammation or produce Th2 responses, which need to be further clarified in the CL. (researchsquare.com)
Cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) can be generated by inflammatory and nonimmune cells in response to inflammation, tissue injury, microbial invasion, and immunological reactions ( Dinarello, 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
Some cytokines have been found to trigger inflammation, which explains the high cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients. (freerepublic.com)
The study found that the cytokine PANoptosis was the main source fueling the inflammation through cell death and inflammatory molecules. (freerepublic.com)
The research concludes that the cytokine-mediated inflammatory cell death process caused by PANoptosis is at the center of the inflammation damage. (freerepublic.com)
The cytokine storm releases more cytokines, intensifying systemic inflammation and resulting in more inflammatory molecules. (freerepublic.com)
Many cytokine inhibitors are already on the market and can be used for potential treatment of inflammation, making these findings a crucial next step in the fight against COVID-19. (freerepublic.com)
Increased interest in the IL-1 family occurred following the discovery that dysregulation of IL-1 signalling underlies the pathogenesis of several monogenic autoinflammatory diseases, characterized by sterile inflammation involving the skin and other organs. (unicatt.it)
Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mice developed exacerbated inflammation and joint damage in response to gp130 cytokine injections, and these histopathologic features were also observed in mice with inflammatory monarthritis. (nih.gov)
2,6 More refined analysis of local vascular inflammation and the cytokines expressed in atherosclerotic plaques revealed that there is a balance between pro-inflammatory and anti- inflammatory cytokines and that this balance is crucial for lesion development ( Figure 2A). (researchgate.net)
During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
4] After allergen exposure, that produced exceptionally large quantities of airway inflammation is orchestrated mainly by cytokine IL-9. (cdc.gov)
A member of the S100 PROTEIN FAMILY that regulates INFLAMMATION and the immune response. (bvsalud.org)

The Periodic Table of Cytokine and Chemokine Families poster includes members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, and cytokines belonging to the different families of interleukins, interferons, and chemokines. (rndsystems.com)
The final family of interleukins shown in the poster is the IL-17 family cytokines listed in column 10. (rndsystems.com)
Cytokines include chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumour necrosis factors, but generally not hormones or growth factors (despite some overlap in the terminology). (wikipedia.org)
Some well-known cytokines include interferon , prostaglandin and interleukins . (wikipedia.org)
interleukins, macrophage- associated cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), interferon (IFN)-g and colony stimulating factors (CSFs) have emerged as key factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (researchgate.net)

Hepatocytes, as well as nonparenchymal cells, secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are involved in the pathology of many liver diseases. (cdc.gov)
In particular, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), as well as members of the CXC family of chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-8 in humans and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in rodents, have been implicated in both damage and repair processes associated with various hepatotoxins. (cdc.gov)

Here, we have evaluated transcriptional and cytokine secretion profiles and detected a distinct upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in infected cell cultures and samples taken from infected patients. (nature.com)
Thus, blockade of activating FcγR inhibits binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes. (academie-medecine.fr)
In conditions such as like ITP that is autoantibody-mediated, IVIG Fc fragmentmediated competitive blockade of activating FcγR might inhibit: binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes [1, 12]. (academie-medecine.fr)
In the liver, cytokine secretion is usually associated with nonparenchymal cells, particularly Kupffer cells. (cdc.gov)
In the present studies, cytokine gene expression and secretion were investigated in hepatocytes treated with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) or vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). (cdc.gov)
Pathophysiologically, asthma exert different effects at different concentrations, can is characterized by constriction of airway smooth synergize or antagonize the effects of other cytokines muscle, hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway and regulated in a complex manner and function via hyper responsiveness (AHR),[3] mucus secretion and cytokine cascade. (cdc.gov)

These severe cases are often associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low antiviral responses, which can cause systemic complications. (nature.com)

Proinflammatory cytokines, as well as inflammatory mediators such as bradykinins and prostaglandins, play a crucial role in sensitizing nociceptors directly or indirectly through the trigger of various molecular mechanisms that lead to hyperalgesia or hypernociception [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Aberrantly expressed cytokines in the bone marrow (BM) niche are increasingly recognized as critical mediators of survival and expansion of leukemic stem cells. (haematologica.org)

In samples from patients in the arthralgic conva- analyzed serum cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor lescent phase, we noted increases in IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, levels in travelers returning to Germany from Australia. (cdc.gov)
The term chemokine refers to a specific class of cytokines that mediates chemoattraction ( chemotaxis ) between cells. (wikidoc.org)
It recruits LEUKOCYTES, promotes cytokine and chemokine production, and regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration. (bvsalud.org)

Essentially, cytokines are not limited to their immunomodulatory status as molecules. (wikipedia.org)
It is now used largely for designation of newer cytokine molecules and bears little relation to their presumed function. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokines are a group of signalling molecules made by cells . (wikipedia.org)

Structural homogeneity has been able to partially distinguish between cytokines that do not demonstrate a considerable degree of redundancy so that they can be classified into four types: The four-α-helix bundle family (InterPro: IPR009079): member cytokines have three-dimensional structures with a bundle of four α-helices. (wikipedia.org)
The four α-helix bundle family - Member cytokines have three-dimensional structures with four bundles of α-helices . (wikidoc.org)
the IL-17 family - It has yet to be completely characterized, though member cytokines have a specific effect in promoting proliferation of T-cells that cause cytotoxic effects. (wikidoc.org)

Cytokines work by signal transduction . (wikipedia.org)

It comprises several cytokines, including those belonging to the IL-1, IL-36 and IL-18 subfamilies, as well as IL-33. (unicatt.it)
Using a novel neuronal culture assay, I have identified several cytokines that regulate the expression of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in sympathetic neurons. (caltech.edu)

Therefore, we investigated travelers returning to Germany proinflammatory cytokine serum concentrations during the from Australia with epidemic polyarthritis resulting from prolonged arthralgic convalescence phase strengthen the RRV infection. (cdc.gov)
The hemocyanin-mediated proinflammatory cytokine response was impaired when using deglycosylated FLH and KLH compared to CCH. (bvsalud.org)

The widespread distribution of cellular sources for cytokines may be a feature that differentiates them from hormones. (wikipedia.org)
A contributing factor to the difficulty of distinguishing cytokines from hormones is that some immunomodulating effects of cytokines are systemic (i.e., affecting the whole organism) rather than local. (wikipedia.org)
While hormones are released from specific organs into the blood and neurotransmitters are released by nerves, cytokines are released by many types of cells. (wikidoc.org)
The prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) gene families represent species-specific expansions of pregnancy-associated hormones/cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) are hormones/cytokines responsible for the coordination of a wide range of biological processes in vertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
They can act as classic endocrine modulators (hormones) via entry into the circulation or locally (cytokines) through juxtacrine, paracrine and autocrine modes of action. (biomedcentral.com)

Cytokines have been shown to be involved in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling as immunomodulating agents. (wikipedia.org)
For instance, to accurately utilize hormone terminology, cytokines may be autocrine or paracrine in nature, and chemotaxis, chemokinesis and endocrine as a pyrogen. (wikipedia.org)

MONROVIA, Calif., November 07, 2022 --( BUSINESS WIRE )--Xencor, Inc. (NASDAQ:XNCR), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing engineered antibodies and cytokines for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases, today announced topline clinical data from its Phase 1a single-dose, healthy volunteer study of XmAb ® 564, in development for patients with autoimmune diseases. (yahoo.com)
Cytokines binding to antibodies paradoxically have a stronger immune effect than the cytokine alone. (wikidoc.org)

γc family cytokines generally activate three major signaling pathways (PI3K-Akt, RAS-MAPK, and JAK-STAT) to regulate the development, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and function of cells in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. (news-medical.net)
Cytokines that bind to the common γ-chain (γ c ) receptor, including interleukin (IL)-2, 4, 7, 9, 15, and 21, are a critical hub in modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses ( 1 ) . (biorxiv.org)

We also identified the specific cytokines that activate inflammatory cell death pathways and have considerable potential for treatment of COVID-19. (freerepublic.com)
However, the exact pathways that initiate the cytokines and the molecular mechanisms behind them was unknown. (freerepublic.com)
Several therapeutic agents have been developed to inhibit the IL-1 family members and their signalling pathways. (unicatt.it)
The aim of this review is to thoroughly describe the consequences of pathological dysregulation of the IL-1, IL-33, IL-36 and IL-18 pathways in dermatological conditions and to provide a forward-looking update on therapeutic strategies targeting signalling by IL-1 family cytokines. (unicatt.it)

Activation of NF-kB prevents apoptosis in response to the tumor necrosis factor family of cytokines. (medscape.com)
Cells that retain IKK activity may produce additional cytokines that trigger apoptosis in neighboring IKK-deficient cells, thus creating an amplification loop that eventually results in the death of all of the IKK-deficient cells. (medscape.com)

These results indicate that Gc protein appears to be regulated differently than the other members of this gene family, albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which are negative acute phase reactants. (nih.gov)
The encoded protein is a subunit of the receptor for interleukin 20, a cytokine that may be involved in epidermal function. (nih.gov)

Members of the IL-1 R family contain extracellular Ig-like domains and mediate signaling through an intracellular Toll/IL-1 R (TIR) domain. (rndsystems.com)
Substrate recognition by either RNA or DNA sensors leads to signaling cascades that activate two major branches of the innate immune response, the type I/III IFN response and the inflammatory cytokine response (reviewed in ref. 11 ). (nature.com)
To examine the impact of the gp130 cytokine family on murine articular cartilage and to explore a potential regulatory role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) in murine chondrocytes. (nih.gov)
In wild-type (WT) mouse chondrocytes, baseline receptor expression levels and gp130 cytokine-induced JAK/STAT signaling were determined by flow cytometry, and expression of SOCS-3 was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (nih.gov)
Treatment of Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mouse cartilage explants and chondrocytes with gp130 cytokines prolonged JAK/STAT signaling, enhanced cartilage degradation, increased the expression of Adamts4, Adamts5, and RANKL, and elevated the production of IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, CXCL1, and CCL2. (nih.gov)
Within the gp130 cytokine family, OSM is a potent stimulus of chondrocyte responses, while IL-6 probably signals via trans-signaling. (nih.gov)
but as a heterodimer, they form a highly efficient functional unit that constitutes the most active signaling dimer in this family [ 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
A prominent phenotypic outcome of γ c receptor signaling is lymphoproliferation, and so the cytokines are often observed to be an endogenous or exogenous mechanism for altering the balance of immune cell types. (biorxiv.org)
The importance of these cytokines to immune homeostasis and challenges in altering their signaling toward specific therapeutic goals have inspired a variety of engineered forms. (biorxiv.org)
Unveil insights into cellular signaling and immune system function with Cytokine Receptor Assay Kits from INDIGO Biosciences. (indigobiosciences.com)
However, FLH activates a specific TRIF-dependent signaling pathway associated with cytokine expression and a pathway dependent on MyD88 and TRIF recruitment for antigen cross-presentation. (bvsalud.org)

In the present study, we investigated the effect of LPS on the releasing function of afferent terminals as measured by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release in ex vivo perfused rat trachea, and examined the possible role of the cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as intermediaries in this effect. (jneurosci.org)
These studies demonstrate that many in vivo effects of vaccination (apparent tumor cell death and loss of HER-2 expression) could be replicated in vitro using only the principle Th1 cytokines. (oncotarget.com)

A) The balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is crucial for lesion development and imbalance is colloquially referred to exacerbate atherosclerotic disease. (researchgate.net)

IL-27 is a recently identified heterodimeric cytokine produced in response to microbial and host derived inflammatory cues. (biomedcentral.com)

Each cytokine binds to a specific cell-surface receptor . (wikidoc.org)

The IL-1 family cytokines, represented by 11 members, play a central role in immune responses against infections caused by pathogens, but their contribution to CL exacerbation is widely discussed and poorly understood in humans. (researchsquare.com)
cytokines modulate the balance between humoral and cell-based immune responses, and they regulate the maturation, growth, and responsiveness of particular cell populations. (wikipedia.org)
The IL-1 family primarily plays a role in orchestrating innate immune responses, but is also involved in adaptive immunity. (unicatt.it)

Ligands for the class II cytokine receptor family includes the IL-10 family cytokines, along with the type I, type II, and type III interferons, which are shown in columns three, four, and nine of the poster. (rndsystems.com)

Each cytokine has a matching cell-surface receptor . (wikipedia.org)

The long-chain helical cytokine family includes the IL-6 family cytokines, G-CSF, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, growth hormone, prolactin, and leptin, which are shown in columns five through eight of the poster. (rndsystems.com)
It contains several non-immunological cytokines including erythropoietin (EPO) and thrombopoietin (THPO). (wikidoc.org)

This thesis describes the characterization of the interactions between the cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) and the cytokine-binding homology region (CHR) of its receptor gp130. (bl.uk)

For example, the secreted cytokines of type 1 CD4þ T-helper cells (T H 1 cells) such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, IFN-g, TNF-a and TNF-b are pro-inflammatory and exacerbate atherosclerotic disease, whereas T H 2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 are considered to be mainly atheroprotective and can counteract T H 1 cytokine activity/production. (researchgate.net)

In addition, I find that several members of the TGF-β superfamily, activin A, BMP-2, and BMP-6, have a selective overlap with the neuropoietic family in the spectrum of neuropeptides that these cytokines induce in sympathetic neurons. (caltech.edu)

In severe viral pneumonia, including Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the viral replication phase is often followed by hyperinflammation ('cytokine storm syndrome'), which can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and death. (stanford.edu)
who had serologic evidence for acute or recent RRV in- Cytokine Levels in Prolonged fection, as confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence as- say and virus neutralization assay ( 2 ) (Table). (cdc.gov)

Compared to other gp130 cytokines, OSM was the most potent activator of the JAK/STAT pathway and of SOCS-3 induction. (nih.gov)

In this study, we demonstrated an important modulation in the production of some IL-1 cytokines against L. braziliensis , a parasite with immunogenic potential that usually induces an intense inflammatory response, as well as the possible role of antimonial therapy in establishing an immune response less regulated and associated with resistance in patients who obtained clinical cure. (researchsquare.com)
The first group is termed the neuropoietic cytokines, while including CDF/LIF, CNTF, OSM and GPA, induces expression of the same set of neuropeptide mRNAs in cultured sympathetic neurons. (caltech.edu)

The term interleukin was initially used by researchers for those cytokines whose presumed targets are principally white blood cells (leukocytes). (wikipedia.org)
The inflammatory cytokine response is involved in the recruitment and activation of immune cells. (nature.com)
Cytokines are produced by a wide variety of cell types (both haemopoietic and non-haemopoietic) and can have effects on both nearby cells or throughout the organism. (wikidoc.org)
Cytokines carry signals locally between cells, and these signals have an effect on other cells. (wikipedia.org)
The cytokines are a large family of polypeptide regulators that are produced throughout the body by many groups of cells. (wikipedia.org)
One of these cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2, has potential as a therapy in autoimmunity but is limited in effectiveness by its modest specificity toward regulatory T cells (T reg s). (biorxiv.org)
Natural-killer (NK) cells are specialized lymphocytes that have cytotoxic properties in addition to their ability to produce cytokines that assist in the orchestration of adaptive immunity. (medscape.com)
To identify regulators of primitive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells, we performed a high-content cytokine screen using primary CD34 + CD38 low chronic phase CML cells. (haematologica.org)
2 1 There is growing evidence to suggest that primitive CML cells affect the bone marrow (BM) niche, contributing to deregulated cytokine levels. (haematologica.org)
Cytokines are essential for the function and maintenance of cells, and altered cytokine levels influence not only leukemic cells, but also the normal HSC within the BM. (haematologica.org)
T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)
However, more recent studies have revealed the potential collaboration of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. (cdc.gov)
The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious disease that presents an immune response marked by the activation of lymphocytes and production of cytokines, including those of the IL-1 family, which act as an important trigger for the activation of an effector immune response. (researchsquare.com)

Members of the common beta-chain family signal through heterodimeric receptor complexes that contain the common beta-chain subunit, while members of the common gamma-chain family signal through heterodimeric or heterotrimeric receptor complexes that contain the common gamma-chain subunit. (rndsystems.com)
Members of the IL-10 family cytokines have structural similarities and signal through heterodimeric receptor complexes with common subunits. (rndsystems.com)
Cytokine receptor-like factor 2 is the signal transducing subunit of the functional heterodimeric receptor for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)

In this sense, we examined whether analysis of the cytokine production profile of SP and PV patients would help to distinguish them, despite their clinical similarities. (nature.com)
Here we reported that SP patients exhibited decreased plasma levels of, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-12p70 and TNF-α when compared with PV patients, suggesting that analysis of the cytokine production profile may be an useful diagnostic biomarker to distinguish PV from SP patients. (nature.com)
Many of these effects are secondary to the production of cytokines. (jneurosci.org)
The present work seeks to establish two points: (1) an important target of the action of LPS is the peripheral terminal of sensory afferents, and (2) this action may be secondary to the production of cytokines. (jneurosci.org)
The effects of LPS appear to be secondary to the production of cytokines ( Morrison, 1987 ). (jneurosci.org)
The gp130 cytokine-driven production of RANKL in chondrocytes may link chondrocyte activation and bone remodeling during inflammatory arthritis. (nih.gov)
The peripheral eosinophilia seen in the early stages of incontinentia pigmenti may result from the production of eotaxin, an eosinophil-selective cytokine, during the inflammatory cascade that results from a loss of NEMO/IKK -gamma activity. (medscape.com)

Functioning in a pleiotropic and redundant manner, these cytokines play an important role in the regulation of complex cellular processes such as gene activation, proliferation and differentiation, by signalling through homo- or heterodimers of gp130. (bl.uk)

Ligands for the class I cytokine receptor family include short-chain and long-chain helical cytokines. (rndsystems.com)
The GDNF family ligands (GFLs) function through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-(GPI) anchored coreceptor, GDNF family receptor alpha (GFRα), and rearranged during transfection (RET), a well-known receptor tyrosine kinase involved in kidney development, spermatogonial stem cell maintenance, and the development and maintenance of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems [ 1 , 2 ]. (medsci.org)

To explain these observations, we investigated actions of Th1 cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) on murine and human breast cancer cell lines that varied in the surface expression of HER-family receptor tyrosine kinases. (oncotarget.com)

Some cytokines enhance or inhibit the action of other cytokines in complex ways. (wikipedia.org)

This makes this family complex regarding the roles played in immunopathogenesis in various pathological contexts, as well as in leishmaniasis. (researchsquare.com)
The potential therapeutic applications emerging from the roles of these cytokines will be discussed as well. (cdc.gov)

Additionally, it is shown whether each cytokine belongs to the beta-trefoil, four helix bundle, or cysteine-knot superfamily and their subfamily designation. (rndsystems.com)
Moving to the right, the next eight families shown in the poster belong to the four-helix bundle cytokine superfamily. (rndsystems.com)
This superfamily is further subdivided into the class I and class II cytokine receptor families. (rndsystems.com)
These cytokines belong to the cysteine-knot superfamily and bind to members of the IL-17 receptor family. (rndsystems.com)

3 In CML, several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, 5 4 IL-1β, 6 and TNF-α, 4 have been shown to be up-regulated in patient serum. (haematologica.org)

Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)

Toxic metals stimulate inflammatory cytokines in hepatocytes through oxidative stress mechanisms. (cdc.gov)

The GFRα family consists of four members, GFRα1, GFRα2, GFRα3 and GFRα4, located roughly extracellular and anchored to the plasma membrane by glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI). (medsci.org)

endocrine , if the cytokine diffuses to distant regions of the body (carried by blood or plasma) to affect different tissues. (wikidoc.org)

Members of the human GH family are closely related structural variants, whereas members of the rat, mouse, and bovine PRL families exhibit considerable sequence diversity. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, the pharmacologic caspase-3 activator PAC-1 mimicked both the killing effects and HER-2-suppressive activities of Th1 cytokines, while a caspase 3/7 inhibitor could prevent cytokine-induced HER-2 loss. (oncotarget.com)

In contrast, some cytokines (such as IL-6) circulate in picomolar (10-12 M) concentrations that can increase up to 1,000 times during trauma or infection. (wikipedia.org)
We used a tensor-structured dimensionality reduction scheme to decompose the responses of each cell population to each ligand over a range of time points and cytokine concentrations. (biorxiv.org)
Les concentrations sériques de sCD40L circulant et d'interleukine 10 circulante ont été analysées à l'aide de la méthode immuno-enzymatique chez 30 patients positifs pour le VHC avec un CHC, chez 30 patients patients positifs pour le VHC avec une cirrhose du foie, et chez 30 volontaires d'âge correspondant en bonne santé avec des anticorps anti-VHC négatifs servant de groupe témoin. (who.int)

The four short-chain helix bundle cytokines that signal through class III receptor tyrosine kinases include M-CSF, SCF, Flt-3 Ligand, and IL-34, and are shown in columns four and five of the poster. (rndsystems.com)

Anatomy44

Organisms10

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs126

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes38

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Health Care1

Receptors16

Proteins14

Inflammation13

Interleukins5

Chemokines2

Secretion6

Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines1

Mediators2

Chemokine3

Molecules3

Member cytokines3

Signal Transduction1

Several cytokines2

Proinflammatory cytokine2

Hormones6

Autocrine2

Antibodies2

Innate and adaptive immune2

Pathways4

Apoptosis2

Protein2

Signaling11

Tumor2

Anti-inflammatory1

Response to microbial1

Binds1

Immune responses3

Interferons1

Cell-surface1

Erythropoietin2

Homology1

Helper cells1

Induce1

Acute2

Pathway1

Induces2

Cells13

Trigger1

Heterodimeric3

Production7

Regulation1

Ligands2

Murine1

Inhibit1

Roles2

Superfamily4

Serum1

Lymphocytes1

Hepatocytes1

Extracellular1

Endocrine1

Structural1

Inhibitor1

Concentrations3

Receptor tyrosin1