• Heinegg, Paul, 1997-2005, Free African Americans of North Carolina and Virginia (3rd edition). (wikipedia.org)
  • This was intended as a preview of the keynote address, since my genealogical quest centered on the same county in North Carolina , Bertie , about which Dr. Smallwood had written a book in 2002 and which continues to be a research focus for him. (mixedracestudies.org)
  • This becomes a factor in the migration of African-European mixed families southward into North Carolina and westward into mountainous regions of Virginia, away from the plantations and slavery and into frontier communities where they interblended with Indians who had likewise been displaced. (mixedracestudies.org)
  • Brewington was certain of the fact that tribes in the mixed confederacy around Robeson County in North Carolina included descendants of the famous Lost Colony. (dnaconsultants.com)
  • There is an abiding tradition among these people that their ancestors were the Lost Colony of Roanoke Island, amalgamated with the Five Civilized Tribes of Eastern North Carolina. (dnaconsultants.com)
  • For several decades, genealogist Paul Heinegg has been searching through the state archives of Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, and Delaware, looking for records about the lives of free African Americans before 1820. (commonplace.online)
  • The principal sources for Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland were all the surviving colonial county court order and minute books on microfilm-nearly a thousand manuscript volumes. (commonplace.online)
  • This book of family trees is based on census records, deeds, wills, and marriage records and has many families of East Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, and North Carolina in it. (bookbaby.com)
  • A group of Klansmen burned a cross on the lawn of a Lumbee woman in the town of St. Pauls, North Carolina because she was dating a white man. (smfforfree2.com)
  • For two weeks, the Ku Klux Klan continued to attack the Lumbee community by burning crosses while Cole planned a massive Klan rally to be held on January 18, 1958, near the town of Maxton, North Carolina. (smfforfree2.com)
  • A number of Robeson Countians reject the modern Lumbee label as fictitious and claim descent from the Tuscarora Indians, a North Carolina tribe that suffered defeat at the hands of the English colonists in 1713. (smfforfree2.com)
  • The Tuscaroras left their homes in northeastern North Carolina to emigrate north to New York, where they joined the Iroquois League. (smfforfree2.com)
  • The Lumbee claim to Tuscarora heritage is hotly contested by both the federally recognized Tuscarora tribe in New York and the unrecognized Tuscarora Nation of North Carolina. (smfforfree2.com)
  • The Tuscarora Nation of North Carolina contends that the Lumbees are stealing their tribal history to advance their own specious claim to Indian heritage. (smfforfree2.com)
  • Many associate with the Tuscarora Nation of North Carolina, which is recognized by neither the United States government or the recognized Tuscarora tribe. (smfforfree2.com)
  • Restrictions included prohibiting them from voting (North Carolina had allowed this before 1831), [ citation needed ] bearing arms, gathering in groups for worship, and learning to read and write. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once upon a time there was a group of people called the Catawba who lived in what is now North Carolina. (whisperingwind.blog)
  • Highway marker is located on US 19 northeast of Bryson City, North Carolina. (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • He led a band of Cherokees to stay in there homeland in present-day North Carolina. (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • As researcher Paul Heinegg (1997) has documented the ancestry of the majority of the Free Negro population can be traced to African Americans free in Virginia before the American Revolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, Heinegg's work reveals that most free African American families that originated in colonial Virginia and Maryland descended from white servant women who had children by slaves or free African Americans, and many descended from slaves who were freed before the 1723 Virginia law requiring legislative approval for manumissions. (commonplace.online)
  • By the mid-seventeenth century, some free African Americans were beginning to be assimilated into colonial Virginia society. (commonplace.online)
  • Virginia Census, 1607-1890 Name: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 1999.Original data - Compiled an. (geni.com)
  • as they were seven-eighths European in ancestry, they were legally white under Virginia law of the time. (solarey.net)
  • For instance, 1822 Virginia law stated that to be defined as mulatto (that is, multi-racial), a person had to have at least one-quarter (equivalent to one grandparent) African ancestry. (solarey.net)
  • Irma Suggs Researcher and Family Historian on Early Virginia Colonial Laws. (houseofancestry.org)
  • Many of the First Families of Virginia have both English and Virginia Indian ancestry. (aaanativearts.com)
  • Gedcoms are family genealogy files that may connect you to a distant cousin working on the same lines. (tripod.com)
  • If you are a member of Ancestry.com you have access to genealogy.com also. (tripod.com)
  • Explore Gibson genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. (geni.com)
  • For family trees of scholars according to mentoring relationship, see Academic genealogy . (wikimili.com)
  • Genealogy ( from Ancient Greek γενεαλογία ( genealogía ) 'the making of a pedigree' ) [2] is the study of families , family history, and the tracing of their lineages . (wikimili.com)
  • The field of family history is broader than genealogy, and covers not just lineage but also family and community history and biography. (wikimili.com)
  • The terms "genealogy" and "family history" are often used synonymously, but some entities offer a slight difference in definition. (wikimili.com)
  • The African-American LGBT community , otherwise referred to as the Black American LGBT community , is part of the overall LGBT culture and overall African-American culture. (alquds.edu)
  • The African-American population who identifies as LGBT are often considered to be a community of marginalized individuals who are further marginalized within their own broader community. (alquds.edu)
  • Swann was the first American on record who pursued legal and political action to defend the LGBT community 's right to assemble . (alquds.edu)
  • It is impossible to point out one particular tribe of Indians as their sole ancestors. (dnaconsultants.com)
  • As you search for your Cherokee or Native heritage, I ask that you remember that your ancestors came from a time frame when it was not popular to be Indian. (tripod.com)
  • A good example would be Native Americans or the First Nations people of Canada, whose ancestors were often forced to assimilate after Europeans became the dominant power in North America. (avivadirectory.com)
  • My mother is African-American but we have a mix of European and a lot of mulatto ancestors. (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • MHA is indebted to Dr. Smallwood for his ongoing work which tends to incorporate the traditionally-accepted triracial explanation of Melungeon origins with the more exotic possibilities of Mediterranean ancestry suggested by folklore. (mixedracestudies.org)
  • While he has published his findings, which are also available on his Website, www.freeafricanamericans.com , academic historians may have missed them and their challenge to typically held notions of the origins and history of free African Americans in early American history. (commonplace.online)
  • In his telling portrait, Winkler examines the history of the Melungeons and the ongoing controversy surrounding their mysterious origins. (stevenriley.com)
  • I also wanted to know if my client's admixture results could tell us anything about the Cherokee's ancient origins vis a vis did they migrate from Great Lakes region of US/Canada or had they been in the American Southeast for millenniums? (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • The pursuit of family history and origins tends to be shaped by several motives, including the desire to carve out a place for one's family in the larger historical picture, a sense of responsibility to preserve the past for future generations , and self-satisfaction in accurate storytelling. (wikimili.com)
  • Black Appalachians-like all Appalachians-have lived in rural settings as well as urban settings, and current residents may have come from families that settled in the mountains hundreds of years ago, while others are first generation migrants into the region. (oxfordaasc.com)
  • Additionally, the lives of African American and white Appalachians were intertwined socially and culturally. (oxfordaasc.com)
  • Paternal line descendants of Bryson Gibson and Valentine Collins who participated in the Melungeon DNA Project belong to Haplogroup E-M2. (wikipedia.org)
  • But most importantly, Winkler relates the lives of families who were outsiders in their own communities, who were shunned and shamed, but who created a better life for their children, descendants who are now reclaiming the heritage that was hidden from them for generations. (stevenriley.com)
  • Whites also applied this rule to mixed-race descendants of Native American and African ethnicity, classifying them as African. (solarey.net)
  • Payment of several billion dollars in reparations to African-American descendants of slaves by the US government for the damages inflicted on Africans and their descendants by chattel enslavement , Jim Crow segregation , and modern-day forms of racism . (cloudfront.net)
  • This distinction was critical as Native American slavery had ended during the colonial years. (solarey.net)
  • HRM Lonzado Langley -National Spokesman , Professional Forensic Genealogist/Colonial Historian on Indian Slavery and Colonial Slave Trade - Senior Researcher/Advisor on colonial racial laws. (houseofancestry.org)
  • Arwin D. Smallwood, Ph.D. , Associate Professor of Colonial American History at the University of Memphis, was the keynote speaker at 13th Union in 2009, and has been a presenter in every subsequent Union, returning this year at 16th to give a keynote address that featured new dimensions of the research he has been pursuing for several years on the Tuscarora tribe's diaspora from his native Bertie County. (mixedracestudies.org)
  • The South's long history of using enslaved African Americans was followed by the use of (largely African American) convict labor. (oxfordaasc.com)
  • Asian information provides information on Asian American history, issues, and politics. (avivadirectory.com)
  • Discover your Family History. (geni.com)
  • For those interested in Appalachian history in general and in Melungeon heritage specifically, this is a book that is an essential addition to your reading list. (stevenriley.com)
  • This article is about the study of family lineage, history and bloodline. (wikimili.com)
  • For the sociocultural evolution of kinship, see History of the family . (wikimili.com)
  • Family history" redirects here. (wikimili.com)
  • For medical family history, see Family history (medicine) . (wikimili.com)
  • For other uses, see Family history (disambiguation) . (wikimili.com)
  • [7] A family history may include additional biographical information, family traditions, and the like. (wikimili.com)
  • Bloodlines of Salem is an example of a specialized family-history group. (wikimili.com)
  • Genealogists and family historians often join family history societies , where novices can learn from more experienced researchers. (wikimili.com)
  • As the US population became more racially diverse, there was more opportunity for Americans to meet (and fall in love with) people from other races. (mixedracestudies.org)
  • Many Appalachian people trace their heritage to the Scots-Irish, immigrants who lived in the border regions of northern Ireland before coming to America early in the 18th century. (oxfordaasc.com)
  • These are people of French ancestry who live in the area southwest of New Orleans and scattered in areas adjacent to the French Louisiana region. (avivadirectory.com)
  • Compiled by Bert Payne, who was born in Calcutta, and Lynette Rebeiro, born in Gondia, India, the website is focused on Anglo-Indians, a term used to refer to people with mixed Indian and European ancestry, generally either British or Portuguese. (avivadirectory.com)
  • Hoping to develop a tourist industry, county leaders decided to stage an outdoor drama about the Melungeons , a mysterious, racially-mixed people that had attracted newspaper and magazine writers to Hancock County for more than a century. (stevenriley.com)
  • Employing historical records, news reports over almost two centuries, and personal interviews, Winkler tells the fascinating story of a people who did not fit the rigid racial categories of American society. (stevenriley.com)
  • Along the way, Winkler recounts the legal and social restrictions suffered by Melungeons and other mixed-race groups, particularly Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Act , and he reviews the negative effects of nineteenth- and twentieth-century magazine and journal articles on these reclusive people. (stevenriley.com)
  • In the antebellum years, free people of mixed race ( free people of color ) were considered legally white even if individuals had up to one-eighth or one-quarter African ancestry (depending on the state). (solarey.net)
  • Both before and after the American Civil War , many people of mixed ancestry who "looked white" and were of mostly white ancestry were legally absorbed into the white majority. (solarey.net)
  • Did these explorers have any connection to the Catawba people later moving north to settle in Melungeon country when England laid claim to their homelands and war and disease decimated their numbers? (whisperingwind.blog)
  • However, the majority of people just can't find that connection to the Cherokee or any other tribe (and you can read my blog Native American Is Not That Into You to explore reasons why). (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • Among the changes, OMB issued the instruction to 'mark one or more races' after noting evidence of increasing numbers of interracial children and wanting to capture the diversity in a measurable way and having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge their or their children's full ancestry rather than identifying with only one group. (cloudfront.net)
  • He has found that most of these free African Americans were mixed-race children of early unions during the colonial period between white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, indentured servant, free, or enslaved. (wikipedia.org)
  • Walking toward the Sunset is a historical examination of the Melungeons , a mixed-race group predominantly in southern Appalachia . (stevenriley.com)
  • Author Wayne Winkler reviews theories about the Melungeons, compares the Melungeons with other mixed-race groups, and incorporates the latest scientific research to present a comprehensive portrait. (stevenriley.com)
  • many Native American tribes reared children of mixed race as culturally within their tribe. (solarey.net)
  • In attempting to understand the peculiar conditions of Appalachia, these Progressive Era writers helped to advance some of the first ideas about what it meant to be mixed-race in America. (cambridge.org)
  • The Carmel Indians (pronounced Car'-mul) are a group of Melungeons who lived in Magoffin County, Kentucky and moved to Highland County, Ohio. (wikipedia.org)
  • The group were listed as free Black and Mulatto in Kentucky prior to the American Civil War. (wikipedia.org)
  • the Melungeons, a group thought to have European, Native American, and African ancestry, were identified in Central Appalachia early in the 19th century. (oxfordaasc.com)
  • Motown is an American record label owned by the Universal Music Group . (wikipedia.org)
  • Ancestry must be traced to a specific group of historical Pamunkey Tribal members identified by both the Pamunkey Tribe and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. (aaanativearts.com)
  • Household Type and Relationship(13) 13 Universe: Persons In family households: Householder Spouse Child: Natural-born or adopted Step Grandchild Other relatives Nonrelatives In nonfamily households: Householder living alone Householder not living alone Nonrelatives In group quarters: Institutionalized persons Other persons in group quarters Filler P16. (cdc.gov)
  • To stage the drama, the organizers had to overcome long-standing local prejudice against the dark-skinned Melungeons, the reluctance of the Melungeons to call attention to themselves, the physical isolation of the county, and their own lack of experience in any aspect of this project. (stevenriley.com)
  • Perhaps most intriguingly, Heinegg has found that very few families that were free during the colonial period descended from white slave owners who had children by their slaves, perhaps as few as one percent of the total. (commonplace.online)
  • The treaty also alludes to the return of white children and slaves among the Indians and forbids any further enslavement of Indians. (aaanativearts.com)
  • While two separate origin narratives are thought to explain the etymology of the Jackson Whites, the most common claims that the term is a contraction of "Jacks"-the term used by white northerners to refer to freed slaves-and "Whites"-the white mountaineers who lived in the region and intermarried with the freed slaves and local Native Americans. (cambridge.org)
  • The Lumbees have advanced the so-called Tuscarora hypothesis in their bid to be recognized by the United States as a legitimate Indian tribe. (smfforfree2.com)
  • In the 1920s, some Robeson County Indians made contact with individual members of the Mohawk tribe, a tribe politically related to the Tuscarora. (smfforfree2.com)
  • If I had an Indian Head cent or buffalo nickel for every person claiming a connection to the Cherokee tribe, I'd be filthy rich. (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • This person was not interested in joining the Cherokee tribe (he was already a member) nor trying to prove if he was Native American (he already knew). (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • Many families appear in colonial deeds and wills without racial designation. (commonplace.online)
  • Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music as an African American -owned label that achieved crossover success. (wikipedia.org)
  • The one-drop rule is a social and legal principle of racial classification that was historically prominent in the United States asserting that any person with even one ancestor of sub-Saharan-African ancestry ("one drop" of black blood) is considered black (Negro in historical terms). (solarey.net)
  • These and community acceptance were the more important factors if a person's racial status were questioned, not his or her documented ancestry. (solarey.net)
  • He helped populate at least twenty-five new black-majority towns in the territory to the goal of black-majority statehood, even as white racial sentiments soured against African-Americans in the territory enough to implement segregation in the territory's laws by the time Oklahoma Territory was merged with the Indian Territory to become the state of Oklahoma in 1907. (cloudfront.net)
  • After all, the study authors selected "a multi-ethnic population" as a subtitle, and not " mulatto wannabe Indians" which nonetheless has been the stereotypical insult applied to Melungeons in the wake of the AP story. (mixedracestudies.org)
  • Indian nations, including the Cherokees, were the first peoples to inhabit the area, but by 1860 African Americans were approximately 10% of the population. (oxfordaasc.com)
  • As white settlers demanded more land, however, the native peoples were forced to move west, a policy well underway by the time of the infamous Indian Removal Act of 1830 enacted by President Andrew Jackson . (oxfordaasc.com)
  • African-American self-determination refers to efforts to secure self-determination for African-Americans and related peoples in North America. (cloudfront.net)
  • Some would argue that Melungeons were pure European. (whisperingwind.blog)
  • I received 20 plus percent of Native American DNA on my AncestryDNA results which wasn't a surprise being that my grandmother was 15/16 and 1/16 European. (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • Melungeon Core Y DNA Project "Magoffin County (KY) Enslaved, Free Blacks, and Free Mulattoes, 1860-1880," Notable Kentucky African Americans Database, accessed September 1, 2023, https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2447. (wikipedia.org)
  • Claiborne County Collins Clans" was inspired by Joddy Collins's parents' desire to know their ancestry. (bookbaby.com)
  • The Collins Families came to America as indentured servants around 1690. (bookbaby.com)
  • Joddy Collins is a retired engineer who researched his family heritage for his parents. (bookbaby.com)
  • This tradition is supported by their looks, their complexion, straight black hair, their eyes, by the manners, customs and habits, and by the fact that while they are, in part, of undoubted Indian origin, they have no Indian language and know but little of Indian customs and habits (p. 15). (dnaconsultants.com)
  • Dr. Edward Price observed that the most common surnames among the families were Gibson, Nichols and Perkins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Start your family tree now Is your surname Gibson? (geni.com)
  • My presentation on links between Pell Mellers and Melungeons began with family stories, examined genealogical evidence, and concluded with a description of DNA testing and its mixed results in answering historical questions about my own mixed ancestry. (mixedracestudies.org)
  • Genealogists use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship and pedigrees of its members. (wikimili.com)
  • Jamie Oxendine (Lumbee Native American) of Toledo (left) and U.S. Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur (right) during the opening of the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. (2004). (dnaconsultants.com)
  • Our representative for this period is C. D. Brewington of a famous Lumbee [1] family. (dnaconsultants.com)
  • These mostly rural Robeson County Indians began to express a Tuscarora identity and strongly objected to the Lumbee name and to the Cheraw theory of ancestry. (smfforfree2.com)
  • In America, you are black. (stevenriley.com)
  • The Black Codes , sometimes called the Black Laws , were laws which governed the conduct of African Americans (both free and freedmen ). (wikipedia.org)
  • In the U.S., the concept of the one-drop rule has been chiefly applied by white Americans to those of sub-Saharan black African ancestry in the 20th century, when they were trying to maintain white supremacy . (solarey.net)
  • The region was home to white mountaineers who appeared arrested in time, existing in uncomfortable proximity to newly discovered groups with white, black, and Native American ancestry who also seemed to have been shunned by civilization. (cambridge.org)
  • Known today as the Ramapough Mountain Indians, the shift in nomenclature is evidence of a decades-long battle to determine the boundaries of black and native identity. (cambridge.org)
  • It often intersects with the historic Back-to-Africa movement and general Black separatism , but also manifests in present and historic demands for self-determination on North American soil, ranging from autonomy to independence. (cloudfront.net)
  • By 1892, from the city of Langston , he geared his promotion toward the goal of a black-majority state that would eventually send two African-American senators to Congress in Washington, D.C., and to guarantee a black majority in every congressional district of the new state. (cloudfront.net)
  • Creation of an independent African-American -majority country situated in the southeastern United States , in the heart of black-majority population. (cloudfront.net)
  • [1] The Communist Party USA (CPUSA) later adopted the suggestion that African Americans in the 'Black Belt' region constituted an oppressed nation, and that they should be allowed to vote on self-determination, as had populations following World War I under rules of the League of Nations . (cloudfront.net)
  • Race(5) 5 Universe: Persons White Black American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut Asian or Pacific Islander Other race P7. (cdc.gov)
  • Hispanic Origin(2) by Race(5) 10 Universe: Persons Not of Hispanic origin: White Black American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut Asian or Pacific Islander Other race Hispanic origin: (Repeat Race) P11. (cdc.gov)
  • Every Melungeon Union combines an extended family reunion with a scholarly conference featuring authors and researchers sharing the latest perspectives on our heritage. (mixedracestudies.org)
  • Brewington was a strong original spokesman for American Indian heritage, but he was more. (dnaconsultants.com)
  • It's more sought after than even the ubiquitous lust for any Native American heritage at all. (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • I have family records through the Baker Rolls where it kept blood quantum of Native Americans. (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • There were known to have been subsequent records of dealings with the Indians preserved in the archives of King William Court House, but these were destroyed when the court house was burned by Northern troups during the Civil War. (aaanativearts.com)
  • Editor's Note: You can "read" the information death records for free, though, to participate in the various contest challenges, an Ancestry.com subscription is required. (ngsgenealogy.org)
  • The best known of these laws were passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War , in order to restrict African Americans' freedom, and in order to compel them to work for either low or no wages. (wikipedia.org)
  • The freedom to make whatever choices as a free American, and willfulness to do for self are often a key demand for advocates of African-American self-determination. (cloudfront.net)
  • And it did not matter when Anna pointed out that except for the two who had been dragged onto slave ships from Africa, he and all his relatives, his parents and grandparents and great-grandparents going back for more than four hundred years, had all been born and raised in America. (stevenriley.com)
  • More than 400 years after the first permanent English settlers encountered these Indians, the Pamunkey Nation was finally granted federal recognition in 2015. (aaanativearts.com)
  • The Arizona senator "is an unlikely standard-bearer for the forces of family values, given his admissions over the years of his failures as a husband, or for the advocates of small-town living, with his millionaire wife and multiple homes," Wallsten and McManus write, but the strategy was confirmed by McCain's selection of Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin, " who cast herself as a symbol of small-town values. (blogspot.com)
  • Their journey takes them all the way to China and reveals family connections dating back 3000 years! (ngsgenealogy.org)
  • movement leaders say they were not offered a choice in this matter after emancipation in 1865 following the American Civil War. (cloudfront.net)
  • The five "civilized" Indian tribes with whom the Croatans "amalgamated" are named as the Cherokee, Tuscarora, Meherrin, Waccamaw and Saponi (Haliwah). (dnaconsultants.com)
  • There's also no shortage of dissenters ready to lynch you for daring to make such claims - I call dissenters belonging to Amerindian tribes members of the collective Ku Klux clan and non-Amerindian ones the Radical Anti-Indian Terrorists . (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • During the 1950s, the Ku Klux Klan sought to wage a campaign of terror in the American South to suppress growing activism of the Civil Rights Movement. (smfforfree2.com)
  • [3] OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the U.S. census as not 'scientific or anthropological' and takes into account 'social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry', using 'appropriate scientific methodologies' that are not 'primarily biological or genetic in reference. (cloudfront.net)
  • Former Kansas State Auditor Edwin P. McCabe joined the migration of thousands of African-Americans to the Oklahoma Territory in 1890, and then promoted African-American migration to the territory. (cloudfront.net)
  • There is, however, no one story of African Americans in Appalachia. (oxfordaasc.com)
  • The mountain economy was traditionally based on subsistence farming and the harvesting of timber, and free and enslaved African Americans farmed and worked in agriculture-related jobs. (oxfordaasc.com)
  • In Northern Appalachia, African Americans were largely excluded from working the coal fields, but in the South, coal mines were largely dependent on African American workers. (oxfordaasc.com)
  • The African American coal miners in Central Appalachia encountered better conditions than those in the South, and were not excluded to the same degree as those in the North. (oxfordaasc.com)
  • The coal fields of Central Appalachia were a major destination of African Americans leaving the Deep South during the Great Migration, and between 1870 and 1930 the African American population in Central Appalachia increased dramatically. (oxfordaasc.com)
  • Their African ancestry-and often their origin-is revealed only in their conviction by the court for the violation of a race-based law. (commonplace.online)
  • Libbie Gilbert was the daughter of a white woman and an African American man. (commonplace.online)
  • There were at least thirty-three African Americans in Northampton County in the 1670s who were free, later became free, or had free children. (commonplace.online)
  • They represented one-third of the taxable African Americans in the county. (commonplace.online)
  • Francis Skiper was married to Ann, a African American woman, before February 1667/8 when they sold land in Norfolk County. (commonplace.online)
  • The Klan primarily targeted African Americans. (smfforfree2.com)
  • He knows he is either uptown or downtown, in African American Harlem or Spanish Harlem , in Caribbean Brooklyn or in East Asian Queens . (stevenriley.com)
  • Tony is African American. (stevenriley.com)
  • My client is Cherokee and African-American. (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • Surveys and research have shown that 80% of African-Americans say gays and lesbians endure discrimination compared to the 61% of White Americans. (alquds.edu)
  • The first African-American person known to describe himself as a drag queen was William Dorsey Swann , born enslaved in Hancock, Maryland . (alquds.edu)
  • The National Movement for the Establishment of a 49th State was established by Chicago-based businessman Oscar Brown, Sr. , who sought for the formation of a state within the union on U.S. soil which could be populated and governed by African-Americans, and which could apportion the benefits of the New Deal more equitably to African-Americans. (cloudfront.net)
  • So for my inaugural Admixture Centrifuge series, this allowed me the perfect opportunity to examine how the Cherokee's Native American component breaks down on ethnicity admixture calculators. (rootsandrecombinantdna.com)
  • However, the practice of separating 'race' and 'ethnicity' as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of U.S. Commission on Civil Rights . (cloudfront.net)
  • 'Government Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data' , Center for American Progress , February 6, 2015. (cloudfront.net)
  • Phyllis Starnes spoke informally about the promises and pitfalls of genetic testing for genealogical research, helping us through the labyrinth of Y-DNA , mitochondrial, and autosomal studies of Melungeons. (mixedracestudies.org)
  • This curiosity can be particularly strong among those whose family histories were lost or unknown due to, for example, adoption or separation from family through divorce, death, or other situations. (wikimili.com)
  • Chances are if your lines are in Georgia and your Native American relative was married to a white, they may have bought back their own land, or even drawn in the lottery. (tripod.com)
  • Hemings was three-quarters white by ancestry and a half-sister of Martha Wayles Jefferson . (solarey.net)
  • It should be noted that the term "Jackson White" is held in disrepute by a majority of this community, as the term is seen as pejorative in nature and a denial of their long-standing claim to indigenous ancestry. (cambridge.org)
  • A digest of events, trends, issues, ideas and journalism from and about rural America, by the Institute for Rural Journalism , based at the University of Kentucky. (blogspot.com)
  • All Native Americans withstanding the onslaught of the "scum of the Eastern Sea," as Tecumseh called whites, experience rapid, systematic admixture, violent cultural assault and traumatic identity loss. (dnaconsultants.com)
  • Walking toward the Sunset documents the changes in public and private attitudes toward the Melungeons, the current debates over "Melungeon" identity, and the recent genetic studies that have attempted to shed light on the subject. (stevenriley.com)
  • Find your specific family name(s) and connect to others searching the same. (tripod.com)
  • There are clear distinctions between the groups, but characteristically, they both value pacifism and non-violence, tend to live in rural communities, wear modest clothing and head coverings, and encourage large families. (avivadirectory.com)
  • Archives of several Anglo-Indian publications are available on the site. (avivadirectory.com)