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Plasmodium falciparumMalaria, FalciparumCodonProtozoan ProteinsCodon, TerminatorChloroquineAntigens, ProtozoanArtemisininsDrug ResistanceCodon, InitiatorErythrocytesParasitic Sensitivity TestsAntibodies, ProtozoanDNA, ProtozoanMalariaPyrimethaminePlasmodium vivaxGenes, ProtozoanSulfadoxineMolecular Sequence DataMalaria VaccinesQuinineCodon, NonsenseDrug CombinationsBase SequenceAmodiaquineSesquiterpenesAmino Acid SequenceGabonPlasmodiumSchizontsPapua New GuineaDihydropteroate SynthaseGenome, ProtozoanSenegalPolymerase Chain ReactionMyanmarThailandPregnancy Complications, ParasiticTetrahydrofolate DehydrogenaseAnophelesPlasmodium malariaeMalaria, CerebralMutationEthanolaminesEndemic DiseasesTrophozoitesLife Cycle StagesInhibitory Concentration 50KenyaHost-Parasite InteractionsCameroonParasitologyTravelProtein BiosynthesisPlasmodium bergheiGenotypePrimaquinePolymorphism, GeneticCambodiaParasite LoadCloning, MolecularRNA, ProtozoanIndonesiaSequence Analysis, DNAParasitesMembrane Transport ProteinsMicroscopyGenetic CodeAllelesBurkina FasoAfricaSporozoitesPoint MutationGhanaRNA, MessengerEscherichia coliTanzaniaAotidaeGenetic VariationDrug Therapy, CombinationSequence AlignmentGambiaBloodAntigenic VariationMultidrug Resistance-Associated ProteinsImmunoglobulin GSequence Homology, Amino AcidFolic Acid AntagonistsPlasmodium yoeliiAnopheles gambiaeSudanMozambiqueRecombinant ProteinsSulfanilamidesAnticodonGlycophorinErythrocyte MembraneInsect VectorsCongo
ParasiteMutationsIsolatesSynonymous codon usagParasitesVivaxPfcrtGeneGenotypesChloroquine resistanceEndoplasmic reticulumEndemicMutationSpeciesAmino acidProteinsAssociated with resistancePrevalenceProteinSulfadoxineCombination with artemisinin2018RegulatesEmergenceAnti-malarialsInfectionVitroPutativeCombinationsPathwayGenetic diversityResistance markerClinicalKenyaMethodsSusceptibilityMarkersBiasPeptideSamplesReplicationCommonly
Parasite11
  • ABSTRACT The mechanisms of drug resistance development in the Plasmodium falciparum parasite to lumefantrine (LUM), commonly used in combination with artemisinin, are still unclear. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (PfRH5) has recently emerged as a leading candidate antigen against the blood-stage human malaria parasite. (nature.com)
  • Analysis following immunization of rabbits identified quantitative and qualitative differences in terms of the functional IgG antibody response against the P. falciparum parasite. (nature.com)
  • National Biosciences Award to work on project entitled "Functional characterization of unique bacterial gyrase in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum with codon optimization and screening some novel gyrase inhitors" Department of Biotechnology (DBT) (2011-2014). (jnu.ac.in)
  • We investigate the variation of malaria cases, parasite density and the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection throughout the year in Brazzaville. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We studied the ex vivo dynamics of pfmdr1 gene amplification in culture-adapted P. falciparum in relation to mefloquine resistance and parasite fitness. (ox.ac.uk)
  • IspF is found in the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum, a parasite that causes cerebral malaria, as well as in many Gram-negative bacteria such as Burkholderia cenocepacia . (biomedcentral.com)
  • This disease is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium with P. falciparum parasite accounting for 90 % of the clinical malaria cases globally. (howest.be)
  • Extract of plants were screened in vitro against intra-erythrocytic asexual and late stage gametocyte of P. falciparum parasites using the SYBR Green I assay (to measure asexual stage parasites proliferation) and parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay (for measuring gametocyte viability). (howest.be)
  • Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done on 332 DNA samples extracted from Plasmodium falciparum positive Rapid Diagnostic Tests supplied by different public health facilities located in Limpopo province in order to confirm identity of the parasite species. (howest.be)
  • The agent of Malaria is an intracellular parasite called Plasmodium falciparum. (freethoughtlebanon.net)
Mutations7
  • The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of K76T mutations in circulating strains of Plasmodium falciparum , 16 years after CQ withdrawal in the DRC and to investigate the presence of the SVMNT haplotype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To explain clinical resistance to these anti-malarial drugs, molecular studies have been conducted and have identified mutations on several genes such as the pfcrt gene which encodes a membrane transporter protein located on the parasitic digestive vacuole in P. falciparum [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, mutations in the pfdhps gene were only observed at codon 437, an indication that full resistance to sulfadoxine has not been achieved in Choco. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plasmodium falciparum resistance to CQ and SP has been associated with point mutations in the chloroquine-resistance transporter ( pfcrt gene) [ 8 ], and the dihydrofolate reductase ( pfdhfr ) and dihydropteroate synthase ( pfdhps ) genes [ 9 ], respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since synonymous codons are not utilized with equal frequency, their usage bias is often applied to detect whether mutations have occurred. (scirp.org)
  • Coding sequence diversity was large, with 29 mutated codons, including 32 SNPs (average of one SNP/115 bp), of which 19 were novel mutations. (hal.science)
  • Fourteen non-synonymous mutations were detected, with the most common being at codon T91P (10.2%) and R34L (10.0%), resulting in 21 different genotypes, including the wild-type, 14 single mutants, and six double mutants. (nt.gov.au)
Isolates2
  • ABSTRACT We have analyzed the in vitro activities of pyronaridine and methylene blue against 59 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Kenya in association with polymorphisms in Pfcrt (codon 76), Pfmdr1 (codon 86), and Pfnhe (full sequence). (ox.ac.uk)
  • In contrast, among the 47 P. falciparum isolates sequenced, three pfdhfr genotypes were found, with the double mutant 108N+59R being fixed and the triple mutants 108N+59R+51I and 108N+59R+164L occurring with frequencies of 4% and 8%, respectively. (nt.gov.au)
Synonymous codon usag1
  • Using six synonymous codon usage bias indexes (GC content, ENC, SCUO, Codon Volatility, RSCU, and Odds Ratio), this study revealed the evolutionary drift patterns in the Influenza A viruses of avian, human, and swine origins as well as those of their hosts. (scirp.org)
Parasites6
  • Plasmodium falciparum parasites are the causative agent of the most severe form of human malaria, and the development of an effective vaccine remains a key strategic goal to aid the control, local elimination and eventual eradication of this disease. (nature.com)
  • Twenty-eight percent of the examined 101 children had pyrimethamine-resistant parasites, 65% had pyrimethamine-sensitive parasites with the wild-type Ser-108 codon, and 9% had both alleles, suggesting a mixed infection. (ajtmh.org)
  • Unfortunately, the number of fully-sequenced non-photosynthetic plastid genomes is small, limited to Epifagus virginiana (a holoparasitic angiosperm), Euglena longa (a heterotrophic euglenid), and several apicomplexan parasites bearing secondary plastids of red algal origin called apicoplasts ( Plasmodium falciparum , Theileria parva , Eimeria tenella and Toxoplasma gondii ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Different extracts of plants were screened in vitro against intra-erythrocytic sexual (late stage gametocytes, stage IV and V) and asexual P. falciparum parasites. (howest.be)
  • BACKGROUND:The ability of Plasmodium falciparum parasites to develop resistance to widely used anti-malarials threatens malaria control and elimination efforts. (tropmedres.ac)
  • Resis- assessment of in vivo drug response in P. tance to antimalarial drugs has been de- falciparum were developed shortly after scribed for 2 of the 4 species of human the first reports of CQ resistance in this malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum species [ 1 ]. (who.int)
Vivax6
  • Drugs active against Plasmodium falciparum also are active against the other three malaria species that affect humans- P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale- with the exception of antifols, which work poorly against P. vivax . (nationalacademies.org)
  • Colombia is endemic for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax and approximately 70,000 malaria cases are reported annually by the public health services, mainly in departments of Choco, and Nariño [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and P. malariae malaria are less common than P. falciparum and P. vivax and cause a milder clinical syndrome than P. falciparum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although substantial research effort has been devoted to uncovering the genetic diversity of MSP-1 for P. falciparum and P. vivax , there is minimal information available regarding the genetic profiles and structure of P. ovale . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Five species in the genus Plasmodium ( P. falciparum , P. vivax , P. malariae , P. ovale and P. knowlesi ) are known to cause human malaria under natural transmission [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In China, the majority of malaria cases are caused by P. vivax and P. falciparum , most of which are imported from malaria-endemic areas. (biomedcentral.com)
Pfcrt2
  • The K76T mutation on the pfcrt gene has been identified as a marker of CQ resistance and the SVMNT haplotype in codons 72-76 on the same gene has been associated with resistance to amodiaquine (AQ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Characterization of codons 72 to 78 and 218 to 220 of pfcrt revealed six distinct haplotypes, four of which had never been described. (pasteur.fr)
Gene5
  • A codon is a combination of three out of the four possible nucleic bases in gene sequences: Adenine - 'A', Cytosine - 'C', Guanine - 'G', and Thymine - 'T'. There are 64 possible, 4 3 , trinucleotide codons, each of which encodes one of the 21 amino acids. (scirp.org)
  • ENC measures the deviation of the codon usage in a gene from equal usage of synonymous codons, and RSCU measures the observed frequency of a particular codon relative to the expected frequency assuming all synonymous codons were selected equally. (scirp.org)
  • pfmdr1 gene amplification in P. falciparum is a frequent event and confers mefloquine resistance. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The Plasmodium falciparum confirmed DNA samples were then investigated for the presence of the N86Y mutation at codon 86 of the Pfmdr1 gene by nested PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. (howest.be)
  • Geographic structuring of the Plasmodium falciparum sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (PfSERCA) gene diversity. (hal.science)
Genotypes1
Chloroquine resistance2
Endoplasmic reticulum1
  • Artemisinin, a thapsigargin-like sesquiterpene has been shown to inhibit the Plasmodium falciparum sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase PfSERCA. (hal.science)
Endemic2
  • The gradual decline in the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine (CQ) has led to its withdrawal from the uncomplicated malaria treatment of P. falciparum in endemic countries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Today, CQ-resistant falciparum malaria is set criteria for the selection of patients, the being reported from all countries in which administration of a standard treatment regi- the disease is endemic except for few foci men of the appropriate drug, and daily par- in central America north of the Panama Ca- asitological blood examination for the nal, Haiti and the Dominican Republic [ 5 ]. (who.int)
Mutation4
  • This new detector utilized codon volatility, where the volatility of a codon is the probability that a random point mutation will result in a nonsynonymous codon (a codon that does not encode the same amino acid). (scirp.org)
  • Consider this: what if a mutation occurred in such a way as to generate a different codon, but one that codes for the same amino acid? (freethoughtlebanon.net)
  • PfATP6 and Artemisinin Resistance in P. falciparum FIG 1 Development of transgenic lines in 3D7 with the PfATP6 S769N mutation. (chestervetclinic.com)
  • They estimated that the mutation rate in P. falciparum is 2.5 × 10 -9 per base pair per replication. (blogspot.com)
Species2
  • Malaria was first detected by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) available on site (SD Bioline Malaria Ag Pf or CareStart Malaria Pf ) or thick blood smear and then confirmed by a P. falciparum species-specific real-time PCR assay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plasmodium falciparum , which is the most common and deadly Plasmodium species in sub-Saharan Africa, has developed resistance mechanisms to almost all existing anti-malarial drugs with a significant impact on malaria control. (biomedcentral.com)
Amino acid5
  • As such (since 64 codons encode only 21 amino acids), there is degeneracy in the genetic code that results in synonymous codons, or codons that encode the same amino acid, which are not commonly used with equal frequency. (scirp.org)
  • Also the GC content is correlated with amino acid usage and codon usage. (scirp.org)
  • A codon will be translated into an amino acid (building blocks of proteins), and hence a whole sequence will eventually give a protein (the final component of the central dogma). (freethoughtlebanon.net)
  • The following table shows the different codons and their corresponding amino acid. (freethoughtlebanon.net)
  • Notice the redundancy in the code: multiple codons can give the same amino acid (this is logical because we have 64 possible codon combinations and only 20 amino acids). (freethoughtlebanon.net)
Proteins1
  • Prof. Ranganathan's Laboratory has invented codon-shuffling, a novel method for the directed evolution of proteins, using which a de novo protein was unearthed that was able to disrupt ICAM dimerisation and block host cell invasion by both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum . (jnu.ac.in)
Associated with resistance1
  • The orthologous loci associated with resistance in P. falciparum were not mutated in pkdhfr. (nt.gov.au)
Prevalence1
  • Plasmodium falciparum has sequently revised [ 9 ] and have remained developed resistance to nearly all antimalar- basically unchanged since the WHO Scien- ials in current use, although the geographi- tific Group on the Chemotherapy of Malar- cal distribution and prevalence rates of ia and Resistance to Antimalarials in 1972 resistance to individual drugs do vary. (who.int)
Protein2
  • RNA codons and protein synthesis. (crossref.org)
  • Efficient recombinant protein production and crystallization protocols were developed, and high-resolution crystal structures of IspF from P. falciparum ( Pf IspF) and B. cenocepacia ( Bc IspF) in complex with cytidine nucleotides determined. (biomedcentral.com)
Sulfadoxine1
  • The presence of polymorphisms in genes associated with Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine was evaluated by Sanger sequencing, in 85 P. falciparum day of enrollment samples from a therapeutic efficacy study of artemether-lumefantrine conducted in 2018-2019 in Quibdo, Colombia. (biomedcentral.com)
Combination with artemisinin1
  • ABSTRACT Mefloquine is widely used in combination with artemisinin derivatives for the treatment of falciparum malaria. (ox.ac.uk)
20181
Regulates1
  • Complementary crosstalk between palmitoylation and phosphorylation events in MTIP regulates its role during Plasmodium falciparum invasion. (jnu.ac.in)
Emergence2
Anti-malarials1
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of anti-malarials used in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria every 2 years. (biomedcentral.com)
Infection1
Vitro1
Putative1
  • Programme Support on Molecular Parasitology" to work on the project entitled "Characterization of DNA replication and non-replication function of two putative homologues of Plasmodium falciparum Origin Recognition Complex" Department of Biotechnology (DBT) (2011-2016). (jnu.ac.in)
Combinations1
  • In 1999, AQ-SP was implemented as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria and from 2006, two artemisinin-based combinations, artesunate-mefloquine and AL, were introduced. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathway2
  • P. falciparum OPRTase follows a random pathway in OMP synthesis and degradation. (wikipedia.org)
  • All MEP pathway enzymes in P. falciparum are synthesized in the cytoplasm but they carry an apicoplast targeting sequence, which then drives localization [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic diversity1
  • Despite the relatively large number of malaria cases reported each year and the use of different anti-malarial treatments in recent decades, little is known about the molecular markers of drug resistance and genetic diversity of P. falciparum in the country. (biomedcentral.com)
Resistance marker1
  • Overall, the frequency of the P. falciparum CQ resistance marker has decreased significantly and no resistance marker to AQ was detected in the DRC in 2017. (biomedcentral.com)
Clinical1
  • Fever, sweating, and chills (or, in some cases, merely fever) triggered by the release of plasmodia into the bloodstream from mature blood schizonts, are the most common symptoms heralding the onset of a clinical case of uncomplicated falciparum malaria (see Chapter 6 for a description of the evolution of clinical symptoms). (nationalacademies.org)
Kenya1
  • The high frequency of Pfmspdbl2 codon 591S in Kenya may be driven by the widespread use of lumefantrine in artemisinin combination therapy (Coartem). (ox.ac.uk)
Methods1
  • Many different methods of codon usage bias detection have been developed [3-15]. (scirp.org)
Susceptibility1
  • MSPDBL2 codon 591S was associated with reduced susceptibility to LUM ( P = 0.04). (ox.ac.uk)
Markers3
  • A Thai P. falciparum isolate (isolate TM036) was assessed by the use of multiple genetic markers as a single genotype. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CDC provided diagnostic assistance for 14.2% of confirmed cases and tested 12.0% of P. falciparum specimens for antimalarial resistance markers. (blogspot.com)
  • CDC received 137 P. falciparum -positive samples for the detection of antimalarial resistance markers (although some loci for chloroquine and mefloquine were untestable for up to nine samples). (blogspot.com)
Bias3
  • Our findings expanded the knowledge on codon bias of Influenza viruses and their hosts. (scirp.org)
  • Studying the usage bias of codons helps to reveal evolutionary history about individual genes or genomes, which can be used to design DNA primers and detect horizontal transfer events [3]. (scirp.org)
  • Leading up to this new indicator, results were only applicable within a genome, but the Zeeberg technique, based on information theory, allowed codon bias to be compared across genomes. (scirp.org)
Peptide1
Samples1
  • Of the 806 PCR-confirmed P. falciparum positive samples, 764 were successfully sequenced. (biomedcentral.com)
Replication1
Commonly1
  • Evolutionary drift in Influenza is commonly evaluated through the study of codon usage. (scirp.org)