• Briefly, the Helsinki Businessmen Study cohort offered a valuable opportunity to test the obesity paradox because the men were similar in social and economic status, age, healthcare access and other factors that confound health and mortality outcomes. (blogspot.com)
  • The prevailing explanation in the scientific literature is the social stress model, which posits that social stressors - such as stigmatization and discrimination - faced by members of these subpopulations account for the disparity in mental health outcomes. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • Studies show that while social stressors do contribute to the increased risk of poor mental health outcomes for these populations, they likely do not account for the entire disparity. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • The second half explores the reasons for the elevated risks of these outcomes among non-heterosexual and transgender populations, and considers what social science research can tell us about one of the most prevalent ways of explaining these risks, the social stress model. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • 2021) Utilizing patient perception of group treatment environment in exploring medication adherence, social support, and quality of life outcomes in people who inject drugs with Hepatitis C. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, Jul, 126, 108459. (clemson.edu)
  • Many biomarkers reflect environmental exposures, including lifestyle, occupational and dietary factors, and thus serve to study in a comprehensive way the interaction between genes and environment in relation to disease outcomes. (ukri.org)
  • Structural equation models (SEM) provide an ideal framework for extending current individual analyses of 'omics' data sets to deal with integration of multiple omics data sets with clinical outcomes and environmental and lifestyle risk factors. (ukri.org)
  • However, some populations are at increased risk of exposure to the virus due to living or occupational settings and some populations are at increased risk of severe outcomes due to biological and/or social factors. (canada.ca)
  • To evaluate associations between maternal anxiety or depression and adverse pregnancy outcomes, taking possible familial confounding and interaction with asthma into account, we conducted a cohort study of all singleton births in Sweden 2001-2013. (diva-portal.org)
  • Using data from the Queensland Health EpiLog information system, descriptive analysis and logistic regression modelling were used to describe and model factors which influence patient outcomes (death, admission to intensive care unit and/or special care unit). (who.int)
  • 4,5 Risk factors for poor clinical outcomes for pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 infection in Australia warrant further investigation to help clinicians identify patients at high risk of severe disease. (who.int)
  • A wide range of IQ measures have been found to be robust predictors of an array of social, behavioral, and general-life outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The implication of the findings is that early life performance on cognitive tests could be used to identify potential at-risk populations who might especially benefit from interventions aimed at modifying their dementia risk, such as those promoting social/mental stimulation," wrote Serhiy Dekhtyar, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, to Alzforum. (alzforum.org)
  • Our null findings are important since some people have suspected that vaccinations could cause autism, and the anti-vaccine movement seems to be growing in the Western world," says lead author, Professor Jonas F Ludvigsson , pediatrician at Örebro University Hospital and professor at the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Karolinska Institutet. (ki.se)
  • Dr Pasternak was supported by the Strategic Research Area Epidemiology program at Karolinska Institutet and the Swedish Research Council. (ki.se)
  • Every chapter on the various aspects of Epi (i.e, Confounding, Random Error, Bias, Effect Modification, Causation, etc) is readable, relatively short chapters (no more then 20 pages) and very clearly explains the necessary information. (etextpdf.com)
  • After a revision session covering he outcome measures, students will cover rate adjustment, cause, bias and confounding. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Describe the major sources of bias in epidemiologic research (confounding, selection bias, and measurement error) and the ways to evaluate and reduce bias. (utoledo.edu)
  • Healthy vaccinee bias likely did not confound earlier studies of OMV vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • The most common designs were cross-sectional, cohort, case-control, descriptive, experimental and quasi-experimental publications, showing a tendency towards occurring bias and confounding factors in literature research due to missing words in papers structure. (bvsalud.org)
  • Consort and Strobe statements must be strengthened by dental journals, editors and reviewers to improve the quality of the studies, attempting to avoid any sort of bias or confounding factors in the literature research performed by electronic database. (bvsalud.org)
  • This course introduces students to the basic concepts and principles of epidemiology and biostatistics. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • This course builds on the concepts and principles of epidemiology and biostatistics that students were introduced to in the first level. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Students will distinguish descriptive epidemiology from ana epidemiology and they will then cover the key epidemiological study designs in a logical sequence from ecological and cross sectional studies to case-control and cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Sensitivity analyses showed minimal evidence for genetic confounding that could have biased the causal effect estimates. (bmj.com)
  • As in previous analyses, our study controlled for a rich set of other potentially confounding factors, including numerous social, demographic, and economic characteristics, parental variables, including maternal attachment , participation in religious services, and also prior values of the outcome variables whenever available. (psychologytoday.com)
  • 1+3: the student will complete a LISS DTP MSc in Mental Health Studies, including training in advanced quantitative, longitudinal social network analyses, and qualitative analyses to fully equip him/her to complete this project. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Secondary analyses of existing data on self-harm, social networks and other putative explanatory factors, collected from the REACH cohort of around 1,200 adolescents (aged 11 to 14 and followed to age 16) using longitudinal network analyses. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The researchers adjusted their analyses for such confounders as maternal smoking, height-weight, maternal age and comorbidity in order to minimize the influence of other factors that might explain any association between vaccination and autism. (ki.se)
  • All potential confounding factors were adjusted for using multiple logistic regression analyses. (um.edu.my)
  • A priori causal models and directed acyclic graphs guided selection of confounding variables. (cdc.gov)
  • Straightforward descriptions of the latest epidemiologic methods including mediation analysis, agent-based modelling, and the use of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to assess confounding. (etextpdf.com)
  • His studies in Pediatrics integrate themes in fields like Prevalence, Epidemiology, Bipolar disorder, First episode psychosis and Confounding. (research.com)
  • These trends include the rapidly growing population of older adults, the increasing life expectancy associated with advances in public health and clinical medicine, the persistently high prevalence of some risk factors, and the emerging high prevalence of multiple chronic conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • Such trends threaten both the public and financial health of the United States and include the rapidly growing population of older adults, the increasing life expectancy associated with advances in public health and clinical medicine, and the persistently high prevalence of some risk factors (3). (cdc.gov)
  • This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of BV of 130 non-pregnant women attending a hospital of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. (who.int)
  • David C. Spendlove, Dee W. West, and William M. Stanish, "Risk Factors and the Prevalence of Depression in Mormon Women," in Religion, Mental Health, and the Latter-day Saints , ed. (byu.edu)
  • We calculated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to compare chemsex drug use across demographic, behavioral, and mental health factors. (cdc.gov)
  • They set out to see if losing or gaining weight during one's adult life, or if traditional cardiac risk factors in middle-age, could potentially explain the obesity paradox. (blogspot.com)
  • An extensive questionnaire was given to all children's parents in order to assess risk factors for overweight and obesity. (nih.gov)
  • The effect of sleep duration on obesity in children reflects a higher body fat composition and appears to be independent of other risk factors for childhood obesity. (nih.gov)
  • The areas of my research interest include clinical trial design and analysis, obesity epidemiology, opioid use disorder epidemiology and associated infectious diseases, and pediatric quality improvement. (clemson.edu)
  • 2-6 Obesity, underlying health conditions and delayed neuraminidase inhibitor treatment were the major risk factors for a poor outcome of infection. (who.int)
  • We also compared siblings differentially exposed to SDP (n = 50,339) to account for unmeasured familial factors that could account for the association. (nih.gov)
  • They will be introduced to infectious disease epidemiology and outbreak investigation. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • They will learn more about ethics in medical research and will have a revision session on scientific writin They will have sessions on chronic disease and injury epidemiology and will conclude with environmental epidemiology and an infectious disease case study. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • These effects could not be explained by confounding due to a wide range of constitutional, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. (nih.gov)
  • iv Significant positive associations were found with sociodemographic (male, increasing age, primary education, lower income group, positive family history) and cardiovascular risk factors. (um.edu.my)
  • Sociodemographic and health-related confounding factors were controlled for in the models. (lu.se)
  • Sociodemographic and health-related confounding factors were controlled for in the models.Results: Sleep disturbances were reported by 25.6% (95% CI: 24.0%-27.2%) at baseline and 23.7% (95% CI: 22.1%-25.3%)at re-examination. (lu.se)
  • This study, which was conducted between June 2018 and December 2019, aimed to elucidate the epidemiology of young-onset hypertension (YOH) in Malaysia during the period 2006-2015, and to explore the underlying experiences and perspectives of young adults living with hypertension. (um.edu.my)
  • During his time in Buffalo, Winkelstein studied the health impact of the city's air pollution, successfully separating the effect of pollution from other confounding social and environmental factors, and also contributed greatly to the understanding of coronary artery disease in women. (wikipedia.org)
  • They were experts with international reputations in echocardiography and environmental or cardiovascular epidemiology. (cdc.gov)
  • The measurements of thousands of molecular biomarkers at multiple life stages should lead to new discoveries in disease mechanisms, and crucially, the effect of alterable environmental risk factors. (ukri.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Although environmental lead exposure is associated with significant deficits in cognition, executive functions, social behaviors, and motor abilities, the neuroanatomical basis for these impairments remains poorly understood. (aahd.us)
  • The goal for this project is to understand the cumulative impact of multiple climate stressors of combined climate stressors (i.e., heat, air pollution, wildfires, drought) in regional contexts alongside environmental justice, racial equity, and social vulnerability factors. (ca.gov)
  • the environmental and social contexts of asthma and health disparities in general. (cdc.gov)
  • JULY 2006 children over the past few decades has been shaped by · Large, thinly populated areas, although lacking in valid social and environmental factors that are becoming pro- data because of the instability of calculated rates, convey gressively evident. (cdc.gov)
  • Tracking Program (CEHTP), we sought to develop tech- access to health care (4-6) and environmental factors (7-10) niques for disseminating asthma surveillance data that has contributed to the formulation of asthma as a social are responsive to community needs. (cdc.gov)
  • However, most studies examining these associations have employed correlational statistical techniques which tend to confound environmental and genetic influences. (bvsalud.org)
  • As large randomised experiments are usually not feasible, policy makers are often left wringing their hands over limited evidence from observational epidemiology. (bmj.com)
  • On the other hand, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement Strobe initiative, has clearly defined observational studies as a distinguished area from randomized controlled trials, evaluation or diagnostic studies [9], and thus recognize only descriptive and analytical studies. (bvsalud.org)
  • however, the effect was strongly attenuated after adjustment for several socioeconomic factors and in particular by maternal health-related factors including body mass index (fully adjusted model β = 0.018, 95% CI -0.005, 0.042). (eur.nl)
  • Conclusions Our results suggest that the association between elevated levels of maternal CRP in pregnancy and autistic traits in children is confounded by maternal health-related and socioeconomic factors. (eur.nl)
  • The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and offspring disruptive behaviors has been well documented, but it is unclear whether exposure to SDP or the effects of factors correlated with SDP account for the increased risk. (nih.gov)
  • In the multivariate adjusted models, after controlling for age, education, marital status, and BMI, we found a positive association between NH 3 and prisoners, but not blood H 2 S. While the functions of the two toxicants were quite different, blood NH 3 may be a potential biological risk factor for behavioral disorders and blood H 2 S showed neuroprotection. (hindawi.com)
  • Additionally, the impact of other factors such as diet and gut bacteria should be considered when evaluating risk for behavioral disorders. (hindawi.com)
  • By studying this cohort, Winkelstein and his collaborators were able to contribute greatly to the understanding of the epidemiology of HIV and AIDS, in particular the modes of viral transmission, risk factors for progression to AIDS, and duration of the incubation period. (wikipedia.org)
  • The study database had information on their BMIs and cardiovascular risk factors at multiple times during their lives, from the age of 25 through an average age of 73 years. (blogspot.com)
  • Not surprising to regular JFS readers, regardless of the traditional cardiac risk factors, there was no statistical difference among those who went on to develop coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, cancer, pulmonary disease or dementia. (blogspot.com)
  • Objectives To determine whether more years spent in education is a causal risk factor for myopia, or whether myopia is a causal risk factor for more years in education. (bmj.com)
  • See "Insufficient sleep: Evaluation and management" and "Risk factors, comorbidities, and consequences of insomnia in adults" and "Evaluation and diagnosis of insomnia in adults" . (medilib.ir)
  • and medical risk factors for cognitive decline (history of hypertension, stroke, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease). (medscape.com)
  • Traditionally, medical, public health, and social programs targeting commonly defined chronic diseases have focused on individual chronic diseases without considering the broader context of multiple risk factors and multiply occurring chronic conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • To inform effective early intervention to prevent and reduce adolescent self-harm, we first need to understand which factors increase and, importantly, decrease risk among adolescents from diverse backgrounds. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Less certain are the causes of that increased risk and thus the social and clinical approaches that may help to ameliorate it. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • Thus we decided to determine the preva- ants of the vagina, but overgrowth of the lence and risk factors of BV in a university normal lactobacillus-dominant flora by hospital Kerman. (who.int)
  • We used the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to disentangle the ED gradient in AL score into the differential exposure (DE, attributable to different distribution of smoking and alcohol intake across EDs) and the differential susceptibility (DS, attributable to a different effect of risk factors on AL across EDs) components. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Many variables related both to cigarette smoking and to known risk factors for cervix cancer are sources of confounding and inadequate control for these variables may cause an overestlmation of the effect of smoking. (columbia.edu)
  • In both samples of women, certain risk factors were identified: less education, little perceived caring from spouse, perception of having less than good health, and low income. (byu.edu)
  • To further examine risk factors for depression in women, especially the relationship between employment and depression, we conducted a study in the Salt Lake City, Utah metropolitan area. (byu.edu)
  • These risk markers may, therefore, represent mediating pathways for early life factors affecting cardiovascular risk later in life. (lu.se)
  • ABSTRACT Studies of risk factors for acute leukaemia are inconclusive. (who.int)
  • Hospital controls were selected risk of the risk factors investigated. (who.int)
  • Animal handlers showed higher seroprevalence rates of 16% and 1% for anti-SFSV and anti-TOSV nAbs, respectively, suggesting that contact with livestock animals could be a risk factor. (bvsalud.org)
  • Together, these results suggest that both SFSV and TOSV are circulating in the western region of Saudi Arabia in humans and livestock animals, albeit at different rates, and that age and contact with livestock animals could represent risk factors for infection with these viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Latent infection and ART have represented risk factors for several systemic alterations in PLHIV10. (bvsalud.org)
  • Unmet needs included shared decision-making with healthcare professionals, having long-term expectations of treatment addressed, and the usage of social media and hypertension education materials to intensify awareness of YOH among peers. (um.edu.my)
  • The results of this study narrow the knowledge gap on YOH epidemiology in Malaysia by providing crucial information on the pervasiveness of hypertension among young adults. (um.edu.my)
  • Genetic variants used as proxies for myopia and years of education were derived from two large genome wide association studies: 23andMe and Social Science Genetic Association Consortium (SSGAC), respectively. (bmj.com)
  • In this year's program, many papers addressed the incredible advances in the genetic aspects of illness while recognizing that the relationship between genetic predispositions and the modes of expression of a particular disorder depend not only on the stage of development of the child, but also on the social context in which the child exists. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • To test whether the association between SDP and offspring criminal convictions was consistent with a causal connection or due to familial background factors by controlling for measured covariates and using a quasi-experimental approach. (nih.gov)
  • Playing games might have a modest effect on the healthy decline of cognitive abilities, but this study was not an intervention, so we do not have surefire causal evidence," lead author Drew M. Altschul, PhD, a research fellow in cognitive epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
  • Consideration of study design is vital when addressing questions of causality, and the temporal order of factors that may influence causal pathways, as is the case in this review. (nature.com)
  • DS estimates were consistent across age groups, irrespective of comorbidities and robust to unmeasured confounding. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • The primary aim of our review is to therefore systematically assess the existing research to increase our understanding of factors that have the potential to be strengthened or changed to reduce the likelihood of depression onset among maltreated children. (nature.com)
  • Background Exposure to elevated levels of inflammatory markers during pregnancy has been suggested as possible aetiologic factor in the occurrence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). (eur.nl)
  • As we will see, social stressors such as harassment and stigma likely explain some but not all of the elevated mental health risks for these populations. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • Factors associated with chemsex drug use included condomless anal sex (PR = 1.93, 95%=1.69-2.20), problem drinking (PR = 2.36, 95% = 2.13-2.61), bacterial STI test (1.84, 95% CI = 1.68-2.02) and probable serious mental illness (PR = 1.92, 95% = 1.76-2.09). (cdc.gov)
  • In his research, Cause of death, Mortality rate, Methadone and Personality disorders is intimately related to Epidemiology, which falls under the overarching field of Demography. (research.com)
  • His research integrates issues of Schizophrenia, Psychopathology and Internal medicine, Confounding in his study of Psychosis. (research.com)
  • This project was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council, and the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research. (ki.se)
  • Epidemiology is a basic science responsible for several research designs rather common in health science area, adopted in the university environment as well as health governmental and non-governmental institutions, all over the world. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rennert L, Heo M, Litwin AH, De Gruttola V. (2021) Accounting for confounding by time, early intervention adoption, and time-varying effect modification in the design and analysis of stepped-wedge designs: Application to a proposed study design to reduce opioid-related mortality. (clemson.edu)
  • 1 Information on the clinical spectrum of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 illness and factors associated with admission to hospital is scarce in Australia. (who.int)
  • His studies deal with areas such as Confirmatory factor analysis, Intraclass correlation, Fragile X syndrome and Personality as well as Clinical psychology. (research.com)
  • Previous studies of analog games have been limited because they have not examined cognitive changes over time or they have not controlled for confounding effects. (medscape.com)
  • In Phase I, twenty studies showed considerable variability in YOH epidemiology and trends worldwide. (um.edu.my)
  • Each of these factors is comparable with the results of other studies. (byu.edu)
  • Studies have also examined the factors that explain variation in IQ measures in general. (bvsalud.org)
  • 1 Institute for Social Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany. (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Mawson is a social scientist and epidemiologist, and is a visiting professor in the School of Health Sciences, College of Public Service, Jackson State University in Mississippi. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Logistic regression models were constructed to identify associations between levels of loneliness and social isolation at baseline and sleep disturbances at follow-up. (lu.se)
  • This project will combine several methods to investigate the development and 'spread' of self-harm through social networks during adolescence, with a particular focus on the role of social media. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Objectives: The aim of this follow-up study was to investigate whether loneliness and social isolation in a sample of older adults, mean age of 67.4 years at baseline examination, were associated with sleep disturbances at re-examination at a mean age of 76.4 years. (lu.se)
  • 001). Higher cognitive function at age 11, female sex, higher social class, and higher educational level were also associated with higher cognitive function at age 70. (medscape.com)
  • Lower cognitive function at age 11, female sex, higher social class, and higher educational level were associated with positive cognitive change that was calculated to be equivalent to a gain of approximately 1.42 IQ-like points per standard deviation (SD) increase in playing games. (medscape.com)
  • The results suggest that familial background factors account for the association between maternal SDP and criminal convictions, not the specific exposure to SDP. (nih.gov)
  • INTRODUCTION - Chronic sleep insufficiency is common in modern society and may result from a variety of factors, including work demands, social and family responsibilities, medical conditions, and sleep disorders. (medilib.ir)
  • Availability of social support may relieve the burden women can experience when balancing work roles and family obligations. (cdc.gov)
  • MAIN RESULTS--High levels of subjective social support at work, control at work, job variety, and skill use were associated with greater satisfaction and wellbeing and less psychiatric disorder measured by the 30 item general health questionnaire (GHQ). (bmj.com)
  • The potential confounding effects of employment grade did not explain the association between either subjective or objective work characteristics and the psychological indices. (bmj.com)
  • While not analyzing item response data, I also work on projects pertaining to the implications for social science of the sudden increase in our capacity to measure human DNA and the promise and pitfalls associated with how this new data may change our understanding of human behavior. (stanford.edu)
  • The project requires extensive interdisciplinary work, combining expertise in statistics, epidemiology, genetics and computation. (ukri.org)
  • Objectives Examine factors associated with use of traditional medicine during childbirth and in management of childhood diarrhoea. (bmj.com)
  • Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental childhood disorder characterized by impaired communication, lack of social skills and repetitive behavior. (ki.se)
  • The definition, epidemiology, causes, and consequences of acute sleep deprivation and sleep insufficiency are reviewed here. (medilib.ir)
  • CONCLUSION: Birth weight, adjusted for gestational age and other confounding variables, is inversely associated with ABI in young adulthood, an age range when ABI may represent hemodynamic changes more than atherosclerosis, but for sfAGE, the association was attenuated upon further adjustment. (lu.se)
  • Second are differences in data collection methods and in the design of data sets that confound efforts to characterize the epidemiology and management of MCC in different population groups in different settings. (cdc.gov)
  • Qualitative data using digital diaries on a sub-sample of around 40 adolescents who report self-harm to gain in-depth accounts of what factors, from the perspectives of young people, increase and decrease likelihood of self-harm, in particular the role of friendships and social media. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • When not analyzing item response data, he may be found thinking about the implications for social science of the sudden increase in our capacity to measure human DNA and the promise and pitfalls associated with how this new data may change our understanding of human behavior. (stanford.edu)
  • Epidemiology and medicine are currently taking advantage of high-throughput technologies to produce vast amounts of complex, interrelated data. (ukri.org)
  • The 12 credit hours graduate Certificate in Epidemiology focuses on the development of the qualitative and quantitative knowledge and skills to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret data associated with epidemiologic investigations, health surveys, injury and illness recognition, and human exposure assessment. (utoledo.edu)
  • Conclusions Use of traditional medicine is associated with several factors related to cultural transition and to health status, with formal education playing a prominent role. (bmj.com)
  • Any assessment of the effectiveness of traditional medicine should anticipate confounding by these factors, which are widely recognised to affect health in their own right. (bmj.com)
  • El análisis de parejas de gemelos monocigóticos del National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health ( Add Health ) reveló que, entre gemelos, las diferencias de CI tienen poco efecto en la mayoría de los resultados examinados. (bvsalud.org)
  • His Suicide prevention study frequently draws connections to adjacent fields such as Human factors and ergonomics. (research.com)
  • The Suicide prevention study combines topics in areas such as Injury prevention and Human factors and ergonomics. (research.com)
  • His biological study spans a wide range of topics, including Confirmatory factor analysis, Scale, Social support and Grief. (research.com)
  • Analyse générale des liaisons stochastiques: etude particulière de l'analyse factorielle linéaire [General analysis of stochastic links: a particular study of linear factor analysis]. (springer.com)
  • Barriers to treatment adherence were attributed to personal (time), treatment (side effects), and disease (being asymptomatic) factors. (um.edu.my)
  • Healthcare professionals should be aware of the potential effects of loneliness and social isolation when investigating sleep disturbances in older adults. (lu.se)
  • Multilocus sequence typing and genotypic analysis of PorA variable regions (VRs) ( porA VR1 and VR2), ferric enterochelin receptor VR ( fetA ), neisserial heparin-binding antigen ( nhba ), neisserial adhesin A ( nadA ), and factor H binding protein ( fhbp ) encoding regions were performed by using described protocols ( 11 , 12 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Parents reported on their children's autistic traits at age 6 years using the Social Responsiveness Scale, and the Pervasive Developmental Problem scale. (eur.nl)