• Method: We evaluated whether the estimates of the risk indexes obtained from information of the active epidemiological surveillance, contact tracing surveys in Japan, are suitable for quantitative assessment of the risk factors of COVID-19, using pseudo data via a simulation study. (unimi.it)
  • The search terms were "cough AND (epidemiology OR epidemiologic OR epidemiological OR prevalence OR incidence)" for articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 1980 and 2013. (ersjournals.com)
  • Topics include basic epidemiological statistics, study design, and sources/impact of bias and error. (mtu.edu)
  • Emily's research focusses on primary school-aged children and examines the relationship between epidemiological factors and lifestyle behaviours with educational outcomes using data linkage. (swansea.ac.uk)
  • VI Analysis and Interpretation of Epidemiological Data -- Ch.15 Preparation of survey data for statistical analysis -- Ch.16 Introductory data analysis: descriptive epidemiology -- Ch.17 Introductory data analysis: analytical epidemiology -- Ch.18 Confounding -- Ch. 19 Bias -- Pt. (who.int)
  • I demonstrate the potential bias in estimates of recent transmission and the impact of risk factors for clustering by using computer simulations to reconstruct populations of tuberculosis patients and sample from them. (cdc.gov)
  • Molecular epidemiology makes use of the genetic diversity within strains of infectious organisms to track the transmission of these organisms in human populations. (cdc.gov)
  • Epidemiology, literally the "study of what is upon people", is concerned with the dynamics of health and disease in human populations. (plos.org)
  • This is a particular problem with CKD, since the disease is asymptomatic until the late stages, and the biases inherent in the methods used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in population studies are highly variable across populations. (lu.se)
  • Method: We therefore propose a simple standardised protocol to estimate the distribution of GFR in LMIC populations - The Disadvantaged Populations eGFR Epidemiology (DEGREE) Study. (lu.se)
  • It is important to note that profession striving for logical progression, a limiting the process of diagnosis is complex, relying on a var- factor is the orchestration by humans. (deepdyve.com)
  • International Journal of Epidemiology 2001;30:833-838. (helsinki.fi)
  • International Journal of Epidemiology 2001;30:264-7. (helsinki.fi)
  • International Journal of Epidemiology 2001;30(6):1397-1405. (helsinki.fi)
  • Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2001;55(7):494-9. (helsinki.fi)
  • In Vallin J, Meslé F., Valkonen T.: Tendances en matiére de mortalité et mortalité différentielle;Editions du Conseil de l'Europe, Etudes démographiques 36 2001:189-310. (helsinki.fi)
  • For example, bias due to a particular design flaw such as lack of allocation sequence concealment may lead to under-estimation of an effect in one study but over-estimation in another (Jüni et al 2001). (cochrane.org)
  • I have introduced new statistical tools for the assessment of driver crash risk and have identified contributing factors to road accidents. (essex.ac.uk)
  • Air pollutants and weather factors in the realized statistical models were lagged by the same number of days, from 0 to 5 days. (springer.com)
  • Such increases may be due to chance, statistical bias or effects of confounding factors that are sometimes not evident. (cei.org)
  • Among the goals of the molecular epidemiology of infectious disease are to quantify the extent of ongoing transmission of infectious agents and to identify host- and strain-specific risk factors for disease spread. (cdc.gov)
  • The bias consistently results in underestimating recent transmission and the impact of risk factors for recent transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to distinguishing primary TB from reactivation disease, these molecular techniques have been used to identify risk factors for recent transmission in population-based epidemiologic studies ( 3 ) . (cdc.gov)
  • The goals of these investigations have been both to quantify the extent of ongoing transmission of M. tuberculosis and to identify host- and strain-specific risk factors for disease spread. (cdc.gov)
  • Typically, these researchers have studied a specific population at risk for the disease by enrolling a cohort of persons with incident clinical TB, assessing these patients' individual risk factors, and fingerprinting the TB isolates obtained from them ( 4 - 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Covariates associated with clustered fingerprints are taken to be host-specific risk factors for recent transmission of M. tuberculosis . (cdc.gov)
  • The identification of these risk factors may provide specific targets for interventions designed to interrupt disease transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the estimates of risk indexes based on information obtained from the surveys and normally used in practice can have biases comparing with true magnitude of risks of infection and spread. (unimi.it)
  • However, these estimates could possibly have significant biases and result in being ineffective for both the exploration and the quantitative assessment of the risk factors in the following ordinary cases: a person contacts closely with many confirmed patients, or a confirmed patient contact closely with many people. (unimi.it)
  • Immortal time bias in the study of stillbirth risk factors: the example of gestational diabetes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Immortal time before diagnosis of gestational diabetes may bias our understanding of the stillbirth risk associated with this condition. (bvsalud.org)
  • This article describes the common clinical features of patients with a first seizure, risk factors for seizure recurrence, and a general approach to management. (medscape.com)
  • We investigated if well-established risk factors for cannabis, alcohol and/or tobacco use during adolescence are associated with ever use of cannabis in youth aged 12 years. (canada.ca)
  • This meta-analysis showed that poor health, particularly self-perceived health, is a risk factor for exit from paid employment through disability pension, unemployment and, to a lesser extent, early retirement. (bmj.com)
  • A prospective register study, with 15 years follow-up, in a cohort of nurses' aides found that risk factors for disability pension were mainly health related (eg, low back pain, sick leave spells), whereas economic factors (eg, income of spouse) influence the decision to retire early. (bmj.com)
  • Increasingly, risk of bias tools are used to evaluate epidemiologic studies as part of evidence synthesis (evidence integration), often involving meta-analyses. (nih.gov)
  • We review the strengths and limitations of risk of bias assessments, in particular, for reviews of observational studies of environmental exposures, and we also comment more generally on methods of evidence synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • Rather than a checklist approach when evaluating individual studies using risk of bias tools, we call for identifying and quantifying possible biases, their direction, and their impacts on parameter estimates. (nih.gov)
  • As is recognized in many guidelines, evidence synthesis requires a broader approach than simply evaluating risk of bias in individual studies followed by synthesis of studies judged unbiased, or with studies given more weight if judged less biased. (nih.gov)
  • Simplistic, mechanical approaches to risk of bias assessments, which may particularly occur when these tools are used by nonexperts, can result in erroneous conclusions and sometimes may be used to dismiss important evidence. (nih.gov)
  • Boxes 4 and 5 of this figure (evaluate evidence, integrate evidence) depict where risk of bias assessments come into play via evaluations of individual studies and evidence synthesis across studies, and they are the subject of this paper. (nih.gov)
  • The prevalence of diabetes and overweight (one of the major risk factors for diabetes) continue to increase. (cdc.gov)
  • Objectives To determine whether more years spent in education is a causal risk factor for myopia, or whether myopia is a causal risk factor for more years in education. (bmj.com)
  • Two authors independently assessed inclusion and exclusion at the abstract and full-text level, rated the risk of bias, and determined the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. (bmj.com)
  • We conducted a population-based, frequency-matched case-control study in Sicily to further investigate the reported inverse relationship between smoking and classical Kaposi sarcoma and to identify other factors associated with altered risk. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Is low folate a risk factor for depression? (bmj.com)
  • Martikainen P., Ishizaki M., Marmot M., Nakagawa H., Kagamimori S.: Socioeconomic differences in behavioural and biological risk factors: a comparison of a Japanese and an English cohort of employed men. (helsinki.fi)
  • High blood pressure (BP) is a major pathological risk factor for the development of several cardiovascular diseases. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • An assessment of the internal validity of studies included in a Cochrane Review should emphasize the risk of bias in their results, that is, the risk that they will over-estimate or under-estimate the true intervention effect. (cochrane.org)
  • Review authors should consider source of funding and conflicts of interest of authors of the study, which may inform the exploration of directness and heterogeneity of study results, assessment of risk of bias within studies, and assessment of risk of bias in syntheses owing to missing results. (cochrane.org)
  • We introduce the general principles of assessing the risk that bias may be present, as well as the presentation of such assessments and their incorporation into analyses. (cochrane.org)
  • Therefore, review authors should systematically take into account risk of bias in results of included studies when interpreting the results of their review. (cochrane.org)
  • Air pollution from roadway traffic is a more important risk factor for childhood leukemia than EMFs. (microwavenews.com)
  • All the potential risk factors were on the agenda. (microwavenews.com)
  • 4] A fraction of this rise can be accounted for through known risk factors, but a full 60% of the increase has remained a mystery to scientists. (ewtn.com)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate maternal and neonatal risk factors for type 1 diabetes in children under 15 years old in Grampian, Scotland. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between various maternal and neonatal factors and the risk of type 1 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many investigators have focussed on the relationship between maternal and neonatal factors and the subsequent risk of type 1 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we sought to assess the epidemiology of GC, its clinicopathological profiles, and its association with risk factors as well as to identify premalignant gastric lesions (PGL) and examine neoplastic progression. (mdpi.com)
  • Replacement of GH in adults with GHD markedly reduces central obesity and substantially reduces total cholesterol levels but has produced little change in other risk factors, particularly insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. (medscape.com)
  • It's known that the risk of cancer increases with age possibly because of the deterioration of DNA repair mechanisms and a few well-documented risk factors, such as family history of cancer, heavy smoking, and exposure to certain viruses and some exposures to radiation. (cei.org)
  • Outside of those and perhaps a few other risk factors, the occurrence of cancer is largely inexplicable. (cei.org)
  • Accordingly, the rule of thumb in epidemiology, as famously espoused by the National Cancer Institute, is that, "In epidemiologic research, [increases in risk of less than 100 percent] are considered small and usually difficult to interpret. (cei.org)
  • These data should then provide insights into important social, demographic and environmental risk factors for this increasingly recognised disease. (lu.se)
  • Several risk factors have been speculated to contribute to AN/AD. (medscape.com)
  • Predicting Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes in the Post-UKPDS Era: Longitudinal Analysis of the Swedish National Diabetes Register. (lu.se)
  • Characterizing the Shared Genetic Underpinnings of Schizophrenia and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. (cdc.gov)
  • III Studying Associations Between Risk Factors and Disease -- Ch.4 Which type of study? (who.int)
  • Observational studies should not be considered inherently biased vs. a hypothetical RCT. (nih.gov)
  • On the other hand, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement Strobe initiative, has clearly defined observational studies as a distinguished area from randomized controlled trials, evaluation or diagnostic studies [9], and thus recognize only descriptive and analytical studies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Research in epidemiology aims to identify the distribution, incidence, and etiology of human diseases [1] to improve the understanding of the causes of diseases and to prevent their spread. (plos.org)
  • This course builds on the students' knowledge of basic microbiology and will consider the epidemiology of common infectious diseases seen within the Australian population. (edu.au)
  • A factor, such as a microorganism, chemical substance, or form of radiation, whose presence, excessive presence, or (in deficiency diseases) relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease. (cdc.gov)
  • proportion of a disease in a group that is exposed to a particular factor which can be attributed to their exposure to that factor. (cdc.gov)
  • In epidemiology, a countable instance in the population or study group of a particular disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation. (cdc.gov)
  • A reduction of the factor in the population should lead to a reduction in the occurrence of disease. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the lead time itself biases survival statistics: people with disease detected by screening appear to have a longer survival (the time the person has lived after diagnosis) only because screening starts the clock sooner. (wikipedia.org)
  • Systematic reviews play a similar role today as literature reviews in the past in that both attempt to provide an overview of the literature on a particular topic, either within a discipline (e.g., epidemiology) or across disciplines, and typically assess the evidence for causality for the association between exposure and disease. (nih.gov)
  • Observation bias (recall and information) - e.g. on questioning, healthy people are more likely to under report their alcohol intake than people with a disease. (statsdirect.com)
  • [ 8 ] The statistics may improve further as patients are diagnosed earlier (lead-time bias) or with more benign disease. (medscape.com)
  • The breeding in brucellosis control in this region, serious system is traditional without application of difficulties remain due the complexity of the any standard in hygiene, food rationing or epidemiology of the disease. (who.int)
  • In addition we will address important areas of modern epidemiology such as the influence of early life factors on adult health and disease, but also the importance of the gene-diet-microbiota interaction for body function and health. (lu.se)
  • Bias is a systematic error that leads to an incorrect estimate of effect or association. (statsdirect.com)
  • We define bias as a systematic error , or deviation from the truth, in results. (cochrane.org)
  • 3 - Basic Epidemiologic Methods for Cancer Investigations", Essentials of Surgical Oncology, Surgical Foundations, Philadelphia: Mosby, pp. 21-38, ISBN 978-0-8151-4385-7, retrieved 2021-01-14 Lead time bias - General Practice Notebook Gordis, Leon (2008). (wikipedia.org)
  • Elle est co-présidente du Comité organisateur de la 28th International Conference on Epidemiology and Occupational Health (EPICOH), tenu à Montréal en 2020. (inrs.ca)
  • The application or practice of epidemiology to address public health issues. (cdc.gov)
  • Bias can arise because of the actions of primary study investigators or because of the actions of review authors, or may be unavoidable due to constraints on how research can be undertaken in practice. (cochrane.org)
  • The most common designs were cross-sectional, cohort, case-control, descriptive, experimental and quasi-experimental publications, showing a tendency towards occurring bias and confounding factors in literature research due to missing words in papers structure. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sensitivity analyses showed minimal evidence for genetic confounding that could have biased the causal effect estimates. (bmj.com)
  • An interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors is thought to be involved in the aetiology of type 1 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subjectivity (value-based judgment) is inevitably present in the assessments of the quality of the individual studies (including whether they suffer from biases) and in the decisions to include or exclude studies in evidence syntheses and meta-analyses. (nih.gov)
  • Results of meta-analyses (or other syntheses) across studies may additionally be affected by bias due to the absence of results from studies that should have been included in the synthesis. (cochrane.org)
  • A cardinal principle of epidemiology is that it is a very useful methodology when looking for linkage between high rates of rare diseases the sort of relationship classically found, for example, in outbreaks of food poisoning. (cei.org)
  • They tend to look at a study which has found an association, and accept it as establishing causation only if the alternatives - chance, bias, confounding - don't seem likely. (emfs.info)
  • A bias in the measurements, for example, could often mean that the study finds a smaller association than there really is. (emfs.info)
  • And there doesn't have to be just one of these in any one study, you could have some of the association explained by chance and some by bias, for example. (emfs.info)
  • Many factors can bias the results of a study such that they cancel out, reduce or amplify a real effect you are trying to describe. (statsdirect.com)
  • Selection bias - e.g. study of car ownership in central London is not representative of the UK. (statsdirect.com)
  • This study aimed to analyse COVID-19 burden, epidemiology and mitigation strategies in Muslim-majority countries. (who.int)
  • However, the evidence on the role of many maternal and neonatal factors in the development of childhood type 1 diabetes is inconclusive and only one study has presented data on the Scottish population [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover if the same family is reviewed by the same interviewer (who is whether blinded from the study unknown), obviously there would create certain bias. (bmj.com)
  • An introduction to the principles and methods of epidemiology to understand the distribution and determinants of health in a population. (mtu.edu)
  • We describe the theoretical potential for immortal time bias in studies of stillbirth and gestational diabetes and then quantify the magnitude of the bias using 2006 United States vital statistics data. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biases can lead to under-estimation or over-estimation of the true intervention effect and can vary in magnitude: some are small (and trivial compared with the observed effect) and some are substantial (so that an apparent finding may be due entirely to bias). (cochrane.org)
  • 14 A recent meta-analysis showed evidence for the association between important health behaviour factors and exit from paid employment. (bmj.com)
  • Since the conclusions drawn in a review depend on the results of the included studies, if these results are biased, then a meta-analysis of the studies will produce a misleading conclusion. (cochrane.org)
  • The second place in which bias should be considered is the result of the meta-analysis (or other synthesis) of findings from the included studies . (cochrane.org)
  • Implicit in the "population-based" approach to molecular epidemiology is the assumption that the results of studies based on these samples are reliable estimates of the parameters of interest in the population from which the sample was drawn. (cdc.gov)
  • Then, some steps are needed to reduce such possible biases for the estimation the risks of both the infection and spreading of COVID-19. (unimi.it)
  • However, the evidence of berberine for treating T2DM should be carefully interpreted due to the low methodological quality, small sample size, limited number of trials, and unidentified risks of bias. (hindawi.com)
  • But epidemiology is wholly incapable of identifying low risks of relatively common diseases or conditions, such as most cancers. (cei.org)
  • However, such studies could be susceptible to immortal time bias because, although many cohorts begin at 20 weeks' gestation , pregnancies must "survive" until 24-28 weeks in order to be screened and diagnosed with gestational diabetes . (bvsalud.org)
  • No evidence was found of a significant association between other maternal and neonatal factors and childhood type 1 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Type 2 Diabetes and Fasting Glycemic Are Causal Factors of Frozen Shoulder: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • The authors investigated how well people in a workplace recalled their prior musculoskeletal pain and which factors influenced recall accuracy. (cdc.gov)
  • Although RCTs may provide a useful starting point to think about bias, they do not provide a gold standard for environmental studies. (nih.gov)
  • Evidence synthesis requires a broad approach that goes beyond assessing bias in individual human studies and then including a narrow range of human studies judged to be unbiased in evidence synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • More on bias in studies of EMFs. (emfs.info)
  • Cite this chapter as: Boutron I, Page MJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Lundh A, Hróbjartsson A. Chapter 7: Considering bias and conflicts of interest among the included studies. (cochrane.org)
  • A source of bias may even vary in direction across studies. (cochrane.org)
  • In this chapter we introduce issues of bias in the context of a Cochrane Review, covering both biases in the results of included studies and biases in the results of a synthesis. (cochrane.org)
  • Significantly, not a single case of cancer among the tens of thousands studied in the "7,000 large-scale studies" was definitively linked with any specific dietary factor. (cei.org)
  • Consort and Strobe statements must be strengthened by dental journals, editors and reviewers to improve the quality of the studies, attempting to avoid any sort of bias or confounding factors in the literature research performed by electronic database. (bvsalud.org)
  • Factors associated with higher odds of ever use included older age, identifying as male, lower household income, more weekly spending money, ever tried cigarettes or other tobacco products, ever drank alcohol or binge drank, ever gambled, friends or siblings smoke cigarettes, greater nicotine dependence, higher depressive symptoms and greater impulsivity. (canada.ca)
  • To produce high-quality evidence and substantiate strong recommendations, future research should address areas where the low quality of evidence was observed (for example, intake of dietary fiber, fish, egg, meat, dairy products, fruit juice, and nuts) and emphasize focus on dietary factors not yet conclusively investigated. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • They use explicit, systematic methods that are selected with a view aimed at minimizing bias, to produce more reliable findings to inform decision making" ( https://www.cochranelibrary.com/about/about-cochrane-reviews ). (nih.gov)
  • Home / Research / Epidemiology / Causation - what can epidemiology show and what can't it? (emfs.info)
  • Research on the impact of economic crises on the use of mental health care is scarce, and methodologies of the included papers are prone to substantial bias. (cambridge.org)
  • Only original research papers, published between 2004 and 2014, peer-reviewed, non-qualitative research, and reporting on associations between economic factors and proxies of mental health were considered. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Epidemiology is a basic science responsible for several research designs rather common in health science area, adopted in the university environment as well as health governmental and non-governmental institutions, all over the world. (bvsalud.org)
  • The diagnosis of GHD is a multifaceted process requiring comprehensive clinical and auxologic assessment combined with biochemical testing of the GH-insulinlike growth factor (IGF) axis and radiologic evaluation. (medscape.com)
  • 2015 ), in their commentary publication, explored the following question: "Could environmental exposures be a factor in increased susceptibility to addictive behaviors? (springer.com)
  • Bias assessments are important in evidence synthesis, but we argue they can and should be improved to address the concerns we raise here. (nih.gov)
  • Assessments of biases and their impact play a useful role in both b ) and c ). (nih.gov)
  • Ackerman T.A. (1992) A Didactic Explanation of Item Bias, Item Impact, and Item Validity from a Multidimensional Perspective. (rasch.org)
  • An association may arise due to chance, bias, confounding or reverse causality. (bmj.com)
  • Lead time bias happens when survival time appears longer because diagnosis was done earlier (for instance, by screening), irrespective of whether the patient lived longer. (wikipedia.org)
  • The material in this report originated in the Epidemiology Program Office, Stephen B. Thacker, M.D., Director, and the Division of Public Health Surveillance and Informatics, Daniel M. Sosin, M.D., Director. (cdc.gov)
  • It is an important factor when evaluating the effectiveness of a specific test. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is important to clarify the associations between modifiable lifestyle factors such as physical activity and breast cancer prognosis to enable the development of evidence-based survivorship recommendations. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The aspect of epidemiology concerned with the search for health-related causes and effects. (cdc.gov)
  • Ses travaux de recherche ont été subventionnés par la Société de recherche sur le cancer en partenariat avec le Gouvernement du Québec et le Fonds de la recherche du Québec - Santé, la Société canadienne du cancer, les Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada, le National Institutes of Health (US-NIH), le Workplace Safety and Insurance Board de l'Ontario, le Ministère du travail de l'Ontario et Prostate Cancer Canada. (inrs.ca)