Extracellular excitatory plasticity dendritic field excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Medical search. Frequent questions

The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is a proteoglycan complex that occupies the extracellular space between brain cells and regulates brain development, brain wiring, and synaptic plasticity. (biorxiv.org)
However, the action of the ECM on synaptic plasticity remains controversial. (biorxiv.org)
Thus, ECM attenuation enables the appearance of new synapses in the hippocampus, which is compensated for by a reduction in the excitability of postsynaptic neurons, thereby preventing network overexcitation at the expense of synaptic plasticity. (biorxiv.org)
Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are considered as the most important forms of synaptic plasticity involved in learning and memory. (gu.se)
Our results demonstrate that NMDA applied on brain tissue induces multiple synaptic plasticity. (gu.se)
Notably, NR2A subunits play an essential role in all types of synaptic plasticity examined in this study whereas NR2B also contribute under certain circumstances. (gu.se)
We therefore believe that the final magnitude and temporal pattern of Ca2+ influx in the spine is a key factor determining the induced synaptic plasticity. (gu.se)
3. Li R, Abbas A-K, Huang F-S and Wigström H, Possible involved mechanisms of NMDA-induced synaptic plasticity. (gu.se)
4. Li R, Huang F-S, Abbas A-K and Wigström H, Role of NMDA receptor subtypes in different forms of NMDA-dependent synaptic plasticity. (gu.se)
In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity. (wikipedia.org)
Since memories are postulated to be represented by vastly interconnected neural circuits in the brain, synaptic plasticity is one of the important neurochemical foundations of learning and memory (see Hebbian theory). (wikipedia.org)
There are several underlying mechanisms that cooperate to achieve synaptic plasticity, including changes in the quantity of neurotransmitters released into a synapse and changes in how effectively cells respond to those neurotransmitters. (wikipedia.org)
Synaptic plasticity in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses has been found to be dependent upon postsynaptic calcium release. (wikipedia.org)
Two molecular mechanisms for synaptic plasticity involve the NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, deprivation did not alter either miniature EPSC amplitude in L2/3 neurons or the amplitude of quantal L4-L2/3 synaptic responses measured in strontium, indicating that postsynaptic responsiveness was unchanged. (jneurosci.org)
At night, CA1 pyramidal neurons showed enhanced excitability (action potential firing and/or baseline potential) that was dependent on synaptic excitation and inhibition, regardless of sex. (bvsalud.org)
The convergence of two types of excitatory inputs onto GABAergic granule cells provides a novel mechanism for regulating the degree of interglomerular processing of sensory input in the olfactory bulb through piriform cortex/olfactory bulb synaptic interactions. (jneurosci.org)
Although the dendritic arborization of granule cells is relatively small (50-200 μm) ( Shepherd and Greer, 1998 ), a single granule cell may receive synaptic inputs from mitral cells several millimeters away ( Shepherd and Greer, 1998 ), providing a theoretical basis for massive synaptic divergence. (jneurosci.org)
Sensitivity analysis over several parameters of the model has provided results that may help clarify the dynamics of synaptic transmission, while experiments with the model of the complete synapse seem worth explaining short-term plasticity mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
In the long term, we are interested, in particular, in addressing models of synaptic plasticity, i.e. activity dependent mechanisms, which are the bases of memory and learning processes. (biomedcentral.com)
The synaptic terminals of the transmitting neuron (the presynaptic element) send signals by releasing chemical molecules (neurotransmitters) to the dendritic, somatic or axonic, part of the receiving neuron (postsynaptic term) [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
His biological study spans a wide range of topics, including Synaptic plasticity, Microglia and Amyloid. (research.com)
His research investigates the connection with Neuroscience and areas like Synaptic plasticity which intersect with concerns in Long-term potentiation. (research.com)
His Dendritic spine research incorporates themes from Synaptic plasticity, Postsynaptic potential, Motor learning, Motor cortex and Alzheimer's disease. (research.com)
The axon is responsible for integrating synaptic signals, generating action potentials (APs), propagating those APs to downstream synapses and converting them into patterns of neurotransmitter vesicle release. (frontiersin.org)
We then examine how these mechanisms could modulate synaptic function by focusing on three key features of synaptic information transmission: synaptic strength, synaptic variability, and short-term plasticity. (frontiersin.org)
These modulatory events dramatically affect how synaptic information is integrated to generate patters of action potentials (APs) as well as how those APs are transformed into transmitter release at axon terminals ( Figure 1A ). (frontiersin.org)
Markram's research has focused on synaptic plasticity and the microcircuitry of the neocortex, in which he has discovered fundamental principles governing synaptic plasticity and the structural and functional organization of neural microcircuitry. (epfl.ch)
Second, these antibodies impair the induction of synaptic plasticity, rebound potentiation, and LTD, on Purkinje cells, resulting in loss of restoration and compensation of the distorted "internal models. (springer.com)
Our results indicated that the activation of cyclinD1-CDK4 is required for short-term synaptic plasticity and mGluR-dependent LTD, and suggested that this cyclin-dependent kinase may have different roles during the postnatal development in mice hippocampus area CA1. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we review what is known about cerebellar network organization, neural dynamics and synaptic plasticity and point out what is still missing and would require experimental assessments. (frontiersin.org)
These techniques allow now to record the activity of several cells simultaneously, monitoring their interactions and evaluating excitation-inhibition integration and synaptic plasticity. (frontiersin.org)
non-linear excitation and inhibition properties and multiple forms of synaptic plasticity that cooperate to generate the computational schemes that process incoming signals and generate the cerebellar output. (frontiersin.org)
In forming a distal, lateral synaptic network, horizontal cells enrich not only their own physiology but that of presynaptic and postsynaptic partners. (org.es)
At that time, neurons were thought only to be depolarized by synaptic inputs (inside becoming more positive relative to outside), thus having their inside-negative resting membrane potentials become reduced. (org.es)
Tao is also required for proper synaptic function, as reduction of Tao results in NMJs with decreased evoked excitatory junctional potentials. (sdbonline.org)
The aim of our study was to identify molecular changes produced by prenatal exposure to WIN 55,212-2 that might contribute to late disruption in synaptic plasticity and cognition. (researchgate.net)
Taken together, these findings revealed the E/I synaptic abnormalities in the amygdala from two generations of the VPA-induced offspring with GABAergic deteriorations in the F2 generation, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of the GABAergic system to generational pathophysiology of ASD. (biomedcentral.com)
Synaptic plasticity involves structural modifications in dendritic spines that are modulated by local protein synthesis and actin remodeling. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Elevated intracellular Ca 2+ can activate the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), thereby potentially initiating the expression of genes that are important for synaptic plasticity, neurite growth and dendritic spine development [ 20 - 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Memory tests showed mild to a strong improvement in memory function, increased expression levels of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), which are involved in synaptic plasticity and amyloid-beta (Aβ) elimination, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Our simulations demonstrate how simultaneous, brief multimodal memory cues could build a temporary joint memory representation as an "index" in PFC by means of fast Hebbian synaptic plasticity. (eneuro.org)
By enhancing synaptic transmission , LTP improves the ability of two neurons, one presynaptic and the other postsynaptic, to communicate with one another across a synapse. (wikidoc.org)

Here, we employed serial section electron microscopy to show that enzymatic attenuation of ECM with chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) triggers the appearance of new glutamatergic synapses onto thin dendritic spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons. (biorxiv.org)
Following a fusion event, neurons must replenish their vesicle stocks to ensure that they are ready for the arrival of the next action potential. (elifesciences.org)
The expression and translocation of cyclinD1-CDK4 in post-mitotic neurons indicate that they may have supplementary functions in differentiated neurons that might be associated with neuronal plasticity. (biomedcentral.com)
The present results suggest that the expression of cell cycle-related markers may have supplementary functions in differentiated neurons that might be associated with neuronal plasticity. (biomedcentral.com)
However, later intracellular marking techniques, in which dyes were injected from the electrode tips into the cytoplasm of the recorded neuron, revealed that horizontal cells, second order neurons postsynaptic to cones, were the source of the S-potentials (3, 4). (org.es)
Its biological implementation, however, is unclear and no reference to action selection or the postsynaptic neurons or even by local glia (Fig 5A and 5B). (stpancraschurch.org)
Börgers C, Kopell N (2005) Effects of noisy drive on rhythms in networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. (yale.edu)
FHM1 has a differential effect on short-term depression (STD) at TC synapses: compared to wild type (WT) mice, STD is greater at synapses contacting layer IV (L4) excitatory neurons while it is unaltered at synapses contacting L4 inhibitory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
As a result, during repetitive thalamic firing, the gain-of-function of TC excitatory inputs on inhibitory neurons becomes larger than that on excitatory neurons and the I/E balance is relatively skewed towards inhibition in FHM1 L4 excitatory neurons [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These forms of plasticity are due to increases in presynaptic neurotransmitter release, and can be engaged when dentate GCs fire in bursts (e.g., during exploratory behaviors) and bring CA3 pyramidal neurons above threshold. (eneuro.org)
We found that the phosphorylation of isoform-specific sites in eEF1A2-an essential translation elongation factor in neurons-is a key modulator of structural plasticity in dendritic spines. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Both BDNF and TrkB are present in presynaptic axon terminals and postsynaptic dendritic compartments of neurons, and they are capable of bidirectional release and activity [for review, see Tyler et al. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
Consequently, the intrinsic properties and pairwise interactions of their constituent neurons can be characterized, including analyses of their communication via gap junctions, action potential-gated synapses or graded synapses. (degruyter.com)
The Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb (1949 ) is credited with inventing the concept, which was based on appealing - but speculative - ideas of how excitatory neurons ought to be synaptically interconnected, ought to have their interconnections modified, and ought to function together. (degruyter.com)

The appearance of new synapses increased the ratio of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) to presynaptic fiber volley (PrV), suggesting that these new synapses are formed on existing axonal fibers. (biorxiv.org)
However, both the mean miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) amplitude and AMPA/NMDA ratio were decreased, suggesting that ECM attenuation increased the proportion of 'unpotentiated' synapses. (biorxiv.org)
Using two-photon guided minimal stimulation in acute rat brain slices, we found that distal and proximal excitatory synapses onto granule cells are functionally distinct. (jneurosci.org)
Most excitatory synapses we examined onto granule cells activated both NMDARs and AMPA receptors, whereas a subpopulation appeared to be NMDAR silent. (jneurosci.org)
A , Schematic diagram of excitatory synapses onto granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
Table 10 represents the distribution of synapses over the dendritic arborization of retinal TrkB-MO and p75-MO on contralaterally projecting axons, knockdown of TrkB did not experience excess apoptotic pressure. (stpancraschurch.org)
The FHM1 mouse model is consequently characterized by increased neurotransmission at both intra-cortical [ 15 ] and thalamocortical (TC) excitatory synapses [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
signalling at excitatory forebrain synapses Glutamatergic synapses are situated on dendritic propionate (AMPA) receptor subunit levels (NR1, NR2A, spines containing postsynaptic densities (PSDs), which NR2B, GluR1 and GluR2) were analysed in the forebrain by allow glutamate receptors to anchor through interactions both western blot of homogenates and immunohistochemis- with scaffolding proteins. (health-articles.net)

This enhancement of LTP was abolished by a blockade of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), which is involved in the maturation of dendritic spines. (biorxiv.org)
This activation is localized to spines with focal stimulation and is inactivated before spreading to adjacent spines or the shaft, indicating an important mechanism of LTP in that particular changes in protein activation can be localized or compartmentalized to enhance the responsivity of single dendritic spines. (wikipedia.org)
Individual dendritic spines are capable of forming unique responses to presynaptic cells. (wikipedia.org)
The activin molecule modulates the actin dynamics in dendritic spines through the MAP-kinase pathway. (wikipedia.org)
By changing the F-actin cytoskeletal structure of dendritic spines, spine necks are lengthened producing increased electrical isolation. (wikipedia.org)
Alexa 594-filled stimulating electrode positioned ∼20 μm from imaged dendritic region) reliably triggered Ca accumulations in two of the three imaged spines (sp1 and sp2) but not in the dendritic shaft segment. (jneurosci.org)
opment of dendritic spines begins with the formation of branes, we found increases of NR2A and GluR2 but not filopodia. (health-articles.net)
The latter represent were co-immunoprecipitated from postsynaptic densities the most mature and stable spines. (health-articles.net)
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling triggered transient dissociation of eEF1A2 from its regulatory guanine exchange factor (GEF) protein in dendritic spines in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

A central unanswered question is whether map plasticity involves activity-dependent changes in synapse strength, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). We address this question by studying the loss of cortical responsiveness to deprived sensory inputs. (jneurosci.org)
Computational studies suggest that this shift is specifically due to enhanced cortical excitatory transmission. (biomedcentral.com)

Specific presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms can be further analysed under various conditions, for instance by studying the presynaptic behaviour under repeated activations. (biomedcentral.com)

however, these two forms of plasticity also interact, suggesting a possible relation. (gu.se)
The powerful mossy fiber (MF)-CA3 synapse exhibits strong forms of plasticity that are engaged during location-specific exploration, when dentate granule cells (GCs) fire in bursts. (eneuro.org)

In this study, we initiated to investigate the potential functions of cyclinD1-CDK4 in neuronal plasticity during the postnatal development in mice hippocampus area CA1. (biomedcentral.com)
While examining BDNF and neuronal plasticity in vivo, Lapchak et al. (hyperthermicwellness.com)

Spectral analysis of the local field potentials revealed an increase in the β/low γ range of WT mice following the abrupt reversal of contrast gratings. (biomedcentral.com)

The arrival of an electrical signal called an action potential at the first neuron triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters into the synapse. (elifesciences.org)

These protein kinases have been linked to growth in dendritic spine volume and LTP processes such as the addition of AMPA receptors to the plasma membrane and phosphorylation of ion channels for enhanced permeability. (wikipedia.org)
Positive allosteric modulators of α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole- propionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors ("ampakines" and functionally related compounds) constitute a relatively new class of psychoactive drugs that enhance fast, excitatory transmission in the brain. (escholarship.org)

This depolarization was thought of as excitation, and if the excitation was large enough, action potentials, or nerve spikes, were generated to transfer signals down the length of the nerve-cell axon. (org.es)

In Hebbian sensory map plasticity, behaviorally relevant stimuli expand their representation within sensory maps, whereas less relevant stimuli lose representation. (jneurosci.org)
For long stimuli, the S-potential only changes in duration but the amplitude remains constant (2 leftmost responses in Fig. 1B). (org.es)
S-potentials, however, were not depolarized by light, but rather hyperpolarized, and did not fire action potentials, even with the brightest light stimuli. (org.es)

and tried to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying NMDA-induced plasticity. (gu.se)
However, the potential mechanisms underlying the relationships among depression, APOE genotype, and mild cognitive impairment remain largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)

In the vertebrate brain, long-lasting structural tenacity of neuronal networks is supported by the extracellular matrix (ECM). (nature.com)

The traditional way to induce LTP and LTD is by electric stimulation leading to activation of NMDA-R. Later research also revealed a form of NMDA-dependent plasticity induced by direct application of NMDA. (gu.se)

Whisker deprivation weakens excitatory layer 4 (L4) inputs to L2/3 pyramidal cells in rat primary somatosensory (S1) cortex, which is likely to contribute to whisker map plasticity. (jneurosci.org)
His primary areas of investigation include Neuroscience, Dendritic spine, Postsynaptic potential, Neuroplasticity and Cerebral cortex. (research.com)
His research in Dendritic spine intersects with topics in Cortex and Anatomy. (research.com)
His Cerebral cortex research includes themes of Dendritic filopodia, Physiology and Barrel cortex. (research.com)
His Dendritic spine research is multidisciplinary, incorporating perspectives in Neuroplasticity, Motor learning, Cortex and Barrel cortex. (research.com)
Dendritic spine, Neuroscience, Microglia, Primary motor cortex and Cell biology are his primary areas of study. (research.com)
His study looks at the relationship between Primary motor cortex and fields such as Calcium, as well as how they intersect with chemical problems. (research.com)
Wen-Biao Gan combines subjects such as Barrel cortex, Motor cortex, Primary motor cortex, Cortex and Dendritic filopodia with his study of Motor learning. (research.com)
We recorded extracellular field potentials from the primary visual cortex (V1) of head-fixed awake FHM1 knock-in ( n = 12) and wild type ( n = 12) mice in response to square-wave gratings with different visual contrasts. (biomedcentral.com)
To test this hypothesis, she has initiated a nationwide, collaborative effort to determine whether psychedelics reopen critical periods for ocular dominance plasticity, bird song learning, anatomical plasticity in the barrel cortex, serotonergic neuronal regeneration, dendritic spinogenesis, and motor learning. (learnhowtospeedread.org)

Loss of Tao kinase resulted in exuberant postsynaptic specializations and aberrant connectivity during larval growth. (sdbonline.org)
For this purpose, WIN 55,212-2 was injected in pregnant wistar rats from gestation day 5 to 20 and a detailed analysis of the levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of the signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) was carried out in adult offspring. (researchgate.net)

Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are indispensable for maintaining excitatory/inhibitory balance in neuronal circuits that control reflexes and rhythmic motor behaviors. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Pro-BDNF may be secreted as is ( 48 ), cleaved by the extracellular protease plasmin ( 202 ), or interact with the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75 NTR and other receptors that cause an independent biological effect ( 244 ). (hyperthermicwellness.com)
[3] These signals, in the form of neurotransmitter molecules, are received by neurotransmitter receptors present on the surface of the postsynaptic cell. (wikidoc.org)
LTP improves the postsynaptic cell's sensitivity to neurotransmitter in large part by increasing the activity of existing receptors and by increasing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic cell surface. (wikidoc.org)

His main research concerns Neuroscience, Dendritic spine, Motor learning, Microglia and Biological neural network. (research.com)
His studies in Biological neural network integrate themes in fields like Memory consolidation, Long-term memory, Sleep in non-human animals, Chronic pain and Eye movement. (research.com)
The establishment of neural circuits depends on the ability of axonal growth cones to sense their surrounding environment en route to their target. (biologists.com)
In the hippocampus, the involvement of BDNF in neural plasticity and neurogenesis is important to learning and memory, but less is known about how BDNF participates in energy homeostasis. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
We review current research about BDNF in specific brain locations related to energy balance, environmental, and behavioral influences on BDNF expression and the possibility that BDNF may influence energy homeostasis via its role in neurogenesis and neural plasticity. (hyperthermicwellness.com)

During the last decades, the development of high-throughput technologies has produced a huge amount of information in the field of neurobiology, requiring the utilization of mathematical modeling to describe the complex dynamics of biological processes and stimulating new collaborations among biologists, physicists and computer scientists [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We consider the available experimental techniques that allow a comprehensive assessment of circuit dynamics, including voltage and calcium imaging and extracellular electrophysiological recordings with multi-electrode arrays (MEAs). (frontiersin.org)
These techniques are proving essential to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of activity and plasticity in the cerebellar network, providing new clues on how circuit dynamics contribute to motor control and higher cognitive functions. (frontiersin.org)
Here, using physiologically relevant patterns of MF stimulation in acute mouse hippocampal slices, we found that disrupting postsynaptic Ca 2+ dynamics increases MF-PTP, strongly suggesting a form of Ca 2+ -dependent retrograde suppression of this form of plasticity. (eneuro.org)

These results suggest that the proximal excitatory inputs to granule cells may play an important role in gating recurrent and lateral dendrodendritic inhibition (DDI) in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)

In the hippocampus, the excitatory synapse between dentate granule cell (GC) axons, or mossy fibers (MFs), and CA3 pyramidal cells (MF-CA3) expresses robust forms of short-term plasticity, such as frequency facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). (eneuro.org)

The data indicate that low-temperature-induced shape change has no requirement for extracellular calcium, whereas phosphorylation of the two proteins and subsequent serotonin release both have strong calcium requirements. (escholarship.org)

Extracellular recording was used to study field excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSPs) in the CA1 apical dendritic layer. (gu.se)
A second patch pipette containing Alexa 594 was used for extracellular stimulation and is visible near the apical dendrite. (jneurosci.org)

Therefore, whether LTD is causally involved in map plasticity remains unclear. (jneurosci.org)

Unexpectedly, a GC in vivo like pattern of activity induced robust presynaptically-expressed post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) only when the postsynaptic cell was loaded with a high concentration of Ca 2+ buffer, indicating a form of Ca 2+ -dependent retrograde suppression of PTP. (eneuro.org)

During learning processes in the developing and adult brain, variability of ECM densities and dynamic remodeling has been shown to support learning-dependent plasticity 14 , 15 . (nature.com)
Through our model, we are able to derive extremely simple and local learning rules, which directly explain experimental results in Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP). (rctn.org)

As part of one scientific family, he deals mainly with the area of Postsynaptic potential, narrowing it down to issues related to the Excitatory postsynaptic potential, and often Neurotransmission. (research.com)

Since being first described in fish retinas, S-potentials have been recorded from retinal horizontal cells in all vertebrate classes. (org.es)

The brighter the stimulus, the larger the amplitude of the S-potential until a saturation level is reached. (org.es)
FHM1 mice displayed similar amplitude but slower temporal evolution of visual evoked potentials. (biomedcentral.com)

Yet in the most well understood form of LTP, enhanced communication is predominantly carried out by improving the postsynaptic cell's sensitivity to signals received from the presynaptic cell. (wikidoc.org)

thus, there is the potential that BDNF could modify circuits important to eating behavior and energy expenditure. (hyperthermicwellness.com)

His scientific interests lie mostly in Neuroscience, Dendritic spine, Postsynaptic potential, Anatomy and Microglia. (research.com)

In the central nervous system of rodents, the extracellular matrix glycoproteins tenascin-C and tenascin-R are expressed predominantly by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respectively. (researchgate.net)

FHM1 mutations result in gain-of-function of recombinant human Ca V 2.1 channels and native neuronal Ca V 2.1 channels in FHM1 knock-in mice, causing the enhancement of action potential evoked Ca 2+ influx [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

He interconnects Extinction, Sensory system, Excitatory postsynaptic potential and Motor learning in the investigation of issues within Postsynaptic potential. (research.com)
Wen-Biao Gan has researched Dendritic spine in several fields, including Sensory deprivation, Sensory system, Atrophy, Pathology and Alzheimer's disease. (research.com)

In the adult vertebrate brain, enzymatic removal of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is increasingly recognized to promote learning, memory recall, and restorative plasticity. (nature.com)

How such short-term plasticity is regulated, in particular, remains poorly understood. (eneuro.org)

Excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance within the brain is one of the pathophysiological theories of ASD [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)

Anatomy82

Organisms19

Diseases2

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations3

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Health Care2

Synaptic43

Neurons14

Synapses8

Spines9

Cortical2

Presynaptic and postsynaptic1

Forms of plasticity2

Neuronal plasticity2

Local field pote1

Neuron1

AMPA2

Axon1

Stimuli3

Mechanisms2

Structural1

NMDA1

Cortex10

Kinase2

Receptors4

Neural5

Dynamics4

Inhibition1

Hippocampus1

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Apical2

Unclear1

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Dependent2

Neurotransmission1

Retinal1

Amplitude2

Signals1

BDNF1

Neuroscience1

Rodents1

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Brain2