They associate with microtubule bundles (MICROTUBULES) and are believed to produce mechanical force via a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. (lookformedical.com)
Pathways7
Activation of Ras has the potential to initiate three signaling pathways downstream of Ras: Ras→Raf→MAP kinase pathway, PI3 kinase pathway, and Ral pathway. (wikipedia.org)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
Ras proteins are membrane-bound small GTPases that act as molecular transducers, coupling cell surface receptors to intracellular effector pathways to regulate cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Within neurons, multiple pathways are known to transport proteins and transmitters to the cell surface. (sdbonline.org)
Another distinction that has been drawn contrasts the constitutive and the regulated pathways to distinguish the ongoing transport of protein and lipid to the cell surface from the ability to secrete hormones and transmitters in response to specific stimuli. (sdbonline.org)
Two important pathways were examined in the current study: (1) a basic pathway of exocytosis that brings new proteins to the cell surface and permits the cell to grow, and (2) synaptic transmission, a specialized form of exocytosis, regulated by Ca 2+ entry, in which vesicles already present at synapses fuse with the membrane and recycle locally (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
Analysis with the RAS effector-loop mutants that interact specifically with Raf, Ral GDS pathways highlighted the importance of the RalGDS pathways in the regulation of S100A10 gene expression. (oncotarget.com)
Receptors6
Ras signaling is activated by cellular receptors including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), cytokines receptors, and extracellular matrix receptors [ 12 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
The uPA converts cell surface-bound plasminogen to plasmin, a process that is regulated by the binding of plasminogen to specific receptors on the cell surface, however, the identity of the plasminogen receptors that function in this capacity is unclear. (oncotarget.com)
Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors. (lookformedical.com)
A family of serine-threonine kinases that are specific for G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
A ubiquitously expressed G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that has specificity for the agonist-occupied form of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and a variety of other G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. (lookformedical.com)
Regulatory proteins1
They are regulatory proteins that play a role in G-protein-coupled receptor densensitization. (lookformedical.com)
Stimulates1
In turn, the intermediate protein stimulates GDP-bound Ras to the activated GTP-bound Ras. (wikipedia.org)
Kinase3
Binding of FGF to FGFR phosphorylates the idle kinase and activates the RTK pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Although it is highly homologous to G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 2, it is not considered to play an essential role in regulating myocardial contractile response. (lookformedical.com)
A G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in the MYOCARDIUM and may play a role in the regulation of cardiac functions. (lookformedical.com)
Membrane8
This pathway begins at the cell membrane surface, where a ligand binds to its specific receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Due to the fact that the receptor spans across the membrane from the extracellular environment, through the lipid bilayer, and into the cytoplasm, the binding of the receptor to the ligand also causes the trans phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Such processes require membrane traffic to particular domains of the cell surface, in order to insert proteins at restricted regions of the membrane, to enlarge particular regions of the cell membrane, or to signal asymmetrically to neighboring cells. (sdbonline.org)
Neurons generate their polarity by directing membrane traffic to growing neurites and growth cones, and by sorting proteins differentially between the axon and dendrites. (sdbonline.org)
This protein is required for many aspects of membrane traffic within neurons, including the elaboration of neurites, but the release of neurotransmitter at the synapse is independent of this exocyst component (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
Oncogenic RAS-mediated upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), MMP-9 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is critical for invasion through the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. (oncotarget.com)
It is now well established that a key requirement for invasion and metastasis of cancer cells is the degradation of both the extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the tumor and the basement membrane which presents the final barrier between the tumor cells and the blood stream [ 1 - 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. (lookformedical.com)
Abnormal2
Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
Abnormal proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and extracellular matrix synthesis of residual lens epithelial cells are considered to be the main pathogenic mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
RTKs1
Ligands that bind to RTKs include fibroblast growth factors, epidermal growth factors, platelet-derived growth factors, and stem cell factor. (wikipedia.org)
Receptor2
Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses. (wikipedia.org)
An adaptor protein (such as SOS) recognizes the phosphorylated tyrosine on the receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Mutants1
The exocyst complex, a set of eight proteins first identified from secretory mutants in yeast, is an attractive candidate for mediating directed traffic. (sdbonline.org)
Molecular3
Ras proteins act as molecular switches that cycle between two conformational states: an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state. (encyclopedia.pub)
Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 47 kDa and 52 kDa exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. (lookformedical.com)
Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. (wikipedia.org)
Cancer cells that have acquired an invasive phenotype release proteases that attack and digest the protein component of the matrix that would restrict the movement of these malignant cells. (oncotarget.com)
In vitro studies showed that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α deletion facilitated cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition protein marker expression in lens epithelial cells. (bvsalud.org)
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α knockdown promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of lens epithelial cells via MMP2. (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells by directly binding to the MMP2 promoter region and inhibiting the expression of MMP2, thus leading to retardation of posterior capsular opacification formation and development, suggesting that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α is a potential therapeutic target for posterior capsular opacification. (bvsalud.org)
Vesicles1
The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. (lookformedical.com)
Superfamily1
Ras proteins are the founding members of the Ras superfamily of GTPases, which in humans is composed of more than 150 members [ 1 ] [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Mutations2
Additionally, Ras proteins are recognized as major oncogenes, as mutations in all three Ras genes occur in approximately 30% of human cancers [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
sec5 mutations have been identified and characterized in Drosophila in order to delineate the role of the protein in neurons and particularly at synapses. (sdbonline.org)
Cellular processes1
Ras proteins are essential mediators of a multitude of cellular processes, and its deregulation is frequently associated with cancer appearance, progression, and metastasis. (encyclopedia.pub)
Mechanisms1
The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport. (lookformedical.com)
Matrix1
The link between oncogenic RAS expression and the acquisition of the invasive phenotype has been attributed to alterations in cellular activities that control degradation of the extracellular matrix. (oncotarget.com)
Intracellular1
This protein functions as a bridge which connects the RTK to an intermediate protein (such as GNRP), starting the intracellular signaling cascade. (wikipedia.org)
Cascade1
A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. (lookformedical.com)
Oncogenic RAS expression increased S100A10 gene expression which resulted in an increase in S100A10 protein levels. (oncotarget.com)
Activation1
Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. (lookformedical.com)
Signal1
They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
Essential1
Eye proteins are the biological molecules that make up the various structures of the eye and are essential for its proper function. (lookformedical.com)
Factor4
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α has been reported to regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in different tumors. (bvsalud.org)
Chromatin immunoprecipitation and a dual luciferase reporter assay were used to determine the binding of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α to the MMP2 promoter region. (bvsalud.org)
Mechanistically, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α decreased MMP2 expression by binding to the MMP2 promoter region. (bvsalud.org)
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α deletion also promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition in rat lens capsules. (bvsalud.org)
Expression1
Metformin Enhances the Effect of Regorafenib and Inhibits Recurrence and Metastasis of Hepatic Carcinoma After Liver Resection via Regulating Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factors 2α (HIF-2α) and 30 kDa HIV Tat-Interacting Protein (TIP30). (cancerindex.org)