Extracellular astrocytes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Therefore, a plausible regenerative therapeutic option is to coax the endogenous reactive astrocytes to a pre-neurogenic progenitor state and use them as an endogenous reservoir for repair. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, finding out molecular mechanisms by which reactive astrocytes can be coaxed into neurons will be of utmost importance for regenerative therapies as these astrocytes are the imminent cell types around the lesion site. (frontiersin.org)
They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury. (harvard.edu)
Under pathological conditions, such as infection, injury, or neurodegeneration, reactive astrocytes in combination with microglia contribute to the inflammatory response, playing a vital part in advancing neurodegenerative diseases. (news-medical.net)
Tumor-naïve brains increased reactive astrocytes in response to radiation, and mice subjected to radiation prior to implantation of glioma cells developed more aggressive tumors. (figshare.com)

Journal of Extracellular Vesicles , 10 (1), Article e12027. (nebraska.edu)
In this context, miRNAs transferred by tumour derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have previously been shown to create a favourable tumour microenvironment. (bvsalud.org)
We next sought to assess whether morphine-stimulated astrocyte extracellular vesicles (ADEV) could shuttle the amyloid cargoes to neurons. (selectbiosciences.com)
In this regard the latest evidence suggests that astrocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may be essential. (uandes.cl)
How are fatigue, cognitive fatigability and vision-related disorders related to neuronal correlates and changes in the retina examined with OCT and biomarkers (astocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (High Mobility Group Box 1 (Hmbg1) and S100B) and inflammatory markers) in patients who have remaining symptoms after a mild COVID-19 infection and do the results differ from what can be seen in non-symptomatic controls? (ichgcp.net)
Are specific cognitive dysfunctions and fatigue/cognitive fatigability correlated with astocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in patients who have remaining symptoms after a mild COVID-19 infection? (ichgcp.net)

Diurnal enhancement of pain hypersensitivity is mediated by glucocorticoid-induced enhancement of the extracellular release of ATP in the spinal cord, which stimulates purinergic receptors on microglia in the dorsal horn. (nature.com)
Temporal elevations in glucocorticoid levels enhance the extracellular release of ATP in the spinal cord, which stimulates purinergic receptors on microglia in the dorsal horn. (nature.com)
PD-L1 positive astrocytes attenuate inflammatory functions of PD-1 positive microglia in models of autoimmune neuroinflammation. (harvard.edu)
HSP90β expression coincided with astrocyte markers in the ischemic penumbra area, while no expression was observed in microglia. (spandidos-publications.com)
ANAVEX®3-71 also significantly reduces microglia (p ≤ 0.05) and astrocytes (p ≤ 0.05) recruitment towards Aβ-burdened neurons in the hippocampus. (anavex.com)

Present study was aimed at assessing the role of astrocytes in mediating Tat/Morphine induced amyloidosis in the context of HAND & opiate use disorder. (selectbiosciences.com)
We envision this synthetic brain hydrogel as a new tool to study the physiological role of astrocytes in health and disease. (biorxiv.org)
This report takes a multiple memory perspective to test the role of astrocytes in cognition using real-time lactate measurements during learning and memory. (syr.edu)

To determine whether the potentiating effect of extracellular ATP involves cell cycle control mechanisms, we have measured the expression of cyclins that are induced in different phases of the cell cycle in primary cultures of rat cortical astrocytes. (sagepub.com)
Cortical astrocytes displayed a quicker rate of growth (confluence) and a lower ramification (analyzed using the Incucyte ® Neurotrack Analysis Software Module) compared to astrocytes isolated from the cerebellum or hippocampus. (news-medical.net)
Time-course profile compares growth across brain regions and reveals cortical astrocytes have the fastest rate of growth. (news-medical.net)

Our in vivo data showed that SIV+ macaques/HIV+ patients, exhibited region specific up-regulation of the amyloidogenic components in the brain that co-localized with GFAP positive astrocytes. (selectbiosciences.com)
Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of GATA3 significantly increased the number of GFAP/SOX2 double positive astrocytes and expression of pro-neural factor ASCL1, but failed to induce neurogenesis, suggesting that GATA3 is required for enhancing the neurogenic potential of primary human astrocytes and is not sufficient to induce neurogenesis alone. (frontiersin.org)

Astrocytes in humans are more than twenty times larger than in rodent brains, and make contact with more than ten times the number of synapses. (wikipedia.org)
In humans, a single astrocyte cell can interact with up to 2 million synapses at a time. (wikipedia.org)
Since axons have reached the exact origin, neurons begin to form synapses with the help of astrocytes once again. (degruyter.com)
Astrocytes on steroids binge on synapses to cope with stress. (harvard.edu)
Astrocytes influence axonal migration during development and aid the production and function of developing synapses. (news-medical.net)
Regional islands of non-overlapping astrocytes consisting of thousands of synapses are formed. (news-medical.net)

Exposure of human primary astrocytes to morphine resulted in induction and release of miR-138 in the EVs isolated from conditioned media of cultured astrocytes. (nebraska.edu)
In vitro findings aimed at dissecting the cell-type specificity involved in amyloidosis revealed up-regulation of AD markers - BACE-1, amyloid precursor protein (APP), ABetamoC64, p-Tau, as well as increased activity of BACE-1 in Tat-exposed human primary astrocytes (HPA). (selectbiosciences.com)

Such discoveries have made astrocytes an important area of research within the field of neuroscience. (wikipedia.org)
Hence, it is of great significance to reveal the mechanism behind drug addiction, and thanks to the advancing technology in the neuroscience, accumulating studies help people understand how versatile astrocytes work in drug addiction indeed [ 4 ]. (degruyter.com)
Scientists say the discovery of a new function by cells known as astrocytes opens a whole new direction for neuroscience research. (sflorg.com)
The scientists say this discovery in mice of a new function by cells known as astrocytes opens a whole new direction for neuroscience research that might one day lead to treatments for many disorders ranging from epilepsy to Alzheimer's to traumatic brain injury. (sflorg.com)
The electrical activity of astrocytes changes how neurons function," says Chris Dulla, associate professor of neuroscience at the School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and corresponding author on a paper published today by Nature Neuroscience . (sflorg.com)

In this unit, we describe in vitro and in vivo models of developmental ethanol exposure in which to investigate mechanisms of ethanol-induced alterations in the astrocyte ECM leading to abnormal neuronal development. (elsevierpure.com)
The described in vitro model consists of primary astrocyte cultures exposed to ethanol in sealed chambers and of astrocyte/neuron co-cultures in which neurons are in contact with astrocytes previously exposed to ethanol. (elsevierpure.com)
Rat primary astrocytes were isolated from different brain regions (cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus) and grown in vitro to demonstrate the utilization of live-cell analysis for monitoring and comparing the diversity of cultured astroglia phenotypes. (news-medical.net)
Bioengineers designed numerous instructive brain extracellular matrix (ECM) environments that have tailored and tunable protein composition and biomechanics in vitro to study astrocyte reactivity during trauma and inflammation. (biorxiv.org)

Building transformers from neurons and astrocytes. (harvard.edu)
Neurons and astrocytes talk with each other in a way that has not been known about before," he says. (sflorg.com)
Our main focus is neural lineage (e.g. neurons and astrocytes), but other cell types can also be recorded (e.g. cardiomyocytes, β cells). (lu.se)

MiRNAs constitute the extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo and can shuttle from the donor to the recipient cells. (nebraska.edu)

Data suggest that astrocytes also signal to neurons through Ca2+-dependent release of glutamate. (wikipedia.org)
This review discusses the similarities and differences between the morphology of astrocytes and astrocytoma cells, and the role that dysregulation in glutamate and calcium signaling plays in the aberrant morphology of astrocytoma cells. (mdpi.com)
Excessive extracellular glutamate, due to over-excitation of neurons or failure of glutamate recycling, can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent neuronal death. (essentialtremor.org)
Both EAAT1 and EAAT2 are expressed predominantly in astrocytes, the major cell type responsible for glutamate uptake. (essentialtremor.org)
Alterations in EAAT levels in the cerebellar cortex could result in a breakdown in normal extracellular glutamate homeostasis (environment), enhancing vulnerability to excitotoxic damage. (essentialtremor.org)
In this condition, elevated extracellular glutamate causes neuronal loss in many retinal disorders, including glaucoma, ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited photoreceptor degeneration. (molvis.org)

Astrocytes play a major role in neuritogenesis and neurite outgrowth by modulating neuronal plasticity through the regulation of the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is involved in the extension of neurites and the formation and remodeling of synaptic connections. (elsevierpure.com)
Ethanol affects the levels of neuritogenic ECM proteins release by astrocytes and inhibits neuronal plasticity. (elsevierpure.com)
Historically, astrocytes have been considered supporters of neuronal function, but increasing evidence suggests that they directly contribute to and support neuronal activity. (news-medical.net)

Astrocytes in the Optic Nerve Are Heterogeneous in Their Reactivity to Glaucomatous Injury. (harvard.edu)

With this synthetic brain hydrogel, we show the brain-specific integrin-binding and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-degradable domains of proteins control astrocyte star-shaped morphologies, and we can achieve an ECM condition that maintains astrocyte quiescence with minimal activation. (biorxiv.org)

11 ] first proved that astrocytes within adult hippocampus are able to accelerate the proliferation of stem cells and instruct them to become neurons. (degruyter.com)
Extracellular lactate levels in the hippocampus or striatum were determined with lactate biosensors while rats were learning place (hippocampus-sensitive) or response (striatum-sensitive) versions of T-mazes. (syr.edu)
Extracellular lactate levels in the hippocampus increased beyond those of feeding controls during place training but not during response training. (syr.edu)
Moreover, extracellular lactate levels increased in the striatum during response but not place learning, whereas extracellular lactate levels in the hippocampus did not differ across tasks. (syr.edu)
Extracellular field potential recordings, spontaneous or evoked, to study general network activity, or synaptic plasticity ex vivo in brain tissue preparations (predominantly in hippocampus - LTP, LTD). (lu.se)

Astrocytes are essential for proper central nervous system (CNS) function and are intricately involved in neuroinflammation. (utmb.edu)
Neuroinflammation: An astrocyte perspective. (harvard.edu)

Therapeutic targeting of radiation-induced, astrocyte-derived extracellular matrix proteins may enhance the efficacy of standard-of-care radiotherapy by reducing stemness in glioma. (figshare.com)

In this chapter, we review the current knowledge about how stressful conditions alter the hippocampal neurogenesis and how astrocyte-derived sEVs are involved, making special focus on their miRNA cargo. (uandes.cl)

Although injuries in the mammalian central nervous system lead to profound proliferation of astrocytes, which cluster at the lesion site to form a gliotic scar, neurogenesis does not take place. (frontiersin.org)

Because FGF2 and P2 purinergic receptors are coupled to extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK), a key member of a signaling cascade that regulates proliferation, we also investigated the role of ERK in regulating cyclin expression induced by FGF2 and ATP. (sagepub.com)
For this purpose, WIN 55,212-2 was injected in pregnant wistar rats from gestation day 5 to 20 and a detailed analysis of the levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of the signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) was carried out in adult offspring. (researchgate.net)

We identify serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) as the key molecule responsible for the glucocorticoid-enhanced release of ATP from astrocytes. (nature.com)
Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) mediates the glucocorticoid-enhanced release of ATP from astrocytes by opening the pannexin-1 hemichannels. (nature.com)
Primary human astrocytes were cultured and treated with mitogen activated protein kinase-selective small molecule inhibitors, and IL-1β. (utmb.edu)
These data show that extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2-selective inhibitors block IL-1β-induced astrocyte TIMP-1 expression, but did not decrease C/EBPβ expression in parallel. (utmb.edu)
The p38 kinase (p38K) inhibitors partially blocked both IL-1β-induced astrocyte TIMP-1 expression and C/EBPβ expression. (utmb.edu)

Therefore, in this report, we investigated how overexpression of GATA3 in primary human astrocytes would affect the neurogenic potential before and after injury in 2D and 3D cultures. (frontiersin.org)
We found that primary human astrocytes are unable to induce GATA3 after injury. (frontiersin.org)
Primary human astrocytes do not induce GATA3 after injury. (frontiersin.org)

Astrocytes are derived from heterogeneous populations of progenitor cells in the neuroepithelium of the developing central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes are a heterogeneous population of cells with distinguishing functional and morphological characteristics and are specialized to their different brain regions and locations. (news-medical.net)

Assisting the formation and function of the CNS, astrocytes are involved in physiological and pathological brain activities. (degruyter.com)
Widely distributed in the whole brain, astrocytes function complexly varying from physiological activities to pathological changes. (degruyter.com)
This is an example of how astrocytes first came to light, and the further discovery of extracellular potassium buffering and calcium signalling has led to decades of study to understand the behavior and relevance of astrocytes in the normal and pathological functioning of the brain. (utwente.nl)
To this day, there is debate as to what exactly determines the stable functioning of the tripartite synapse and to what extent are the astrocytes repsonsible for normal/pathological synaptic transmission. (utwente.nl)

Our results showed that morphine exposure up-regulated the release of morphine-ADEVs, carrying amyloids and that silencing HIF-1Alpha in astrocytes not only reduced the numbers of released ADEVs, but also inhibited the packaging of amyloid cargos in ADEVs. (selectbiosciences.com)
beta-amyloid is the main component of neuritic (senile) plaques, which consist of degenerated axonal or dendritic processes, astrocytes, and glial cells around an amyloid core. (msdmanuals.com)
Our work took a different direction from the mainstream of AD research that focused on extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides with our discovery of the accumulation of Aβ within AD vulnerable neurons of human brains (Gouras et al. (lu.se)
AD is characterized diagnostically by two histologic findings: (1) extracellular amorphus eosinophilic deposits of amyloid consisting of Aβ peptides (a cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein [APP]), which are referred to as amyloid plaques, and (2) intraneuronal aggregates of abnormally modified microtubule-associated protein tau (neurofibrillary tangles) (see the image below). (medscape.com)

1 2 In tissue culture experiments in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells, TGF-β2 augmented the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) and its cross-linking by transglutaminases. (arvojournals.org)
Abundant glial cells such as the astrocytes have also garnered interest as potential contributors of amyloidosis, & this could translate into a significant added burden to the process of amyloidosis in the context of Tat & Opiates. (selectbiosciences.com)
They perform many functions, including biochemical control of endothelial cells that form the blood-brain barrier, provision of nutrients to the nervous tissue, maintenance of extracellular ion balance, regulation of cerebral blood flow, and a role in the repair and scarring process of the brain and spinal cord following infection and traumatic injuries. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes are the major source of cholesterol in the central nervous system.Apolipoprotein E transports cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons and other glial cells, regulating cell signaling in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes are a sub-type of glial cells in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Emerging evidence illustrates that astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell type, are the functional determinants for fates of neurons and other glial cells in the central nervous system. (jneurosci.org)
Astrocytes are abundant cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system and can act as neural stem cells in specialized niches where they constitutively generate new neurons. (frontiersin.org)
Astrocytes bear multiple vital functions such as maintaining the ion homeostasis, contributing to the blood-brain barrier, restoring synaptic integrity, regulating immune response, and acting as neural stem cells ( Kettenmann and Ransom, 2012 ). (frontiersin.org)
Astrocytes are non-excitable cells in the CNS that can cause life-threatening astrocytoma tumors when they transform to cancerous cells. (mdpi.com)
Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. (harvard.edu)
Extracellular excitatory amino acids are mainly transported into cells by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) expressed on astrocytes to avoid excessive excitation of neurons. (spandidos-publications.com)
Astrocytes are specialized glial cells ubiquitously distributed throughout the spinal cord and brain. (news-medical.net)
8 Astrocytes interact with blood vessels, pericytes, and epithelial cells to organize CNS flow and modulate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). (news-medical.net)
It comes down to how astrocytes interact with neurons, which are fundamental cells of the brain and nervous system that receive input from the outside world. (sflorg.com)
Here we report that astrocytes, when pre-irradiated, increase stemness and survival of cocultured glioma cells. (figshare.com)
Further study of the relationship between astrocytes (cells) and Purkinje cell (PC) injury might be central to understanding the development of ET. (essentialtremor.org)

In the central nervous system of rodents, the extracellular matrix glycoproteins tenascin-C and tenascin-R are expressed predominantly by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respectively. (researchgate.net)
Extracellular matrix derived from irradiated astrocytes were found to be a major driver of this phenotype and astrocyte-derived transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) was identified as a promoter of glioma stemness and radioresistance. (figshare.com)
The underlying mechanisms of matrix destruction in TB remain poorly understood but consideration of the lung extracellular matrix predicts that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) will play a central role, owing to their unique ability to degrade fibrillar collagens and other matrix components. (ersjournals.com)
Lung extracellular matrix destruction is essential to TB transmission and consequently of critical importance to the global success of Mtb. (ersjournals.com)
The mechanism whereby Mtb targets the lung apices is unknown, but once it reaches the lung interstititum, breakdown of the extracellular matrix must occur for the pathogen to disseminate via the airways. (ersjournals.com)
Functionalization of Electrospun Poly(epsilon-Caprolactone) Fibers with the Extracellular Matrix-Derived Peptide GRGDS Improves Guidance of Schwann Cell Migration and Axonal Growth. (ukaachen.de)
Astrocytes became reactive in response to these cues and produced extracellular matrix that altered glioma cell properties, including stemness. (lu.se)

Copper induces neuron-sparing, ferredoxin 1-independent astrocyte toxicity mediated by oxidative stress. (harvard.edu)

When in proximity to the pia mater, all three forms of astrocytes send out processes to form the pia-glial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
ATPOS should be useful to probe the extracellular ATP dynamics of diverse biological processes in vivo. (elifesciences.org)

2010) Cell-cell interactions of human neural progenitor-derived astrocytes within a microstructured 3D-scaffold. (ukaachen.de)

Inhibition of extracellular vesicle-derived miR-146a-5p decreases progression of melanoma brain metastasis via Notch pathway dysregulation in astrocytes. (bvsalud.org)
Corroborating these findings, miR-146a-5p inhibition led to a reduction of IL-6 , IL-8 , MCP-1 and CXCL1 in astrocytes . (bvsalud.org)
ERK1/2-selective inhibition may elicit a compensatory response in the form of enhanced IL-1β-mediated astrocyte C/EBPβ expression, or, alternatively, ERK1/2 signaling may function to moderate IL-1β-mediated astrocyte C/EBPβ expression. (utmb.edu)
Moreover, metabolic inhibition of VLPO astrocytes reduced ATP levels ( n = 4) and diminished sleep duration ( n = 4). (jneurosci.org)

However, after discovering that action potentials were more efficient than initially believed, the energy budget was adjusted: 70% for dendrites, 15% for axons, and 7% for astrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes were also found to be critical for right pathfinding of axons. (degruyter.com)
Astrocytes guide the growth of axons, the long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses. (sflorg.com)

However, a major limitation of both protein-based and model microenvironments is that astrocytes within fail to retain their characteristic stellate morphology and quiescent state without becoming activated under "normal" culture conditions. (biorxiv.org)

The discovery of astrocyte-neuron crosstalk raises numerous questions as to how the interactions work in brain pathology and in the development of learning and memory. (sflorg.com)

Biomarker analysis revealed that ANAVEX®3-71 prevents McGill-APP transgenic rats from increasing cortical (p ≤ 0.05) and hippocampal (p ≤ 0.01) extracellular Aβ deposition. (anavex.com)

Here, we used optogenetic tools to identify the key roles of VLPO astrocytes in sleep promotion. (jneurosci.org)
Optogenetic targeting of astrocytes restores slow brain rhythm function and slows Alzheimer's disease pathology. (harvard.edu)

Rapid isolation of intact retinal astrocytes: a novel approach. (harvard.edu)

Several forms of astrocytes exist in the central nervous system including fibrous (in white matter), protoplasmic (in grey matter), and radial. (wikipedia.org)
Fibrous astrocytes are present in white matter. (news-medical.net)

With the advent of improved tools to examine the astrocytes, which have been believed to play a supportive role in the central nervous system (CNS) for years, their participation in the operation of the CNS and drug addiction was unveiled. (degruyter.com)

In papers I and II, we investigated the response of astrocytes to extrinsic factors of the microenvironment, namely radiation and temozolomide treatment, and to intrinsic factors of the microenvironment, namely intermediate and severe hypoxia. (lu.se)
All in all, this thesis elucidated aspects of the glioblastoma microenvironment, namely irradiated and hypoxic astrocytes, and the CD44 and p75 NTR signaling, that can lead to the development of new targeted therapeutic strategies. (lu.se)

These two models are instrumental to the investigation of how ethanol, during brain development, alters the composition of astrocyte-secreted ECM leading to altered brain development. (elsevierpure.com)
Another study reports that astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Our laboratory identified altered levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in brain lysates from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infected patients, compared to age-matched controls, and interleukin (IL)-1β as a key regulator of astrocyte TIMP-1. (utmb.edu)
Additionally, CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)β levels are elevated in brain specimens from HIV-1 patients and the transcription factor contributes to astrocyte TIMP-1 expression. (utmb.edu)
In addition, astrocytes build the blood-brain barrier and react to injury. (sflorg.com)
Dulla describes astrocytes as "making sure everything is copacetic in the brain, and if something goes wrong, if there's an injury or viral infection, they detect it, try to respond, and then try to protect the brain from insult. (sflorg.com)

In vivo microdialysis analyses revealed an increase in the activity of VLPO astrocytes and ATP levels during sleep states ( n = 4). (jneurosci.org)
Here, we describe a method for in-vivo imaging of extracellular ATP with high spatiotemporal resolution. (elifesciences.org)

Furthermore, p38K activation contributes to IL-1β-induced astrocyte TIMP-1 and C/EBPβ expression. (utmb.edu)

TGF-β2 treatment upregulated the expression of Col1α1, Col4α2, FN, CTGF, TGM2, and TSP-1 mRNA and protein in cultured astrocytes. (arvojournals.org)
TGF-β2 is capable of inducing the expression of ECM and basement membrane components in cultured ONH astrocytes via CTGF and upregulated TSP-1, a protein naturally involved in the activation of latent TGF-β. (arvojournals.org)
SGK-1 protein levels in spinal astrocytes are increased in response to glucocorticoid stimuli and enhanced ATP release by opening the pannexin-1 hemichannels. (nature.com)

Shi, You-Fang 2005-12-03 00:00:00 Extracellular ATP enhances the mitogenic activity of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) in astrocytes, but the molecular mechanism underlying this synergistic interaction is not known. (sagepub.com)

Despite evidence that immune-activated astrocytes contribute to many CNS pathologies, little is known about the inflammatory pathways controlling gene expression. (utmb.edu)
In this report we sought to identify key signaling pathways necessary for IL-1β-mediated astrocyte TIMP-1 expression and their interaction with C/EBPβ. (utmb.edu)
Our data demonstrate that ERK1/2 activation is critical for IL-1β-mediated astrocyte TIMP-1 expression. (utmb.edu)
These data suggest that ERK1/2 signals downstream of C/EBPβ to facilitate IL-1β-induced astrocyte TIMP-1 expression. (utmb.edu)
it also increased the extracellular ATP concentration ( n = 3) and c-Fos expression ( n = 3-4) in neurons within the VLPO. (jneurosci.org)

Recent evidence suggests that astrocytes convert glucose to lactate, which is released from the astrocytes and supports learning and memory. (syr.edu)

In this study, we newly identified the pivotal role of hypothalamic ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) astrocytes in the sleep regulation, and provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the astrocyte-mediated sleep regulation. (jneurosci.org)

We hope that understanding the interaction between addictive drugs and astrocytes may help discover new mechanisms underlying the addiction and produce novel therapeutic treatments. (degruyter.com)

For example, in Alzheimer's disease, astrocytes don't control neurotransmitters, even though that is their fundamental job, Dulla explains. (sflorg.com)

These findings suggest that signaling by P2Y receptors, most likely of the purine/pyrimidine subtype, enhance the ability of FGF2 to stimulate entry into a new cell cycle, as well as DNA replication, by an ERK-dependent mechanism, whereas signaling by P2X receptors, possibly the P2X7 subtype, inhibits FGF2-induced mitogenesis in astrocytes. (sagepub.com)

Astrocyte ERK1/2 and p38K signaling may serve as therapeutic targets for manipulating CNS TIMP-1 and C/EBPβ levels, respectively. (utmb.edu)

EAAT2 accounts for 80-90% of this activity of extracellular excitatory amino acid uptake ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms6

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs14

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes8

Disciplines and Occupations1

Reactive astrocytes5

Vesicles6

Microglia5

Role of astrocytes3

Cortical astrocytes3

Positive astrocytes2

Synapses6

Human primary astrocytes2

Neuroscience5

Vitro4

Neurons and astrocytes3

MiRNAs1

Glutamate6

Neuronal3

Reactivity1

Star-shaped1

Hippocampus5

Neuroinflammation2

Proteins1

MiRNA1

Neurogenesis1

Signal regulated2

Kinase5

Primary3

Heterogeneous2

Pathological4

Amyloid4

Cells17

Matrix7

Toxicity1

Processes2

Neural1

Inhibition4

Axons3

Morphology1

Crosstalk1

Hippocampal1

Optogenetic2

Retinal1

Fibrous2

Nervous System1

Microenvironment2

Brain6

Vivo2

Contributes1

Protein3

Molecular1

Expression5

Evidence suggests1

Regulation1

Mechanisms1

Alzheimer's1

Inhibits1

Therapeutic1

EAAT21