Extinction biological. Medical search. FAQ

Assessment of extinction risk among populations is one of the central problems of conservation biology. (ecologyandsociety.org)
Unfortunately, the only objective way to check the validity of extinction risk estimates is to postpone conservation actions and allow more populations to actually go extinct, clearly an unpopular option for imperiled species. (ecologyandsociety.org)

Evidence for the asteroid impact comes from sediments in the K-Pg boundary layer, but the details of the event, including what precisely caused the mass extinction, are still being debated. (wattsupwiththat.com)

In many circumstances, data from surveys of neutral genetic variability within, and among, populations can provide information useful for assessing extinction risk. (ecologyandsociety.org)
We provide examples of how patterns of neutral genetic variability, both within, and among populations, can be used to corroborate and complement extinction risk assessments. (ecologyandsociety.org)
Data-intensive methods such as population viability analysis (Gilpin and Soulé 1986, Boyce 1992, Beissinger and Westphal 1998) can be useful when extinction risk of only one or a few populations is in question. (ecologyandsociety.org)
When species consist of many populations that may be declining on a local or regional basis, the extinction risk of many local populations must be considered. (ecologyandsociety.org)

About 66 million years ago a mountain-sized asteroid hit what is now the Yucatan in Mexico at exactly the time of the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction. (wattsupwiththat.com)

Patterns of genetic variability resulting from past and present ecological and demographic events, can indicate risks of extinction that are otherwise difficult to infer from ecological and demographic analyses alone. (ecologyandsociety.org)
1996). Extinction risk is typically assessed in terms of ecological and demographic risk factors (Caughley 1994). (ecologyandsociety.org)

We briefly consider how several broad classes of extinction risk assessments, including population viability analysis, incidence functions, and ranking methods integrate information on different temporal and spatial scales. (ecologyandsociety.org)
The development of reliable, yet practical, methods to assess extinction risk is an active and controversial area of investigation (Simberloff 1988, Mace and Lande 1991, Boyce 1992, Burgman et al. (ecologyandsociety.org)
In such cases, assessments of extinction risk may be obtained by quantitative methods, such as incidence-function analysis (Hanski 1997), or by qualitative ranking methods that incorporate varying types of information (Mace and Lande 1991, Given and Norton 1993, Allendorf et al. (ecologyandsociety.org)
1997). Each method incorporates information on different temporal and spatial scales, and may give potentially different, but complementary, answers to the question of extinction risk ( Table 1 ). (ecologyandsociety.org)
Consequently, estimates of extinction risk may be difficult to establish or validate. (ecologyandsociety.org)
Comparison of extinction risk estimates from alternative models or methods of assessment can identify important areas of disagreement and for future research, however (Beissinger and Westphal 1998). (ecologyandsociety.org)
In this essay, we briefly consider the potential for patterns of variability in neutral genetic markers to serve as indicators of extinction risk. (ecologyandsociety.org)
Although linkages between extinction risk and genetic variability may be obvious to population biologists, opportunities for management applications are only beginning to be fully realized. (ecologyandsociety.org)
Our goal in this essay is to focus more attention on the potential utility of genetic variation to serve as a symptom, rather than a cause, of extinction risk (e.g. (ecologyandsociety.org)

Risks of population extinction have been estimated using a variety of methods incorporating information from different spatial and temporal scales. (ecologyandsociety.org)

Their have been a total of five mass extinctions in the past that have done their damage to the biodiversity on this planet. (infobarrel.com)
In a landmark paper published in 1982, Jack Sepkoski and David M. Raup identified five mass extinctions. (wikipedia.org)
Over the last half a billion years, there have been five mass extinctions, when the diversity of life on earth suddenly and dramatically contracted. (barnesandnoble.com)
There have been five mass extinctions in the planet's history. (cnn.com)

When you can identify lots of species that have gone extinct or are on the verge of extinction, that's actually a very unusual time in the Earth's history and a very dangerous one. (telegraph.co.uk)
Considering the marine realm, specifically, only 15 animal species have been recorded as globally extinct ( 15 ), likely an underestimate, given the difficulty of accurately recording marine extinctions. (pnas.org)
Gill nets kill around 50 percent of the vaquita population every single year - and, according to the Center for Biological Diversity, the creatures might even go extinct next year if fishing practices aren't changed. (inhabitat.com)
Nonetheless, Burkhead concludes that between 53 and 86 species of North American freshwater fishes are likely to have gone extinct by 2050, and that the rate of extinction is now at least 877 times the background extinction rate over geological time. (eurekalert.org)
It can be seen from this graph that many species became extinct during the time the Permian and Cretaceous extinctions occured. (gatech.edu)
It is the Earth 's most severe known extinction event , with up to 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species becoming extinct . (wikipedia.org)
Some 57% of all biological families and 83% of all genera became extinct. (wikipedia.org)
Unfortunately, the only objective way to check the validity of extinction risk estimates is to postpone conservation actions and allow more populations to actually go extinct, clearly an unpopular option for imperiled species. (ecologyandsociety.org)
De-extinction, or resurrection biology, or species revivalism is the process of creating an organism, which is either a member of, or resembles an extinct species, or breeding population of such organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Critics assert that efforts would be better spent conserving existing species, that the habitat necessary for formerly extinct species to survive is too limited to warrant de-extinction, and that the evolutionary conservation benefits of these operations are questionable. (wikipedia.org)
Although de-extinction efforts have not yet succeeded in producing viable offspring of a previously extinct species, the same process has been applied successfully to endangered species. (wikipedia.org)
The authors find that in the presence of time-dependent environmental disturbances, the average time for a biological population to become extinct grows only slowly with population size. (springer.com)
The fact is mass extinctions have naturally occurred 5 times before, well over 99.9% of the living species to have ever inhabited the Earth are now extinct , and it's not your fault. (blogspot.com)
Together they are ranked by many scientists as the second largest of the five major extinctions in Earth's history in terms of percentage of genera that became extinct. (wikipedia.org)

We emphasise that the sixth mass extinction is already here and the window for effective action is very short, probably two or three decades at most,' the scientists wrote. (telegraph.co.uk)
The scientists conclude: "The resulting biological annihilation obviously will have serious ecological, economic and social consequences. (telegraph.co.uk)
Historical over harvesting of sea otter furs has severely restricted their once wide-ranging habitat, and only today are scientists starting to see the implications of these local extinctions. (wikipedia.org)
People are putting nature in more trouble now than at any other time in human history, with extinction looming over 1 million species of plants and animals, scientists said Monday. (marketwatch.com)
What are scientists doing to prevent the extinction of Laysan Ducks? (markedbyteachers.com)
Most scientists are in agreement that a comet or asteroid played a role in this extinction but the scale of that role is still hotly contested. (infobarrel.com)
In an important development the scientists from Newcastle reported associated technologies that provide a "proof of concept" for the proposal that frozen zoos (also referred to as genome banks and seed banks) are an effective mechanism to provide an insurance against species extinction and the loss of population genetic diversity. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists disagree on the causes of this extinction. (stanford.edu)
In 1991, scientists reported that the largest known volcanic event in the past 600 million years occurred at the same time as the end-Permian extinction. (stanford.edu)
Scientists learn about extinctions by studying the fossil record and the chemical composition of rocks and chemicals around excavation sites. (littleexplorers.com)
Scientists around the world are currently monitoring the sixth extinction, predicted to be the most devastating extinction event since the asteroid impact that wiped out the dinosaurs. (barnesandnoble.com)
Scientists describe the number of vertebrate species experiencing population declines as "biological annihilation. (the-scientist.com)
Scientists fear Earth is on the verge of the sixth era of extinction. (cnn.com)
For 38 years, during the brief spring butterfly flight season, students and scientists working with biological sciences Professor Paul Ehrlich have searched the rocky grasslands of Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve for Euphydryas editha bayensis - Bay Checkerspot butterflies. (stanford.edu)

The rate of extinctions increased noticeably after 1950, although it has leveled off in the past decade. (eurekalert.org)
At this rate of extinctions of 0.04% per century [which by the list below is not accelerating], it would take ~250,000 years to cause the "sixth mass extinction" that the usual alarmist outlets are crying wolf about, far longer than the onset of the next ice age [which would truly produce a mass extinction]. (blogspot.com)
Based on the fossil record , the background rate of extinctions on Earth is about two to five taxonomic families of marine animals every million years. (wikipedia.org)

Our study demonstrates that house sparrows can extrapolate information gleaned from the social environment and apply it to new experiences," said Tosha Kelly, LSU Department of Biological Sciences post-doctoral researcher and lead author in this study published in Biology Letters. (lsu.edu)
Among these are Mark Batzer, a Boyd Professor & Dr. Mary Lou Applewhite Distinguished Professor with the Department of Biological Sciences at LSU. (lsu.edu)

We describe this as a 'biological annihilation' to highlight the current magnitude of Earth's ongoing sixth major extinction event. (telegraph.co.uk)
This "biological annihilation" underlines the seriousness for humanity of Earth's ongoing sixth mass extinction event. (pnas.org)
The population extinction pulse we describe here shows, from a quantitative viewpoint, that Earth's sixth mass extinction is more severe than perceived when looking exclusively at species extinctions. (pnas.org)
From the perspective of geological time, Earth's richest biota ever is already well into a sixth mass extinction episode ( 9 ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ - 14 ). (pnas.org)
The article, by Noel M. Burkhead of the US Geological Survey, examines North American freshwater fish extinctions from the end of the 19th Century to 2010, when there were 1213 species in the continent, or about 9 percent of the Earth's freshwater fish diversity. (eurekalert.org)
Extinction has been a predominant feature of the history of life, and in the modern context, is a critical scientific topic given the threat of anthropogenic global change and its effect on the viability of Earth's ecosystems [ 3 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Many major extinction events have occurred in earth's history. (answersingenesis.org)
Biologists fear we are on the verge of -- or have already entered -- the sixth era of extinction in Earth's history. (cnn.com)

Pharmacologically elevating brain endocannabinoids (eCBs) share anxiolytic and fear extinction-facilitating properties with classical therapeutics, including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine. (nature.com)
However, the potential role of eCBs in mediating the facilitatory effects of fluoxetine on fear extinction has not been established. (nature.com)
The finding that PKA, which is required for the acquisition of fear memory, is a constraint for extinction provides the first genetic support for the idea that fear extinction is itself a genuine learning process with its own specific molecular requirements, rather than simply the erasure of a previously learned process. (jneurosci.org)
We suggest that NE released in IL during fear extinction activates a PKA-mediated molecular cascade that strengthens extinction memory. (jneurosci.org)
Here, we dissociate the two processes to examine if stress specifically impairs the acquisition and recall of fear extinction. (elifesciences.org)
Strikingly, when fear memories were formed before stress exposure, thereby allowing animals to initiate extinction from comparable levels of fear, recall of fear extinction was unaffected. (elifesciences.org)

Our results indicate that genetic change in lima beans depends on the duration and frequency of local extinction episodes. (scielo.sa.cr)
Boakes, E.H. , Isaac, N.J.B. , Fuller, R.A. , Mace, G.M. & McGowan, P.J.K. (2018) Examining the relationship between local extinction risk and position in range . (brc.ac.uk)

Risks of population extinction have been estimated using a variety of methods incorporating information from different spatial and temporal scales. (ecologyandsociety.org)

Freshwater species generally are known to suffer higher rates of extinction than terrestrial vertebrates. (eurekalert.org)
With groups of vertebrates such as the amphibians facing an extinction crisis they propose this as an effective means to prevent extinction while the causes of declines can be identified and remedied. (wikipedia.org)
We examine 29,400 species of terrestrial vertebrates, and determine which are on the brink of extinction because they have fewer than 1,000 individuals. (skssindia.com)
Previous analyses of extinction risk in vertebrates worldwide have largely focused on how intrinsic factors are related to species threat status (e.g. (springer.com)

There has been human caused extinction event for as long as there has been Homo sapiens the only thing that has really changed in the past two hundred years or so is the rate. (infobarrel.com)

This makes it a paradoxical subject to investigate, requiring a perspective on past extinctions coupled to innovative approaches for inference based on multiple lines of evidence [ 13 , 16 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

A graph of Major Extinctions. (gatech.edu)

Our data indicate that beyond global species extinctions Earth is experiencing a huge episode of population declines and extirpations, which will have negative cascading consequences on ecosystem functioning and services vital to sustaining civilization. (pnas.org)

Higher molecular rates may translate to higher rates of phenotypic changes (9 but see 10, 11) and a greater chance of reproductive isolation, which could ultimately lead to higher speciation rates ( 12 ) and higher rates of pseudoextinction, which could be observed as higher extinction rates among fossil taxa. (pnas.org)
In other words, a way of escaping (in large part, at least) from the uncertainty related to the extinction probabilities of the taxa consists of choosing to protect those belonging to the optimal robust set. (springer.com)
The evidence regarding plants is less clear, but new taxa became dominant after the extinction. (wikipedia.org)

Sodium phosphate dibasic solution may be used in the preparation of a wide variety of phosphate based biological buffers for use in cell and molecular biology application. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In both biology and ecology, "extinction" refers to the termination or dying out of a species. (worldatlas.com)

The researchers examined evolutionary patterns of modern extinction risk across more than 300 amphibian groups and found that species from groups with high ongoing diversification are at greater risk of extinction than slowly diversifying lineages. (sfu.ca)
Efforts to prevent this cultural loss are severely constrained by a poor understanding of the geographical patterns and drivers of extinction risk. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Here, we review the main historic drivers of extinctions on islands, patterns in extinction chronologies between islands, and the potential for restoring ecosystems through reintroducing extirpated species. (cambridge.org)
We propose a general model to describe patterns in these anthropogenic island extinctions. (cambridge.org)
In this essay, we briefly consider the potential for patterns of variability in neutral genetic markers to serve as indicators of extinction risk. (ecologyandsociety.org)
Effect of paedomorphosis in eye reduction on patterns of evolution and extinction in trilobites. (palass.org)
This research has focused mainly on reconstructing pre-human ecosystems and the chronology, dynamics, and patterns of vulnerability and resilience shown by prehistoric and historical-era vertebrate extinctions in evolutionarily innovative and ecologically fragile island systems, and in poorly-studied continental regions such as eastern Asia which are experiencing high levels of modern-day species loss. (zsl.org)

Controlling for sampling biases, calculating per capita origination and extinction rates of boundary-crossers and estimating survival probabilities using capture-mark-recapture (CMR) methods, we found the recurring pattern that large mammal genera and species have higher origination and extinction rates, and therefore shorter durations. (pnas.org)
Algorithms that use near- real time remote sensing products to scan across vast species lists, and flag those that may be nearing extinction, can improve dramatically the timeliness and effectiveness of the Red List," says Carlo Rondinini, Director of the Global Mammal Assessment Programme for the Red List. (phys.org)
We test our hypothesis using simulations and the observed distribution of extinction risks in three well-studied mammal clades: Primates, Carnivora and Artiodactyla. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

While some extinctions have been caused by climatic and environmental change, most have been caused by anthropogenic impacts. (cambridge.org)
There is no general agreement on where the Holocene, or anthropogenic , extinction begins, and the Quaternary extinction event , which includes climate change resulting in the end of the last ice age , ends, or if they should be considered separate events at all. (wikipedia.org)

Indeed, deriving generalizations (e.g. identifying functional and life-history traits that predispose species to extinction due to specific causes [ 7 ]) is critical in a 'crisis discipline' where data are sparse, many uncertainties remain, and yet decisions are urgent [ 8 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
The acceleration of the extinction crisis is certain because of the still fast growth in human numbers and consumption rates. (skssindia.com)
Here we assess the extinction crisis from a different perspective. (skssindia.com)
We're facing a global species extinction crisis. (iucn.org)

Extinction may be constructive in a Darwinian sense or it may only perturb the system by eliminating those organisms that happen to be susceptible to geologically rare stresses. (sciencemag.org)
When mortality exceeds natality for a sufficient time to bring the total number of individuals of a species to zero or one (for those organisms which reproduce sexually), then extinction is pronounced. (icr.org)
Since life began, many organisms have been lost from the biosphere through extinction. (icr.org)
The study of extinctions is based on the fossil record, which is incomplete and skewed (for example, some organisms fossilize less readily than others and are therefore underrepresented in the fossil record). (littleexplorers.com)

Categories of imperilment like the global IUCN Red List have been transformed to probabilities of extinction and used to rank species by the amount of imperiled evolutionary history they represent (e.g. by the Edge of Existence programme). (nih.gov)
We investigate the stability of such lists when ranks are converted to probabilities of extinction under different scenarios. (nih.gov)
Using a simple example and computer simulation, we show that preserving the categories when converting such list designations to probabilities of extinction does not guarantee the stability of the resulting lists. (nih.gov)
To deal with this difficulty, the uncertainty about the extinction probabilities can be described through a set of possible scenarios, each corresponding to different extinction probability values for each taxon. (springer.com)
First, we transformed Red List categories into extinction probabilities, p (ext), following the study of Mooers et al . (royalsocietypublishing.org)

Studies in Bear Lake County near Paris, Idaho showed a relatively quick rebound in a localized marine ecosystem, taking around 2 million years to recover , suggesting that the impact of the extinction may have been felt less severely in some areas than others. (wikipedia.org)
For a while this "fungal spike" was used by some paleontologists to identify the Permian-Triassic boundary in rocks that are unsuitable for radiometric dating or lack suitable index fossils , but even the proposers of the fungal spike hypothesis pointed out that "fungal spikes" may have been a repeating phenomenon created by the post-extinction ecosystem in the earliest Triassic. (wikipedia.org)
52% of cycads, 32% of amphibians, 25% of conifers, 23% of mammals, and 12% of bird species are currently threatened with extinction (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). (ecologyandsociety.org)
this is supported by rapid megafaunal extinction following recent human colonisation in Australia , New Zealand and Madagascar , as might be expected when any large, adaptable predator ( invasive species ) moves into a new ecosystem. (wikipedia.org)

Saving large mammals such as elephants and rhino from extinction could. (bio-medicine.org)
Saving large mammals such as elephants and rhino from extinction could be made more effective by focusing efforts on individual species as well as their habitats. (bio-medicine.org)
Published today in the journal Science, the largest study of its kind analyses key factors linked to the extinction of mammals. (bio-medicine.org)
Larger mammals have the additional pressure of biological disadvantages such as long gestation period and late weaning age to contend with, significantly increasing their susceptibility to extinction. (bio-medicine.org)
The research means large bodied mammals such as ungulates (which include rhino and zebra) and many primates are more likely to be predisposed to decline and extinction. (bio-medicine.org)
Biological traits such as low population density, slow life history, late weaning age and extended gestation in mammals above a certain size means they are evolutionarily disadvantaged in the face of human impact, compared to species of smaller size. (bio-medicine.org)

One of the unresolved problems at the forefront of global environmental concerns is the increase in biological invasions and extinctions. (ecologyandsociety.org)

Extinctions have altered island ecosystems throughout the late Quaternary. (cambridge.org)
These extinctions, occurring near the Pleistocene - Holocene boundary, are sometimes referred to as the Quaternary extinction event . (wikipedia.org)

Imagining Extinction persuasively advocates for the centrality of the literary, the anthropological, the historical, and the psychological in coding and recoding our present considerations of extinction and the Anthropocene. (uchicago.edu)

When combined with robust approaches to uncertainty, this opens a richer array of questions on extinction dynamics than would be possible through the lens of contemporary species losses. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Complete mathematical investigation of this simple model shows that the host extinction dynamics can happen and the outcomes may depend on the initial conditions. (aimsciences.org)
Fluctuation and extinction dynamics in host-microparasite systems. (aimsciences.org)

Are We Entering the Sixth Major Extinction on Earth? (howstuffworks.com)

There is evidence for one to three distinct pulses, or phases, of extinction. (wikipedia.org)
Drake pointed out that potential applications, such as predicting extinctions based on evidence of CSD, are still in the future. (bio-medicine.org)
There is increasing evidence indicating that extinction is phylogenetically non-random, such that if one species is vulnerable to extinction so too are its close relatives. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
This extinction event lasted perhaps as long as 20 million years, and there is evidence for a series of extinction pulses within this period. (wikipedia.org)
In the July issue of the Geological Society of America Bulletin , Payne presented evidence that a massive, rapid release of carbon may have triggered this extinction. (stanford.edu)
In the July Bulletin , Payne presents evidence that underwater limestone beds around the world eroded at the time of the end-Permian extinction. (stanford.edu)
This finding, coupled with geochemical evidence for changes in the relative abundances of carbon isotopes, strongly suggests an acidic marine environment at the time of the extinction. (stanford.edu)

The Permian-Triassic extinction event is the most significant event for marine genera, with just over 50% (according to this source) perishing. (wikipedia.org)
Permian-Triassic extinction event (End Permian): 252 Ma at the Permian - Triassic transition. (wikipedia.org)
Payne, a paleobiologist who joined the Stanford faculty in 2005, studies the Permian-Triassic extinction and the following 4 million years of instability in the global carbon cycle. (stanford.edu)
This end-Permian extinction is beginning to look a whole lot like the world we live in right now," Payne said. (stanford.edu)
The good news, if there is good news, is that we have not yet released as much carbon into the atmosphere as would be hypothesized for the end-Permian extinction. (stanford.edu)

Aside from humans, climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions, especially at the end of the Pleistocene. (wikipedia.org)

This is the first experimental demonstration of critical slowing down in a biological system," said Drake. (bio-medicine.org)
Here, we describe an experimental paradigm to study the formation and extinction of fear memory in tree shrews. (frontiersin.org)
Experimental results using gold nanoparticles of 15 nm diameter to form a WGP of 400 nm period suggest that polarization extinction can detect DNA hybridization with a limit of detection in the range of 1 nM concentration. (osapublishing.org)

Using the proboscis extension reflex training paradigm we found that cocaine strongly impairs consolidation of extinction memory. (frontiersin.org)

In reality," said Launer, "this is probably the flicker on the edge of extinction [at this location]. (stanford.edu)

Sixth Extinction" redirects here. (wikipedia.org)
Extinction level event" redirects here. (wikipedia.org)

The Holocene extinction includes the disappearance of large land animals known as megafauna , starting at the end of the last glacial period . (wikipedia.org)
Overall, the Holocene extinction can be linked to the human impact on the environment . (wikipedia.org)

Most extinction episodes are biologically selective, and further analysis of the victims and survivors offers the greatest chance of deducing the proximal causes of extinction. (sciencemag.org)
The author's goal is not to understand what endangered species and extinction mean biologically but to move toward understanding what they do (and perhaps to learn what they could eventually come to) mean culturally-or, in her words, 'how they mean culturally. (uchicago.edu)

Therefore, efforts to predict and even prevent the extinction of biological species require a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms. (springer.com)

The fanatical organization responsible for it has pushed mankind to the brink of extinction and is on the verge of victory. (audible.com)

Although there is debate regarding how much human predation affected their decline, certain population declines have been directly correlated with human activity, such as the extinction events of New Zealand and Hawaii . (wikipedia.org)
Another gregarious species, the Indiana bat, continues to hibernate mostly in dense clusters and will probably continue to decline toward extinction. (nsf.gov)

When reducing the stimulus intensity during the training period, a memory extinction and subsequently reinstatement effects were observed. (frontiersin.org)
Typically, memory extinction occurs when the CS is presented in the absence of the US ( Joels and Lamprecht, 2014 ). (frontiersin.org)

Radioactivity and the Gradual Extinction of Life? (globalresearch.ca)
Signor-Lipps Effect explains how a fossil record that appears to be a gradual extinction could actually represent a sudden extinction. (littleexplorers.com)

1. Comparative analyses are used to address the key question of what makes a species more prone to extinction by exploring the links between vulnerability and intrinsic species' traits and/or extrinsic factors. (wiley.com)

They connected the circle between de-extinction and the prevention of extinction for threatened animal species. (wikipedia.org)
Subtracting insect species, for which it is difficult to determine extinctions, gives a total currently known non-insect animal species of ~313,386. (blogspot.com)

Life is a continuous process of extinction and diversification, where only the fittest life forms survive in a world where, according to Darwin, they are "bound together by a web of complex relations" (1963, p. 54). (encyclopedia.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms33

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs35

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Psychiatry and Psychology60

Phenomena and Processes67

Disciplines and Occupations10

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena8

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Humanities2

Information Science10

Health Care26

Geographicals5

Conservation2

Caused the mass extinction1

Populations4

Cretaceous-Paleogene1

Ecological2

Risk9

Risks1

Five mass extinctions4

Extinct14

Scientists14

Rate of extinctions3

Department of Biological Sciences2

Earth's8

Fear extinction6

Local extinction2

Population extinction1

Vertebrates4

Caused extinction event1

Past extinctions1

Major Extinctions1

Species extinctions1

Taxa3

Biology2

Patterns7

Mammal3

Anthropogenic2

Crisis4

Organisms4

Probabilities5

Ecosystem4

Mammals6

Invasions1

Quaternary2

Anthropocene1

Dynamics3

Sixth major extinction1

Evidence7

Permian5

Humans1

Experimental3

Impairs1

Edge of extinction1

Redirects2

Holocene2

Biologically2

Prevent the extinction1

Verge1

Decline2

Memory Extinction2

Gradual Extinction2

Traits1

Animal species2

Process of extinction1