• 1997. Inhibition of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by polychlorinated biphenyls. (cdc.gov)
  • 1994. Polychlorinated biphenyls, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2 bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE) in human plasma related to fish consumption. (cdc.gov)
  • Sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments of the East China marginal seas: Role of unintentionally-produced PCBs, Environmental Pollution, 338, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122707, 2023. (mpic.de)
  • The purpose of the workshop was to examine the existing toxicity and exposure database on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to ascertain the feasibility of developing toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCB congeners. (epa.gov)
  • On October 16, 1996, a malfunction of a transformer furnace was discovered to have caused the release of a portion of process gases containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) into the ambient air. (alberta.ca)
  • Seven of ten farmed salmon purchased at grocery stores in Washington DC, San Francisco, and Portland, Oregon were contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at levels that raise health concerns, according to independent laboratory tests commissioned by Environmental Working Group. (ewg.org)
  • Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in commercial pasteurized cows' milk in Tehran, Iran. (ac.ir)
  • 2001) Communication from the commission to the couancil, the European parliament and the economic and social committe community strategy for dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls. (ac.ir)
  • All samples were analyzed for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (furans and polychlorinated biphenyls). (canada.ca)
  • AH receptors are identified by their high-affinity binding to several carcinogenic or teratogenic environmental chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in cigarette smoke and smog, heterocyclic amines found in cooked foods, and halogenated hydrocarbons including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. (lookformedical.com)
  • Persistent organic pollutants are characterized by their persistence and bio-accumulative characteristics and include several first-generation organochlorine insecticides such as dieldrin, DDT, toxaphene, chlordane and some industrial chemicals or by-products including polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxins), and dibenzo-p-furans (furans). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Wolff MS. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). (who.int)
  • Model Evaluation of Indoor Exposure to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Household Fuel Combustion in Rural Areas of Tibetan Plateau, Exposure and health, 14, doi:10.1007/s12403-022-00482-4, 2022. (mpic.de)
  • Given the widespread acceptance and acknowledged utility of the TEF method for assessing risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, some experts have urged development of comparable TEF schemes for other structurally related chemicals, such as PCBs. (epa.gov)
  • Internal exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) of Bavarian chimney sweeps. (monz.pl)
  • Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans Volume 69. (canada.ca)
  • Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans / published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. (who.int)
  • Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. (who.int)
  • Polychlorinated dibenzo- p- dioxins and dibenzofurans pollution in China: sources, environmental levels and potential human health impacts. (who.int)
  • Of the 209 different types of PCBs, 13 exhibit a dioxin-like toxicity. (pops.int)
  • These compounds are produced unintentionally from many of the same processes that produce dioxins, and also during the production of PCBs. (pops.int)
  • On average farmed salmon have 16 times the dioxin-like PCBs found in wild salmon, 4 times the levels in beef, and 3.4 times the dioxin-like PCBs found in other seafood. (ewg.org)
  • Since milk is one of the most essential human nutritional resources, the present study aims at determining dioxins and PCBs in raw milk samples from four farms in North of Iran and raw and pasteurized samples from three farms and five dairy factories in Vicinity of Tehran (capital of Iran). (ac.ir)
  • Total toxic equivalence (TEQ) of dioxin and PCBs have been determined, using the DR-CALUX® bioassay. (ac.ir)
  • Results reveal that all samples are contaminated with dioxins and PCBs, comparatively. (ac.ir)
  • The total dioxins and PCBs levels in raw milk samples from the north range from 4.08 to 0.97 pg/gfat and for the raw samples and pasteurized samples from Tehran Province from 1.89 to 0.63 pg/gfat and 0.1 to 0.03 pg/gfat, respectively. (ac.ir)
  • The mean concentration of dioxins/PCBs is higher in samples from the north of Iran. (ac.ir)
  • Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in buffalo milk from the Campania region (Italy): Decreasing trend and baseline assessment over 10 years (2008-2018). (ac.ir)
  • Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in raw cow's milk collected in France in 2006. (ac.ir)
  • Levels and congener profiles of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like pcbs in certain egyptian cow's milk farms. (ac.ir)
  • There may be a link between exposure to industrial pollutants and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and food-especially meat, milk, and fish-is the immediate source of almost all dioxins and PCBs in the general population. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • EU) 2023/915 addresses dozens of impurities from plant alkaloids and heavy metals to dioxins and PCBs. (measurlabs.com)
  • They are commonly but inaccurately referred to as dioxins for simplicity, because every PCDD molecule contains a dibenzo-1,4-dioxin skeletal structure, with 1,4-dioxin as the central ring. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because dioxins can persist in the environment for more than 100 years, the majority of PCDD pollution today is not the result of recent emissions, but the cumulative result of synthetic processes undertaken since the beginning of the 20th century, including organochloride-related manufacturing, incineration of chlorine-containing substances such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and chlorine bleaching of paper. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are 75 different PCDD congeners (that is, related dioxin compounds). (wikipedia.org)
  • We also investigated change points in PM10 emissions in relation to introduction of EU Waste Incineration Directive (EU-WID) (subsequently transposed into IED) and correlations of PM10 with SO2, NOx, heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan (PCDD/F), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emissions. (le.ac.uk)
  • They are commonly referred to as dioxins for simplicity in scientific publications because every PCDD molecule contains a dioxin skeletal structure. (de.tl)
  • Typically, the p-dioxin skeleton is at the core of a PCDD molecule, giving the molecule a dibenzo-p-dioxin ring system. (de.tl)
  • Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), or simply dioxins, are a group of long-lived polyhalogenated organic compounds that are primarily anthropogenic, and contribute toxic, persistent organic pollution in the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to its rapid transfer to the food chain, the key to reduce human exposure to PCDDs/PCDFs is to reduce the releases into the environment. (fil-idf.org)
  • Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), or simply dioxins, are a group of organic polyhalogenated compounds that are significant because they act as environmental pollutants. (de.tl)
  • chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and the These compounds have varying harmful effects. (cdc.gov)
  • A pooled blood sample and three of 11 individual blood samples contained concentrations of dioxin-like compounds that exceeded average background concentrations in the general population. (cdc.gov)
  • The reported concentrations of dioxin-like compounds in sediment and clams do not pose a public health hazard. (cdc.gov)
  • The word "dioxins" may also refer to other similarly acting chlorinated compounds (see Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds). (wikipedia.org)
  • The United States Environmental Protection Agency inventory of sources of dioxin-like compounds is possibly the most comprehensive review of the sources and releases of dioxins, but other countries now have substantial research as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dioxins are produced in small concentrations when organic material is burned in the presence of chlorine, whether the chlorine is present as chloride ions or as organochlorine compounds, so they are widely produced in many contexts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Did you know that infants that consume soy-based formula experience alterations in hormones and developmental issues from the long-term effects of exposure to estrogen-like compounds found in those formulas? (newstarget.com)
  • Cancer potency factors were available for 40 of these compounds and reference exposure levels (RELs) for non-cancer effects were found for 17. (bmj.com)
  • High levels of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in the food and their adverse effects on human health are of increasing concern. (ac.ir)
  • Assessment of dioxin-like compounds released from Iranian industries and municipalities. (ac.ir)
  • The article presents the scope of problems associated with dioxins - chemical compounds commonly occurring in the environment of human life. (monz.pl)
  • The term dioxins covers the group of organic chemical compounds including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and benzofurans. (monz.pl)
  • These compounds show a number of hazardous biological effects, therefore, the objective of the study was analysis of the available literature and highlighting the current problem - the presence of dioxins in food. (monz.pl)
  • Dioxins have the ability of long-term accumulation in the body, leading to the violation of various homeostatic mechanisms responsible for the adaptation of the organism to the environment, and the effects produced by these compounds may manifest themselves even in the second generation. (monz.pl)
  • The main objective of this targeted survey was to provide baseline data regarding the presence and levels of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in selected high-fat commodities (specifically vegetable oils and cheese) available on the Canadian retail market. (canada.ca)
  • Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are chemical contaminants that have been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects in laboratory animals and humans. (canada.ca)
  • Some of the dioxins and dioxin-like compounds have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as known human carcinogens, others as probable human carcinogens, while others are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity Footnote 1 in humans. (canada.ca)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) considers dioxins and dioxin-like compounds a health concern on a global scale, and has recently re-iterated the need to reduce emissions of, and human exposure to, these persistent organic pollutants. (canada.ca)
  • Approximately 90% of a person's exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds occurs through the diet, particularly through the consumption of high-fat animal tissues and dairy products. (canada.ca)
  • Due to recent food contamination events outside Canada, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds have gained attention in the media. (canada.ca)
  • All oil and cheese samples had detectable levels of one or more dioxins or dioxin-like compounds. (canada.ca)
  • Due to the ubiquitous nature of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in the environment, and the fact that methods of detection are becoming increasingly sensitive, "zero tolerance" is not practical and is not applied by Canada or any major trading partners. (canada.ca)
  • No samples in this survey had concentrations of dioxins or dioxin-like compounds in excess of European Union limits for either vegetable oils or dairy products. (canada.ca)
  • The levels of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds observed in this survey are unlikely to contribute significantly to the overall exposure of Canadians to these contaminants, and are not likely to be of human health concern. (canada.ca)
  • Since the health concerns peaks of the late 90's, the dioxin and related compounds issue has evolved in most of the developed countries. (fil-idf.org)
  • Progress in the field of ecotoxicological studies is important because long-term exposure from the environment and bioaccumulation of toxic compounds in the human food chain may cause indirect health effects on humans. (springer.com)
  • The acute toxicity of these compounds is generally low and may not pose a direct health hazard during exposure [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • Concern had been expressed regarding exposure to sulfur-dioxide (7446095), nitrogen oxides, inorganic acids, metals, dioxins, furans, and bacteria in the sludge dewatering and incineration buildings. (cdc.gov)
  • Furans are structurally similar to dioxins and share many of their toxic effects. (pops.int)
  • Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs): contamination in food, humans and dietary exposure. (ac.ir)
  • Today, concentrations of dioxins are found in all humans, with higher levels commonly found in persons living in more industrialized countries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dioxins have been associated with a number of adverse effects in humans, including immune and enzyme disorders and chloracne, and they are classified as possible human carcinogens. (pops.int)
  • Food (particularly from animals) is the major source of exposure for humans. (pops.int)
  • Cigarettes are probably the single most significant source of toxic chemical exposure and chemically mediated illness in humans. (bmj.com)
  • There is a priori no simultaneous exposure to chlorophenols or phenoxy acid herbicides, which behave completely differently in the environment, have relatively short half-lives in humans and are excreted in a few days. (opasnet.org)
  • Effects of dioxins on cognitive functions were reported in previous studies conducted in humans and animals. (bioone.org)
  • These contaminants accumulate in fatty tissues and the first exposure in humans happens in the fetus when a percentage of the maternal 'burden' of accumulated toxins is transported across the placenta [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Low concentrations of dioxins existed in nature prior to industrialization as a result of natural combustion and geological processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • A long-term environmental monitoring and human exposure assessment program has been ongoing since 1998 to monitor concentrations of. (alberta.ca)
  • In 1994, the US EPA reported that dioxins are a probable carcinogen, but noted that non-cancer effects (reproduction and sexual development, immune system) may pose an even greater threat to human health. (de.tl)
  • Incidents of dioxin poisoning resulting from industrial emissions and accidents were first recorded as early as the mid 19th century during the Industrial Revolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • In many developed nations there are now emissions regulations which have dramatically decreased the emissions and thus alleviated some concerns, although the lack of continuous sampling of dioxin emissions causes concern about the understatement of emissions. (wikipedia.org)
  • These regulations succeeded in reducing dioxin stack emissions from incinerators. (wikipedia.org)
  • Emerging investigator series: deposited particles and human lung lining fluid are dynamic, chemically-complex reservoirs leading to thirdhand smoke emissions and exposure, Environmental science: Atmospheres, doi:10.1039/D1EA00107H, 2022. (mpic.de)
  • However, the WTE process involves the combustion of RDF components with consequent potential emissions of persistent organic pollutants such as dioxins [ 7 ], but it also emits carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ) per unit of electricity produced higher than other forms of energy such as natural or renewable gas [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1998. Toxicological Profile for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins: December 1998. (cdc.gov)
  • Estimating Particulate Exposure from Modern Municipal Waste Incinerators in Great Britain. (le.ac.uk)
  • Woeller also has interests related to other vision disorders and the effect of environmental exposures (like airborne contaminants) on the eyes. (rochester.edu)
  • Occupational exposure is an issue for some in the chemical industries, historically for those making chlorophenols or chlorophenoxy acid herbicides or in the application of chemicals, notably herbicides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some fumigants, the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, chlorinated dibenzodioxins and miscellaneous industrial chemicals / this publication represents the views of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, which met in Lyon, 8-15 February 1977. (who.int)
  • As more sites are evaluated, the The chlorine atoms can be attached to the dioxin number of sites with CDDs may increase. (cdc.gov)
  • All of the necessary components of the risk assessment framework-hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, and risk characterisation-can be used to address cigarette smoke constituents. (bmj.com)
  • Therefore, in 1997 Alberta Health (AH) conducted a human health risk assessment study to estimate human exposure and to evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions. (alberta.ca)
  • 2023. Advancing exposure assessment approaches to improve wildlife risk assessment . (sfu.ca)
  • Acting under the authority of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-596), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) develops and periodically revises recommendations for limits of exposure to potentially hazardous substances or conditions in the workplace. (cdc.gov)
  • This enables us to estimate the association of STS with clean dioxin exposure without concomitant exposure to the main chemical, in contrast to occupational studies. (opasnet.org)
  • TrCDD), tetra-chlorinated dioxin (TCDD), penta been found in at least 126 of the 1,467 current or chlorinated dioxin (PeCDD), hexa-chlorinated former NPL sites. (cdc.gov)
  • When a substance is released from a large area, tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or 2,3,7,8-TCDD. (cdc.gov)
  • The most toxic dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), became well known as a contaminant of Agent Orange, a herbicide used in the Malayan Emergency and the Vietnam War. (wikipedia.org)
  • To clarify the relationships between maternal dioxin exposure and socioemotional functions of rat offspring, dams were given TCDD (1.0 µg/kg) on gestational day 15. (bioone.org)
  • TCDD, the most toxic of the dibenzodioxins, is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (de.tl)
  • 1 However, despite the public health significance of these toxicant exposures, comparatively little effort has been spent to assess and quantify the health risks associated with the individual chemicals in cigarette smoke, and almost nothing has been done in terms of product regulation to reduce human exposure to these constituents. (bmj.com)
  • The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. (lookformedical.com)
  • Criteria documents specify a NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) and appropriate preventive measures designed to reduce or eliminate adverse health effects. (cdc.gov)
  • This public health statement tells you about commonly referred to as polychlorinated dioxins. (cdc.gov)
  • There are 75 different dioxins, of which seven are considered to be of concern. (pops.int)
  • Most recently, he has become the lead for the Research to Action program, which supports projects using community-engaged research methods to investigate the potential health risks of environmental exposures of concern to a community and to seamlessly translate research findings into public health action. (intlexposurescience.org)
  • Identify possible exposure sources of dioxin in the three individuals with elevated blood dioxin levels and implement measures to reduce exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Because of the extremely long half-life of dioxins, measured levels of dioxin at the time of operation can be used to estimate the lifetime cumu- lative exposure accurately. (opasnet.org)
  • Detection of high PBDD/Fs levels and dioxin-like activity in toys using a combination of GC-HRMS, rat-based and human-based DR CALUX® reporter gene assays. (ac.ir)
  • A document based on replies to IDF questionnaire 3002/SCRCC - Dioxin/PCB levels in milk. (fil-idf.org)
  • Dioxins build up primarily in fatty tissues over time (bioaccumulate), so even small exposures may eventually reach dangerous levels. (de.tl)
  • Assessing risks from incineration of municipal solid wastes / D.B. Chambers, B.G. Ibbotson and B.P. Powers -- Connecticut's dioxin ambient air quality standard / Hari V. Rao and David R. Brown. (epa.gov)
  • Dioxins were first unintentionally produced as by-products from 1848 onwards as Leblanc process plants started operating in Germany. (wikipedia.org)
  • The structure of dibenzo-1,4-dioxin consists of two benzene rings joined by two oxygen bridges. (wikipedia.org)
  • The name dioxin formally refers to the central dioxygenated ring, which is stabilized by the two flanking benzene rings. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the general population, the exposure to dioxins is almost totally from dietary sources - in Finland mostly from fish - and it varies widely among the population. (opasnet.org)
  • Through regulation and voluntary efforts, releases of dioxin to the environment, and particularly where milk is concerned, have been dramatically reduced. (fil-idf.org)
  • Based on this approach, epidemiological studies set off many activities to reduce pollution and prevent exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Four exposure classes were defined by natural-break method, using a dispersion map of nitrogen dioxides (chosen as proxy of industrial pollution). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Siegfried Sievers, a former Stasi member is responsible for the pollution of millions Germanys for many years with dioxins. (de.tl)
  • NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
  • For future studies, the authors recommend enriching the exposure and lifestyle profile using tools such as questionnaires and human biomonitoring. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Posted November 27, 2023 Exposure Scientist/Climate Scientist/Environmental Epidemiologist, ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute of Global Health (Barcelona, Spain). (intlexposurescience.org)
  • Hence, this chapter summarizes the biological plausibility of EDCs exposure and elucidates the mechanism of action underlying EDCs affecting the regulatory circuits of the mammalian HPG axis and reproductive function. (intechopen.com)
  • Biological mechanisms of dioxin action / edited by Alan Poland, Renate D. Kimbrough. (who.int)
  • The goal of this minireview is to provide an update on the regulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis by the nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the effects on this regulation by exposure to environmental or therapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
  • There were approximately 60 employees on three shifts with the potential for exposure in the sewer sludge dewatering and incineration buildings. (cdc.gov)
  • Sampling, monitoring and source tracking of dioxins in the environment of an incinerator in the Netherlands. (ac.ir)
  • Dioxins in the environment / edited by Michael A. Kamrin, Paul W. Rodgers. (who.int)
  • Uncontrolled release of a chemical from its containment that either threatens to, or does, cause exposure to a chemical hazard. (lookformedical.com)
  • One type of dioxin was found to be present in the soil 10 - 12 years after the first exposure. (pops.int)
  • This review brings data about cancer types whose eatiology may be found in environmental exposure to xenoestrogens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dioxins fall under this deadly umbrella, and even the World Health Organization has documented all of this, though they won't utter a word about the Ohio train-wreck-chemical-burn atrocity that just occurred. (newstarget.com)
  • Environmental chemical exposure could affect liver disease development. (aspetjournals.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Environmental chemical exposure significantly contributes to the development of cholestasis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (aspetjournals.org)
  • The chemical scythe : lessons of 2, 4, 5-T and dioxin / Alastair Hay. (who.int)
  • The effects of exposure to any hazardous long), and how you come in contact with it. (cdc.gov)
  • effects of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Laboratory animals given dioxins suffered a variety of effects, including an increase in birth defects and stillbirths. (pops.int)
  • In order to prevent the negative effects of dioxins on live organisms it is necessary to implement effective methods of monitoring and surveillance, and systematically conduct widely understood, multi-directional research. (monz.pl)
  • The type and occurrence of these effects typically depend on the level and duration of exposure. (canada.ca)
  • In addition, we analyzed neurochemical alterations of the limbic system of rat brains to suggest one mechanism of dioxin effects on brain function. (bioone.org)
  • In this minireview, our focus is to provide evidence from reports that determine the effects of environmental or therapeutic exposure on altering homeostasis and functions of BAs and FXR. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Her current research, funded by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences focuses on the impact of environmental neurotoxicant exposure in rural adolescents, and development and validation of a real-time lab-on-a-chip sensor for blood metals detection. (intlexposurescience.org)
  • A developing fetus is most sensitive to dioxin exposure. (newstarget.com)
  • The name of important because exposure to these substances may each CDD indicates both the number and the harm you and because these sites may be sources of positions of the chlorine atoms. (cdc.gov)
  • The thought is that the continuous exposure to these foreign proteins may act as like a chronic irritant. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • Priorities List (NPL) and are the sites targeted for chlorinated dioxin (DCDD), tri-chlorinated dioxin long-term federal clean-up. (cdc.gov)
  • The group with one chlorine atom is identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in called the mono-chlorinated dioxin(s). (cdc.gov)
  • Poor knowledge and practices and a high rate of injuries among waste-workers were noted, together with a risk of exposure of staff and visitors to hazardous waste. (who.int)