• Exposure of iron foundry workers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benzo(a)pyrene-albumin adducts and 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarkers for exposure. (bmj.com)
  • Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in foundry workers has been evaluated by determination of benzo(a)pyrene-serum albumin adducts and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. (bmj.com)
  • Benzo(a)pyrene binding to albumin and 1-hydroxypyrene were quantitatively measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. (bmj.com)
  • Median benzo(a)pyrene-albumin adduct concentrations (10-90% percentiles) were similar in foundry workers (smokers 0.55 (0.27-1.00) and non-smokers 0.58 (0.17-1.15)) pmol/mg albumin and age matched controls (smokers 0.57 (0.16-1.45) and non-smokers 0.70 (0.19-1.55) pmol/mg albumin). (bmj.com)
  • There was no correlation between the concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene and benzo(a)pyrene-albumin adducts. (bmj.com)
  • Smoking did not affect the concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene or benzo(a)pyrene-albumin adducts. (bmj.com)
  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are ubiquitous environmental pollutants found in tobacco smoke, air pollution, and grilled foods. (escholarship.org)
  • Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP or B[a]P) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the result of incomplete combustion of organic matter at temperatures between 300 °C (572 °F) and 600 °C (1,112 °F). The ubiquitous compound can be found in coal tar, tobacco smoke and many foods, especially grilled meats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in coal tar with the formula C20H12. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transgenerational inheritance of neurobehavioral and physiological deficits from developmental exposure to benzo[a]pyrene in zebrafish. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a well-known genotoxic polycylic aromatic compound whose toxicity is dependent on signaling via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). (oregonstate.edu)
  • Exposure to benzo[a]pyrene during development resulted in transgenerational inheritance of neurobehavioral and physiological deficiencies. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The goal of this research is to study the effect of benzo-alpha-pyrene (BαP) as a pollutant on the plasma levels of cortisol, thyroxin (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones, and the T3/T4 ratio in the yellowfin sea bream, Acanthopagrus latus. (ac.ir)
  • Furthermore, a known carcinogen (Benzo(a)pyrene) was detected in field-generated roofing fumes. (cdc.gov)
  • Environmental sampling was conducted and medical examinations administered to workers at the Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation (SIC-3334) in Ravenswood, West Virginia on July 8-11, 1974, and August 26, 1974 to determine employee exposure to toxic concentrations of dust, particulate polycyclic organic matter (PPOM), and benzo(a)pyrene (50328) (BaP). (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure of rats to exogenous endocrine disruptors 17alpha-ethinylestradiol and benzo(a)pyrene and an estrogenic hormone estradiol induces expression of cytochromes P450 involved in their metabolism. (nel.edu)
  • Borek-Dohalska L, Klusonova Z, Holecova J, Martinkova M, Barta F, Dracinska H, Cajthaml T, Stiborova M. Exposure of rats to exogenous endocrine disruptors 17alpha-ethinylestradiol and benzo(a)pyrene and an estrogenic hormone estradiol induces expression of cytochromes P450 involved in their metabolism. (nel.edu)
  • Synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and a human carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are assigned as exogenous endocrine disruptors and an estrogenic hormone estradiol is a natural endogenous disruptor. (nel.edu)
  • Information on benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), an indicator species for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), for use in responding to chemical incidents. (www.gov.uk)
  • Benzo[a]pyrene ( BaP ) acts as an indicator species for PAH contamination. (www.gov.uk)
  • Benzene, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), and lead in mainstream smoke from cigars, roll-your-own (RYO) cigarette and pipe tobaccos were sampled to evaluate their potential health significance. (nih.gov)
  • In a preclinical study published in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology , researchers from the USA investigated the potential chemopreventive effects of a mushroom - Ganoderma lucidum (GL)-derived commercial product named GLSF in vitro and in mice with lung carcinogenesis induced by two tobacco smoke carcinogens, namely benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). (news-medical.net)
  • A simple strip of tape applied to the workers' skin provides a sampling tool for high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection analysis of pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene to which their skin may have been exposed, according to Swedish scientists. (chemistryviews.org)
  • Researchers at Columbia University measured the amount of a car exhaust chemical known as benzo[a]pyrene in 233 African-American and Dominican women in New York City. (chem-tox.com)
  • Indoor and outdoor PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene (BPA) levels were assessed in the school environment, one year before the MRI assessment. (upf.edu)
  • IARC has determined that other TPH compounds (benzo[a]pyrene and gasoline) are probably and possibly carcinogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), the earliest and most significant carcinogen among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), has been found in foods, tobacco smoke, and automobiles exhaust, etc. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a carcinogen. (europa.eu)
  • Zebrafish CYP1A expression in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans protects from exposures to benzo[a]pyrene and a complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture. (invivobiosystems.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on the cell cycle distribution and activities of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal molecules (ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38) in human embryo lung cells (HELF), and to investigate the relationship between alterations of MAPK protein phosphorylation and the cell cycle distributions. (uky.edu)
  • BPDE-DNA adduct formation and alterations of mRNA, protein, and DNA methylation of CYP1A1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 induced by benzo[a]pyrene and the intervention of aspirin in mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), one typical environmental pollutant , the toxicity mechanisms, and potential prevention remain perplexing. (bvsalud.org)
  • Target tissues for carcinogenicity in mice exposed to benzo[a]pyrene via the diet were the forestomach, oesophagus and tongue. (europa.eu)
  • Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts, and genomic DNA methylation in cord blood. (cdc.gov)
  • NIOSH considers asbestos to be a potential occupational carcinogen and recommends that exposures be reduced to the lowest feasible concentration. (cdc.gov)
  • The collective health and exposure data provide sufficient evidence for NIOSH to conclude that roofing asphalt fumes are a potential occupational carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to PAHs adsorbed to dust showed an additive effect. (bmj.com)
  • Exposure to PAHs may be aetiologically related to increased risk of lung cancer in foundry workers. (bmj.com)
  • Our results suggest that reported effects of pre- and peri-natal air pollution and tobacco smoke exposure on obesity may be mediated in part by PAHs. (escholarship.org)
  • Epidemiology suggests that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is leading to an increased incidence of cancers among workers such as chimney sweeps. (chemistryviews.org)
  • Conclusions: Exposure to PAHs, and in particular to BPA, is associated with subclinical changes on the caudate nucleus, even below the legislated annual target levels established in the European Union. (upf.edu)
  • 2009). So it is important to investigate the PAHs in the atmosphere and reduce human exposure to these toxic chemicals. (aaqr.org)
  • Chemical agents and related occupations, Volume 10, A review of Human Carcinogens, IARC Monographs, Lyon France 2009 In June 2016, BaP was added as benzo[def]chrysene to the REACH Candidate List of Substances of very high concern for Authorisation. (wikipedia.org)
  • a study in the benzo[ g ]chrysene, benzo[ a ]fluoran- of electrophilic carbonium ions. (who.int)
  • The results suggest that smoking cigars, pipes or RYO cigarettes leads to potential exposures which exceed the No Significant Risk levels of benzene and BaP set pursuant to California's Proposition 65. (nih.gov)
  • The review included exposure to environmental agents carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Cancer classification), as well as lifestyle factors known to affect cancer risk. (who.int)
  • Coconut, safflower, evening primrose, Benzo(b)fluoranthene (PubChem CID: 9153) and linseed oils marketed in São Paulo (Brazil) were investigated totaling 69 samples. (bvsalud.org)
  • ABSTRACT To meet the country's health goals for 2011-2016, a qualitative review of exposure to risk factors for cancer in Qatar was conducted in 2013. (who.int)
  • Benzo(a)anthracene (PubChem CID: 5954) vegetable oils and examined the identity through the fatty acids profiles. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tests on volunteer chimney sweeps demonstrated efficacy as well as revealing that dermal exposure is a problem. (chemistryviews.org)
  • It then summarizes the information available on secondhand-smoke concentrations and exposures before and after the implementation of smoking bans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • This study uses diesel exhaust concentrations in the railroad work environment in conjunction with the USEPA's Integrated Risk Information System ("IRIS") risk assessment methodology to quantify the cancer risk posed to railroad workers due to occupational inhalation exposure to diesel exhaust. (springer.com)
  • It has been claimed that whenever these limits have been implemented in a particular industry, no worker has been shown to have sustained serious adverse effects on his health as a result of exposure to these concentrations of an industrial chemical (7). (cdc.gov)
  • It was, of course, well understood as long ago as the fifteenth century, that airborne dusts and chemicals could bring about illness and injury, but the concentrations and durations of exposure at which this might be expected to occur were unclear (8). (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure in cities is very high - 97 % of EU urban inhabitants were exposed to O 3 concentrations above the WHO reference level in 2010. (europa.eu)
  • It has been more difficult to link cancers to specific BaP sources, especially in humans, and difficult to quantify risks posed by various methods of exposure (inhalation or ingestion). (wikipedia.org)
  • Inhalation exposure to diesel exhaust in the railroad work environment causes significant and quantifiable cancer risks to many railroad workers. (springer.com)
  • The Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) Program develops AEGL values for chemicals that can potentially cause dangerous inhalation exposures to persons through accidental releases to air or by means of a terrorist action. (epa.gov)
  • Early life exposures to tobacco smoke and air pollution have been linked to increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome. (escholarship.org)
  • The defi- such as exposure to environmental air humans. (who.int)
  • Important considerations in evaluating the effects of secondhand smoke include the magnitude of exposure to it, 1 how exposure can be measured, and how exposure changes with the implementation of smoking bans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • This chapter discusses the constituents of secondhand smoke and the measurement of exposure to secondhand smoke, beginning with measurement of airborne tracers of secondhand smoke and of its main biologic markers (or biomarkers)-the nicotine metabolite cotinine and metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Exposure to secondhand smoke by pregnant women has been linked to lower weights of their babies at birth. (cancercenter.com)
  • There is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke (information about thirdhand smoke isn't yet known). (cancercenter.com)
  • Public health measures introduced over the past few decades have worked to curb indoor smoking and reduce or eliminate workplace exposure to secondhand smoke. (cancercenter.com)
  • ATSDR is the principal federal public health agency charged with evaluating human health effects of exposure to hazardous substances in the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • To expand on the efforts of TDOH, ATSDR scientists conducted a review and a screening analysis of TDOH's Phase I and Phase II screening-level evaluation of past exposure (1944 to 1990) to identify contaminants of concern for further evaluation. (cdc.gov)
  • Following current fish advisories will reduce exposure to contaminants in fish. (cdc.gov)
  • I am particularly interested in evaluating how exposure to chemical contaminants, in particular, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, affects the development of liver, exocrine pancreatic and vascular cancers in wild fishes. (vims.edu)
  • Over the past 60 years, many organizations in numerous countries have proposed occupational exposure limits (OELs) for airborne contaminants (1). (cdc.gov)
  • and two process contaminants: glycidyl esters and 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol esters), as well as the health impact of co-exposure of aflatoxins with fumonisins. (who.int)
  • The report presents the Expert Committee's conclusions on the health implications of these contaminants from exposure through food, and identifies key exposure sources and prevention and control measures to reduce human exposure. (who.int)
  • Detailed information is provided on the occurrence of these contaminants in the food supply globally, and estimated exposure at the national and global levels. (who.int)
  • The report also presents general considerations and guidance on the principles governing the health risk assessment of dietary exposure to food contaminants. (who.int)
  • The assessments and recommendations by the Expert Committee will be discussed by the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods in order to provide recommendations to national authorities on appropriate risk management and risk-mitigation measures to reduce human exposure, where necessary. (who.int)
  • 11. The Expert Committee identifies and, where possible, quantifies the public health significance of exposure to food additives and contaminants in food through scientific risk assessment. (who.int)
  • The recommendations provided below are from Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Asphalt . (cdc.gov)
  • Occupational exposure to asphalt fumes shall be controlled so that employees are not exposed to the airborne particulates at a concentration greater than 5 mg/m 3 , determined during any 15-minute period. (cdc.gov)
  • The limited data on occupational exposure suggests that the greatest risks for workers in the construction industry are likely to be from environmental dust and related air pollutants. (who.int)
  • It was later decided to include nitions of carcinogens were based on pollution, occupational exposure to a review of lifestyle factors that are the January 2013 list of agents classified carcinogenic compounds, and lifestyle known to influence cancer risk. (who.int)
  • Arithmetic means of these pollutants, calculated for each gestational month, were used as exposure metrics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whereas exposure to BaP induces expression of CYP1A1 protein and its marker activity (Sudan I oxidation) in liver, kidney and lung of rats, no significant induction of this CYP and its enzyme activity was produced by EE2 and estradiol. (nel.edu)
  • In the short-term exposure study in mice, B[a]P was found to disrupt the architecture of the lung and alveoli while causing an increased infiltration of inflammatory cells as compared to the control group. (news-medical.net)
  • These data suggest that 1-hydroxypyrene is a sensitive biomarker for low dose PAH exposure. (bmj.com)
  • Exposures to environmental toxicants during early life are of particular concern because developing organ systems may be especially susceptible to low-dose insults, as compared with adult life [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. (cdc.gov)
  • Prenatal exposure of BaP in rats is known to affect learning and memory in rodent models. (wikipedia.org)
  • In experiments with male rats, sub-chronic exposure to inhaled BaP has been shown to generally reduce the function of testicles and epididymis with lower sex steroid/testosterone production and sperm production. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exposure to acetaldehyde has produced nasal tumors in rats and laryngeal tumors in hamsters, and exposure to malonaldehyde has produced thyroid gland and pancreatic islet cell tumors in rats. (cdc.gov)
  • Changes in CYP protein expression after exposure of rats to BaP, EE2 or estradiol were analyzed by Western blotting. (nel.edu)
  • This PHA documents ATSDR's screening of recent (1990 to 2003) 1 environmental data, addresses whether additional chemicals require further evaluation, and discusses the public health implications related to potential exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • According to the information reviewed for this PHA, ATSDR concludes that current and future exposures to ORR site-related chemicals (individually or in combination) in soil, sediment, surface water, biota (other than fish), and air do not pose a public health hazard. (cdc.gov)
  • 276 minority urban children in New York City were followed through age 7 to determine if higher exposure to chemicals in typical car exhaust negatively affected intelligence. (chem-tox.com)
  • Although this statement is arguable with respect to the acceptability of OELs for those chemicals established before 1980, and later found to be carcinogenic, there is little doubt that millions of persons have avoided serious effects of workplace exposure due to their existence. (cdc.gov)
  • and contribution to the burden of cancer posure to chemicals and pollutants medical diagnostics (e.g. exposure to worldwide ( 2 ). (who.int)
  • RÉSUMÉ Afin d'atteindre les objectifs de santé fixés par le pays pour 2011-2016, une analyse qualitative de l'exposition aux facteurs de risque de cancer au Qatar a été conduite en 2013. (who.int)
  • B[a]P exposure during development resulted in decreased global DNA methylation levels and generally reduced expression of DNA methyltransferases in wild type zebrafish, with the latter effect largely reversed in an AHR2-null background. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Here we summarized the changes in DNA methylation in BaP exposure, and revealed the methylation of DNA plays a role in cancer development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Researchers assessed traffic related pollution exposure based on traffic volume and distance from home and school. (chem-tox.com)
  • Traffic-related pollution exposure at school and homes may both contribute to the development of asthma. (chem-tox.com)
  • There was no significant association between alterations in lymphocyte distribution and air pollution exposure during the mid gestation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NIOSH Bulletin 68 (2017) states that there is "no known safe level" of exposure to carcinogens and recommends an evaluation of the USEPA's IRIS guidance to evaluate quantitative risk assessment of human exposure to occupational carcinogens. (springer.com)
  • The results from epidemiologic studies indicate that roofers are at an increased risk of lung cancer, but it is uncertain whether this increase can be attributed to asphalt and/or to other exposures such as coal tar or asbestos. (cdc.gov)
  • NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
  • Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: Substance is water-soluble and any human exposure is in aqueous solutions. (europa.eu)
  • Exposure to BaP induced DNA damage directly, or oxidative stress-related damage, resulting in cell apoptosis and carcinogenesis in human respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system, etc. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The assessments, recommendations and comments by the Expert Committee will be discussed by the Codex Committee on Food Additives in order to provide recommendations to national authorities on the safe use of these food additives and to identify and recommend appropriate risk management and risk-mitigation measures to reduce human exposure, where necessary. (who.int)
  • Extended monitoring of the composition of and human exposure to air pollutants is recommended. (who.int)
  • Because Pigment Yellow 24 is not currently in commerce in Canada, it is not considered to be harmful to the health of the general population at current levels of exposure. (canada.ca)
  • RESULTS: The phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38 were significantly increased through BaP exposure. (uky.edu)
  • Therefore variations in the expression of these genes due to heritable genetic polymorphisms might modulate the process of carcinogenesis by altering the exposure levels of tobacco derived carcinogens. (bvsalud.org)
  • GSH deficiency is protective against the metabolic effects of prenatal BaP exposure. (escholarship.org)
  • Metabolic syndrome is associated with exposure to organochlorine pesticides in Anniston, AL, United States. (cdc.gov)
  • The EEA's ' Air quality in Europe - 2012 report ' examines citizens' exposure to air pollutants and provides a snapshot of air quality in Europe. (europa.eu)
  • This is the first study to utilize USEPA methodology to calculate the excess lung cancer risk caused by railroad workers' cumulative exposure to diesel exhaust. (springer.com)
  • Additional Note Regarding Measurement of the Exposure of Workers to Pesticides. (epa.gov)
  • Simple observation of the working conditions and the illness and deaths of the workers readily proved that harmful exposures existed. (cdc.gov)
  • Carcinogenesis is a multistep process and individual risk to development of cancer depends not only on environmental factors or extrinsic exposure to carcinogens but also on genetic susceptibility of an individual. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study examined the effects of developmental B[a]P exposure on 3 generations of zebrafish. (oregonstate.edu)
  • This study investigates the association between cord blood lymphocyte proportions and maternal exposure to air pollution during each gestational month. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given that lymphocyte production, including T and B cell development, starts early in gestation [ 7 ] and that critical stages in development of the immune system may also reflect temporal variation in susceptibility to immunotoxicants, this study investigated the association between maternal exposure to air pollution during each month of gestation and cord blood lymphocyte proportions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Associations appear to differ by exposure in early versus late gestation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The highly addictive quality of benzos is well known (see CBD versus benzos for more info). (indigonaturals.net)
  • Toxic exposures have been shown to influence maturation of the immune system during gestation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We investigated the independent and interactive effects of prenatal exposure to BaP and GSH deficiency due to deletion of the modifier subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclm), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, on adiposity and hepatic steatosis in adult female F1 offspring. (escholarship.org)
  • Prenatal BaP exposure significantly increased visceral adipose tissue weight, weight gain between 3 weeks and 7.5 months of age, hepatic lipid content measured by oil red O staining, and hepatic fatty acid beta-oxidation gene expression in Gclm(+/+), but not in Gclm(-/-), female offspring. (escholarship.org)
  • In the in vitro experiments, GLSF was found to inhibit the BPDE-induced transformation of BEAS-2B cells, indicating its potential role in controlling the cellular alterations resulting from the exposure of these bronchial epithelial cells to known carcinogens. (news-medical.net)
  • The number of deaths from benzo overdose is only rivaled by the profile of the deaths (Elvis to a slew of new rap stars). (indigonaturals.net)
  • These documents provide information on the health effects of exposure, the chemical's toxicity and material for responding to a chemical incident. (www.gov.uk)
  • According to Cook, the earliest and most extensive series of animal experiments to understand exposure limits were those conducted by K.B. Lehmann and others under his direction at the same Hygienic Institute where Gruber had done his work with carbon monoxide. (cdc.gov)
  • Kobert (15) published one of the earlier tables of acute exposure limits. (cdc.gov)
  • In his paper on Interpretations of Permissible Limits, Schrenk (16) notes that the "values for hydrochloric acid, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, chlorine and bromine as given under the heading "only minimal symptoms after several hours' in the foregoing Kobert paper agree with values as usually accepted in present-day tables of MACs for reported exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • dren increased by 50% for higher exposure from roadways near homes and by 45% when higher exposure occurred near schools. (chem-tox.com)
  • ADHD symptoms and inattentiveness increased in children with higher exposure to BPA, but these associations were not statistically significant. (upf.edu)
  • Male births have been in decline for decades, while researchers say developmental genital damage from chemical exposure can become hereditable. (oneradionetwork.com)
  • Therefore, NIOSH recommends that careful consideration should be given to reducing exposures to these nine related aldehydes. (cdc.gov)
  • The report presents general considerations and guidance on the principles governing the toxicological evaluation and assessment of dietary exposure to food additives, particularly on data requirements for products derived from natural sources. (who.int)
  • NIOSH concludes that the collective data currently available from studies on paving asphalt provide insufficient evidence for an association between lung cancer and exposure to asphalt during paving. (cdc.gov)
  • High and low exposure groups were defined from breathing zone hygienic samples, consisting of 16 PAH compounds in particulate and gaseous phase. (bmj.com)
  • There is growing evidence that exposure to immunotoxic compounds may not only cause immuno-suppression but also result in increased expression of aberrant immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Animal studies have shown effects on the lungs, central nervous system, liver, and kidney from exposure to TPH compounds. (cdc.gov)
  • The authors further recommend that possible worker exposure to asbestos be assessed. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to secondhand and thirdhand smoke exists whenever indoor tobacco smoking is taking place. (cancercenter.com)
  • In conducting these PHAs, ATSDR scientists evaluate and analyze the information and findings from previous studies and investigations to assess the public health implications of past and current exposure. (cdc.gov)