• Phosphine is also used as a fumigant and a polymerization initiator. (cdc.gov)
  • Production/Uses/Exposure: Phosphine is widely used as a fumigant against insects and rodents in stored grain, leaf tobacco and railroad box cars. (nih.gov)
  • Genetic Toxicology: In a case study of fumigant applicators, phosphine exposure was found to be associated with an increase in chromosome aberrations, chromosome deletions, and chromosome gaps and breaks. (nih.gov)
  • Apply additional fumigant if phosphine concentrations drop below an effective level. (uky.edu)
  • Low humidity, cool temperatures, shortened exposure periods, or cases where more fumigant is added during the fumigation may result in partially spent material. (uky.edu)
  • The HHEs indicated that fumigant exposures were generally low. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphine can be considered safe for use as an alternate fumigant in quarantine and long-term storage of food grains leaving residues below MRL. (bvsalud.org)
  • It followed many years of his research into the principles of toxicity of the fumigant phosphine for grain insects and his efforts to develop a method of fumigation that would optimise these parameters in storages that were not suitable for conventional methods of fumigation. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • An eight-month-old girl died Monday after she was exposed to phosphine, a fumigant. (x-mos.com)
  • Fumigation in transit became possible with use of Phosphine gas (Hydrogen Phosphide), the only fumigant allowed for this purpose by IMO Recommendations on the Safe Use of Pesticides in Ships (2002). (imfo.com)
  • The fumigation team performs fumigation works upon completion of loading issuing the certificate of fumigation in transit, stating in it the name of the fumigant used, the dosage and the exposure time which should be strictly observed. (imfo.com)
  • As against Phosphine, fumigation with Methyl Bromide would require that the ship be cleared of the crew for the whole period of fumigation as this fumigant is more than three times as heavy as air, requiring electric blowers to aerate the gas, it is injurious to all forms of life and exposure to it should be avoided by people at all concentrations. (imfo.com)
  • Besides the necessity of fumigant application in the port of loading, there might arise difficulties both during the voyage itself and at the port of discharge, as fumigation is only completed when the exposure time has elapsed and ventilation has been completed and a gas free certificate issued by a competant person. (imfo.com)
  • A phosphine fumigation period must be long enough to provide adequate pest control and to allow for more or less complete reaction of the product with moisture in the air. (uky.edu)
  • The minimum length of the fumigation period varies with formulation and exposure conditions (see table below). (uky.edu)
  • Representative short term carbon-tetrachloride and carbon-disulfide exposures measured during a 10 minute fumigation operation varied from 265 to 378 and 60 to 132mg/m3, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphine exposures measured during fumigation with aluminum-phosphide tablets ranged from below 0.02 to 2.2mg/m3. (cdc.gov)
  • Under warmer conditions, however, effective control may be obtained after relatively short exposure times that are comparable to phosphine fumigation, particularly since no aeration is needed after treatment. (usda.gov)
  • Food grain samples were drawn before and post fumigation following a certain waiting period for estimation of phosphine residues using gas chromatography equipped with FPD detector. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bob Winks showed that the fumigation time is far more critical than the concentration of the gas and that to control the major species infesting grain it is essential to prolong exposure well beyond five days. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The introduction of fumigation in transit with use of Phosphine came in so smoothly into our life that traders, mariners and all other participants concerned seem to have barely noticed this effective innovation. (imfo.com)
  • Today fumigation in transit with use of Phosphine gas has replaced those ineffective, hazardous and uncomfortable options. (imfo.com)
  • Consumer exposure to phosphine from rodenticides and fumigants is limited because of legal restrictions on zinc phosphide formulations. (nih.gov)
  • Summary of recent environmental assessments of exposure to grain fumigants at export, inland, and country elevators. (cdc.gov)
  • The authors conclude that exposure to grain fumigants in the studied operations are generally low. (cdc.gov)
  • Processors have long relied on fumigants such as methyl bromide and phosphine to disinfest their product of field pests such as codling moth and navel orangeworm, as well as storage pests such as Indianmeal moth. (usda.gov)
  • The effect of Phosphine fumigants is based on reaction with moisture in the air to produce Phosphine which is toxic to all forms of life however it is detectable by an odor of carbide, decaying fish or garlic and very easily and quickly can be aerated thanks to the gas being only slightly heavier than air. (imfo.com)
  • Ingestion of metallic phosphides can produce phosphine intoxication when the solid phosphide contacts gastric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • These solids react with moisture in the air to produce phosphine gas. (uky.edu)
  • Examples are calcium cyanide powder, which reacts with atmospheric moisture to yield hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and formulations of aluminium and magnesium phosphides which also react with moisture to produce phosphine (hydrogen phosphide). (fao.org)
  • Inhalation is the major route of phosphine toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphine gas produces no adverse effects on the skin or eyes, and contact does not result in systemic toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • The nomination was based on its high production, widespread use, and potential for significant human exposure, and the lack of toxicity data. (nih.gov)
  • Phosphine Toxicity: McDaniel et al. (nih.gov)
  • Interim Status Report: Toxicity Review of Phosphine Reply, 28 June. (nih.gov)
  • Interim Status Report: Phosphine Toxicity Review, July. (nih.gov)
  • by UM Agnew · 2021 · Cited by 14 - · · Additionally, toxicity from acute exposure differs significantly from chronic toxicity. (forensicsciencehub.com)
  • The toxicity of zinc phosphide is due to phosphine gas exposure. (forensicsciencehub.com)
  • The SIROFLO story started in the early 1980s when Bob Winks was working on the toxicity of phosphine, used for fumigating stored grain to kill insects. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Phosphine is a colorless, flammable, and toxic gas with an odor of garlic or decaying fish. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphine is a highly toxic gas that forms when aluminum phosphide, a restricted-use pesticide* typically used in agricultural settings, reacts with water. (nih.gov)
  • Clinical environmental health and toxic exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphine (IUPAC name: phosphane) is a colorless, flammable, highly toxic compound with the chemical formula PH3, classed as a pnictogen hydride. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phosphine is a highly toxic respiratory poison, and is immediately dangerous to life or health at 50 ppm. (wikipedia.org)
  • When it is ingested, contact with stomach acid and water produces phosphine gas, which is highly toxic. (latimes.com)
  • While physicists have radiation badges to protect them in the workplace, chemists and workers who handle chemicals don't have equivalent devices to monitor their exposure to potentially toxic chemicals. (nih.gov)
  • Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry recommend intravenous corticosteroids in cases of severe phosgene exposure even if the patient is asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
  • Toxic Phosphine gas is produced when aluminum phosphide is mixed with water or moisture. (healthyindoorprofessionals.com)
  • In the 1980s everyone believed that phosphine had to be applied in high concentrations, and that was a problem given phosphine is also toxic to humans. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Phosphine is very toxic to all forms of animal life, hence exposure of human beings even to small amounts should be avoided. (foodtechnotes.com)
  • When you add water to this, when it's in a very humid environment, it releases phosphine gas -and the phosphine gas is toxic to any animals," University of Guelph toxicologist Keith Solomon said Tuesday. (x-mos.com)
  • The effect of methyl bromide on humans and other mammals appears to vary according to the intensity of exposure. (foodtechnotes.com)
  • Most phosphine exposures occur by inhalation of the gas or ingestion of metallic phosphides, but dermal exposure to phosphides can also cause systemic effects. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphine was nominated for carcinogenicity (inhalation) testing by the National Cancer Institute in 1989. (nih.gov)
  • In rat studies, acute and prechronic inhalation of phosphine has been found to cause respiratory irritation (polyuria, dyspnea, loss of muscular coordination, paralysis and lung damage). (nih.gov)
  • Exposure to phosphine gas most commonly occurs by either: 1) inhalation of gas generated by external sources such as in the workplace or 2) when phosphide-containing pesticides are ingested and come into contact with water or moisture, thus generating phosphine gas. (cdc.gov)
  • When phosphides are ingested or exposed to moisture, they release phosphine gas. (cdc.gov)
  • Magnesium phosphide also reacts faster with water to release phosphine gas but the process is faster than with aluminum phosphide. (uky.edu)
  • Electron-rich triarylphosphines, namely 4-(methoxyphenyl)diphenylphosphine (MMTPP) and tris(4-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine (TMTPP), outperform commonly used triphenylphosphine (TPP) in catalyzing oxa-Michael additions. (beilstein-journals.org)
  • There are no data available on the reproductive or teratogenic effects of phosphine in humans. (nih.gov)
  • There are no other data available on the carcinogenic effects of phosphine on animals. (nih.gov)
  • There are limited data available concerning the reproductive and teratogenic effects of phosphine in animals. (nih.gov)
  • No other data were found concerning the genetic effects of phosphine on humans, and there were limited data available on the mutagenic effects of this compound in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. (nih.gov)
  • Metallic phosphides on clothes, skin, or hair can react with water or moisture to generate phosphine gas. (cdc.gov)
  • Vomitus containing phosphides can also off-gas phosphine. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphine is produced when metallic phosphides (e.g., aluminum, calcium, or zinc phosphides) react with water or acid. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphine is heavier than air and may cause asphyxiation in enclosed, poorly ventilated, or low-lying areas. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphine is slightly (1.2 times) heavier than air so it will not move evenly through solid storage, such as a grain bin. (uky.edu)
  • Chemical and Physical Properties: Phosphine is a colorless, flammable gas with a disagreeable odor. (nih.gov)
  • Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide or TPO is a commonly used photoinitiator for its unique combination of high reactivity at 405 nm wavelengths and its ability to create colorless to off-white formulations. (prusa3d.com)
  • Acute exposure can lead to a wide range of respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal symptoms, and can be fatal (1). (nih.gov)
  • On January 2, 2017, the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) was notified by the Texas Panhandle Poison Center of an acute phosphine exposure incident in Amarillo, Texas. (nih.gov)
  • Symptoms of acute phosphine poisoning fol owing suicide attempts from the ingestion of aluminum phosphide tablets including numbness of the limbs, peripheral vascular failure, renal and hepatic failure, coma and death have reportedly occurred. (nih.gov)
  • Forty (78.4%) of 51 emergency personnel responding to an acute phosphine exposure incident in Texas in January 2017 did not use respiratory protection, including 15 (37.5%) who received medical care after the incident and seven (17.5%) who reported new or worsening symptoms consistent with phosphine exposure within 24 hours of the incident. (cdc.gov)
  • In each release, the pathologist Thomas Parsons, M.D. says the children died of acute aluminum phosphide exposure. (myhighplains.com)
  • Phosphine is a respiratory tract irritant that attacks primarily the cardiovascular and respiratory systems causing peripheral vascular collapse, cardiac arrest and failure, and pulmonary edema. (cdc.gov)
  • To prevent exposure to harmful chemical substances among emergency responders, use of respiratory and other personal protective equipment (PPE) is recommended during incident responses when release of an unknown hazardous substance is suspected. (cdc.gov)
  • Although emergency responder risk of exposure during incidents involving unknown hazardous substances is well documented, methods for improving compliance with existing recommendations and regulations for respiratory protection use are not well understood. (cdc.gov)
  • A Brief History of Mold Exposure Health Symptoms: At the beginning of the 18th century, long before the term "allergy" was created by Clemens von Pirquet, mold exposure was recognized as a potential cause of harmful respiratory symptoms. (healthyindoorprofessionals.com)
  • Pure phosphine is odorless, but technical grade samples have a highly unpleasant odor like rotting fish, due to the presence of substituted phosphine and diphosphane (P2H4). (wikipedia.org)
  • Phosphine gas may also be released when acetylene is made by the action of water on calcium carbide which is contaminated with calcium phosphide as is commonly the case. (cdc.gov)
  • Human: Many of the case reports described in the literature concern indirect exposure to phosphine from phosphine-releasing aluminum phosphide tablets. (nih.gov)
  • Perhaps because of its strong association with elemental phosphorus, phosphine was once regarded as a gaseous form of the element, but Lavoisier (1789) recognised it as a combination of phosphorus with hydrogen and described it as phosphure d'hydrogène (phosphide of hydrogen). (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1844, Paul Thénard, son of the French chemist Louis Jacques Thénard, used a cold trap to separate diphosphine from phosphine that had been generated from calcium phosphide, thereby demonstrating that P2H4 is responsible for spontaneous flammability associated with PH3, and also for the characteristic orange/brown color that can form on surfaces, which is a polymerisation product. (wikipedia.org)
  • Applicator and worker exposure is minimized if little or no unreacted phosphide remains. (uky.edu)
  • An industrywide survey was conducted of exposures to a liquid malathion/methoxychlor (72435) mixture and phosphine generated by aluminum-phosphide (20859738) tablets in grain elevators. (cdc.gov)
  • The documents state that "while phosphine gas is difficult to detect in postmortem testing, the history, clinical presentation and autopsy findings make it clear that aluminum phosphide exposure is the proximate cause of death. (myhighplains.com)
  • 11-Jun-2021 - In case of metal phosphide poisoning, a forensic scientist generally carries out a phosphide/phosphine gas test for the detection and. (forensicsciencehub.com)
  • For efficacy studies, the conventional aluminium phosphide (AlP) tablet (56% @2 and 3 tablet/MT) and granular AlP (77.5% @1.0 and 1.5 g phosphine/m3) formulations were applied. (bvsalud.org)
  • Phosphine was at that time delivered mainly in the form of tablets, pellets or sachets containing aluminium phosphide, that were mixed with the grain or placed inside the grain store. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Phosphine or hydrogen phosphide (PH 3 ) is a low molecular weight, low boiling point compound that diffuses rapidly and penetrates deeply into materials, such as large bulks of grain or tightly packed materials. (foodtechnotes.com)
  • When used for pest control, phosphine, which is a gas in its natural state, is typically sold as a powder that is combined with either calcium or aluminum and compacted into tablets. (x-mos.com)
  • Phosphine has a fish- or garlic-like odor, but may not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, phosphine gas will corrode certain metals and may ignite spontaneously at concentrations above its lower flammable limit of 1.8% volume/volume (18,000 ppm). (uky.edu)
  • The ACGIH-recommended threshold limit value-time weighted average is 0.3 ppm (0.42 mg/m3), and the short-term exposure limit is 1 ppm (1.4 mg/m3). (nih.gov)
  • Full shift samples were generally obtained to evaluate exposures relative to time weighted average (TWA) OSHA permissible exposure levels (PELs), NIOSH recommended standards, and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit values (TLVs). (cdc.gov)
  • Confirmation of phosphine in environmental air samples is performed via methods detailed by NIOSH and OSHA (6,7). (cdc.gov)
  • A NIOSH/MSHA approved full-face gas mask with a phosphine canister may be used at levels up to 15 ppm. (uky.edu)
  • For example, carbon- tetrachloride exposures varied from nondetectable to 1,200 micrograms per cubic meter (microg/m3), well below the NIOSH standard and OSHA PEL of 12,000 and 62,000microg/m3, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • Carbon-tetrachloride and carbon-disulfide exposures originating from use of 80/20LF were generally below the OSHA PEL, but frequently exceeded the NIOSH standard, the standards for carbon-disulfide being 62,000 and 3,000microg/m3, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • NIOSH may provide assistance and information by phone and in writing or may visit the workplace to assess exposure and employee health. (cdc.gov)
  • NIOSH received a request for an HHE from the management at a Louisiana shipyard to evaluate sampling methods for measuring employee PBZ exposures during abrasive blasting. (cdc.gov)
  • The Pac 8000 can be fitted with sensors for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), chlorine gas (Cl 2 ), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ammonia (NH nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), phosphine (PH 3 ) and organic vapours (OV or OV-A). (safety.lv)
  • The chemicals reacted with the moisture in the air and released phosphine gradually over a period of days. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Generally, insects are more difficult to control and the rate of phosphine gas production is reduced at lower temperatures and humidity. (uky.edu)
  • 14. Spread of phosphine resistance among brazilian populations of three species of stored product insects. (nih.gov)
  • In an epidemiological study of grain mill workers, an increased incidence of non-Hodgkins lymphoma, leukemia and pancreatic cancer was found among flour mil workers exposed to pesticides, including phosphine. (nih.gov)
  • Phosphine has a number of advantages for disinfesting grain. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Australia's markets started demanding low residue or residue-free grain in the mid-1980s and phosphine was chosen as the replacement for other grain-protectant insecticides. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Levels of phosphine delivered in this way drop to zero in about five days in unsealed grain stores. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • In 1970 Western Australia's grain handling authorities had taken a farsighted decision to seal their grain storage facilities to a 'gas-tightness' standard, which enabled longer exposure periods with phosphine, but in the other major grain-growing states of Australia and elsewhere in the world, most grain stores remained unsealed. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • In Canada, phosphine is used to fumigate grain storage elevators, said Solomon. (x-mos.com)
  • Some excessive 80/20LF and phosphine exposures do occur. (cdc.gov)
  • The reports and recommendations generated by those evaluations are useful in understanding exposures that may occur in other similar settings. (cdc.gov)
  • The name "phosphine" was first used for organophosphorus compounds in 1857, being analogous to organic amines (NR3). (wikipedia.org)
  • Case reports are plagued by the absence of a control group and frequently by the lack of any documentation regarding level of phosgene exposure. (medscape.com)
  • Clearly, intentional exposure of human subjects to phosgene would be unethical. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple authors agree on the need for aerosolized bronchodilator therapy for patients with reactive airway disease or asthma diagnoses prior to phosgene exposure and for patients who are actively wheezing. (medscape.com)
  • No data support the use of steroids to treat human phosgene exposure, but one animal study demonstrated that intravenous methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg completely blocked pulmonary edema and the associated increased leukotriene synthesis in phosgene-exposed rabbits. (medscape.com)
  • Two caveats about this study are that this protocol involved pretreatment with methylprednisolone before phosgene exposure rather than the postexposure scenario, which practicing clinicians face, and that this study was not designed to test whether the methylprednisolone actually resulted in a survival benefit. (medscape.com)
  • When phosphine burns it produces a dense white cloud of phosphorus pentoxide, P 2 O 5 fume. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphine upon contact with water at high pressure and temperature produces phosphoric acid and hydrogen: PH3 + 4H2O pressure & temperature→H3PO4 + 4H2 Burning phosphine in the air produces phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) (which reacts with water to produce phosphoric acid): 2 PH3 + 4 O2 → P2O5 + 3 H2O P2O5 + 3 H2O → 2 H3PO4 Therefore, the overall equation is: 2 PH3 + 4 O2 → 2 H3PO4 Phosphine may be prepared in a variety of ways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Occupational exposure limits (OELs) are used as an important regulatory instrument to protect workers' health from adverse effects of chemical exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • Background: The medical literature reports health hazards for law enforcement personnel from repeated exposure to methamphetamine and related chemical compounds. (narcononnewliferetreat.org)
  • Conclusions: This investigation strongly suggests that utilizing sauna and nutritional therapy may alleviate chronic symptoms appearing after chemical exposures associated with methamphetamine-related law enforcement activities. (narcononnewliferetreat.org)
  • This report also has relevance to addressing the apparent ill effects of other complex chemical exposures. (narcononnewliferetreat.org)
  • Responding to an active laboratory has been associated with a 7- to 15-time higher risk of becoming ill when compared to other activities with apparently lower chemical exposures. (narcononnewliferetreat.org)
  • Pediatric considerations in chemical exposures: are we prepared? (medscape.com)
  • Chronic exposure to phosphine has reportedly caused anorexia, anemia, and pulmonary edema. (nih.gov)
  • In still another case a worker died due to pesticide exposure in delayed effect. (rlsdhamal.com)
  • The OSHA permissible exposure limit for phosphine is 0.3 ppm (0.4 mg/m3), and the OSHA short-term exposure limit is 1 ppm (1 mg/m3). (nih.gov)
  • Phosphine gas has permissible norms of gas concentration to allow people be exposed to it at very low levels for up to 8 hours a day without hazards to health. (imfo.com)
  • the US OSHA exposure limits are (on average) nearly 40 % higher than those of Poland. (cdc.gov)
  • Finding measurable amounts of urinary phosphorus and phosphorus-containing compounds is not a reliable indicator of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphines are compounds that include PH3 and the organophosphines, which are derived from PH3 by substituting one or more hydrogen atoms with organic groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • This document deals with outbreaks of certain human diseases associated with human exposure to compounds produced by algae. (unep.org)
  • Dermal exposure to liquid phosphine can lead to skin burns. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphine is used in the semiconductor industry to introduce phosphorus into silicon crystals as an intentional impurity. (cdc.gov)
  • Philippe Gengembre (1764-1838), a student of Lavoisier, first obtained phosphine in 1783 by heating white phosphorus in an aqueous solution of potash (potassium carbonate). (wikipedia.org)
  • He considered diphosphine's formula to be PH2, and thus an intermediate between elemental phosphorus, the higher polymers, and phosphine. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3 KOH + P4 + 3 H2O → 3 KH2PO2 + PH3 3 NaOH + P4 + 3 H2O → 3 NaH2PO2 + PH3 Alternatively, the acid-catalyzed disproportionation of white phosphorus yields phosphoric acid and phosphine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Use of phosphine in these stores was expensive, inefficient and potentially hazardous. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Canada's Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) classifies phosphine as a poisonous material with immediate and serious effects. (x-mos.com)
  • In one case a worker died due to phosphine exposure and in another case due to chloroform vapor in a tank. (rlsdhamal.com)
  • Phosphine is also used in the semiconductor industry in the treatment of silicon crystals, and as a vapor-phase dopant gas in the production of organophosphines and phosphonium halides. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Phosphine resistance in Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica from stored wheat in Oklahoma. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Mobility of Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) After Exposure to Controlled Release Materials With Existing and Novel Active Ingredients. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Efficacies of spinosad and a combination of chlorpyrifos-methyl and deltamethrin against phosphine-resistant Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on wheat. (nih.gov)
  • the acid route is the preferred method if further reaction of the phosphine to substituted phosphines is needed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exposure periods in the table may not be adequate to control all stored products pests under all conditions, nor will they always provide for total reaction. (uky.edu)
  • In the majority of animal studies reported, phosphine was not found to induce chronic effects. (nih.gov)
  • In a feeding study, chronic exposure to phosphine caused increased organ weight gain (thymus and lungs), ulceration and necrosis of the colon, and increased development of lymphoid tissue in rats. (nih.gov)
  • Most effects appear transitory, but some Utah police officers with employment-related methamphetamine exposures developed chronic symptoms, some leading to disability. (narcononnewliferetreat.org)
  • Fifteen (37.5%) of these 40 responders received medical care for symptoms or as a precaution after the incident, and seven (17.5%) reported new or worsening symptoms consistent with phosphine exposure within 24 hours of the incident. (nih.gov)
  • The nonprofit American Detoxification Foundation (ADF) established and administered the Utah Meth Cops Project (UMCP), which uses the Hubbard detoxification protocol and monitors health and quality of life among Utah police officers, to address the symptoms consistent with (and appearing after) line-of-duty exposures to methamphetamine and related chemicals. (narcononnewliferetreat.org)
  • Emergency Central , emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-Minute_Emergency_Consult/307262/all/Irritant_Gas_Exposure. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In the one study concerning reproductive toxicology described in the literature, phosphine was not found to induce reproductive effects in rats. (nih.gov)
  • Subacute exposures to rats and mice. (nih.gov)