Experimental maturation pathogens antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

2.) diffuse GALT with single T and B cells, macrophages, eosinophiles, basophiles and mast cells, preferentially found in lamina propria. (wikipedia.org)
As well, there are specialized cells in particular organs (e.g., microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver) derived from macrophages that are also effective APCs. (wikidoc.org)
After dendritic cells or macrophages swallow pathogens, they usually migrate to the lymph nodes , where most T cells are. (wikidoc.org)
Inflammatory infiltrates in the placenta mainly consisted of CD8+ and, to a lesser extent, CD4+ T cells and macrophages (CD163+). (biomedcentral.com)
The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
T and B lymphocytes, regulatory T cells), but not innate (i.e. macrophages and monocytes) immune cell responses in the intestinal tract. (nature.com)
Thus, blockade of activating FcγR inhibits binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes. (academie-medecine.fr)
In conditions such as like ITP that is autoantibody-mediated, IVIG Fc fragmentmediated competitive blockade of activating FcγR might inhibit: binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes [1, 12]. (academie-medecine.fr)
FcRn expressed in endosomal compartment of intestinal epithelium, vascular endothelium and macrophages regulates the serum IgG levels by binding to the pinocytosed antibodies and recirculating them to cell surface without intracellular degradation. (academie-medecine.fr)
In addition to their action on macrophages and airway epithelial cells, DEP also modulate the functions of dendritic cells (DC). (biomedcentral.com)
DEP exert immunoregulatory functions through their first action on resident cells in the lung including macrophages, airway epithelial cells, and dendritic cells (DC). (biomedcentral.com)
Whereas alveolar macrophages mainly reside in the alveolar region of the lung, immature myeloid DC (mDC) constitute a dense network in close proximity to airway epithelial cells [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Additional lines of proof show that macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes have the ability to synthesize nitric oxide (NO) from l-arginine (24). (insulin-receptor.info)
Many types of cells are involved in the progression of RA joint inflammation, among which the overactivation of M1 macrophages and osteoclasts has been thought to be an essential cause of joint inflammation and bone destruction. (elifesciences.org)
Methods In this study, an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)-binding peptide D CDX was used to modify the codelivery liposomes to achieve a 'three-birds-one-stone' delivery strategy, that is, multi-targeting the glioma vessel endothelium, glioma cells, and tumor-associated macrophages that all overexpressed α7 nAChRs. (bmj.com)
Second, GBM therapy is also hampered by the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), 2 which contains various types of non-cancerous cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and T lymphocytes. (bmj.com)
The innate immune system mainly comprises innate immune cells (macrophages: neutrophils, dendritic cells) and complement factors. (biomedcentral.com)
When dendritic cells are activated by inflammatory cytokines such as LPSs and inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages, they present fragments of pathogens digested intracellularly to T cells and induce the activation of antigen-specific T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Ly6G is expressed differentially during development by cells in the myeloid lineage including monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and neutrophils. (bioxcell.com)
CD11c is expressed in monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, some granulocytes and less so in a subset of lymphocytes. (thermofisher.com)
They are essential in determining B cell antibody class switching , in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells , and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages . (wikidoc.org)
The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines and other stimulatory signals (green arrows) that stimulate the activity of macrophages , killer T cells and B cells , the latter producing antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
Professional antigen presenting cells are primarily dendritic cells , macrophages and B cells , although dendritic cells are the only cell group that expresses MHC Class II constitutively (at all times). (wikidoc.org)
Importantly, stimulation of T cells by Cd44v7- deficient macrophages induced upregulation of Foxp3 in vitro , while cotransfer of Cd44 WT macrophages into Cd44v7- deficient mice reduced Foxp3 + T-cell counts and caused colitis. (nature.com)
Here, macrophages and T cells accumulate in the lamina propria of the intestinal tract, activate each other, destroy the regular architecture of the gut wall, and disturb the intestinal function. (nature.com)
Several molecules expressed by macrophages and T cells including interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-γ, IL-10, and Foxp3 are critical for the intestinal balance between immune attack and tolerance. (nature.com)
The IRE1α-XBP1 signaling axis supports this glycolytic switch in macrophages when activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation or infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Brucella abortus. (biomed.news)
When confronted with bacterial pathogens, macrophages, frontline defenders in the immune system, switch to a glycolysis-driven metabolism to carry out their antibacterial functions. (biomed.news)

To help distinguish between the two types of APCs, those that express MHC class II molecules are often called professional antigen-presenting cells . (wikidoc.org)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have multiple subpopulations with different phenotypes and immune functions. (biomedcentral.com)
These professional antigen-presenting cells are able to discriminate unmodified self from non-self thanks to pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll like Receptors (TLR) and Scavenger Receptors (SR). SR were originally identified by their ability to bind and internalize modified lipoproteins and microorganisms but also particles and TLR agonists. (biomedcentral.com)
DC are professional antigen-presenting cells that are essential for initiating adaptive immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
Class II MHC proteins are generally only found on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (wikidoc.org)
During an immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) endocytose (absorb) foreign material (typically bacteria or viruses ), which undergoes processing , then travel from the infection site to the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)

These professional APCs are very efficient at internalizing antigen, either by phagocytosis or by receptor-mediated endocytosis , and then displaying a fragment of the antigen, bound to a class II MHC molecule, on their membrane. (wikidoc.org)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the body. (biomedcentral.com)
in contrast, are implicated as effector cells in helminthic infections, releasing their many cytoplasmic granules, containing toxic molecules, in response to antigenic stimuli.8 Moreover, they notably contribute to allergic inflammation at airway mucosal sites.9 Recent studies have also demonstrated that eosinophils are able to function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (dnametabolism.com)
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) produce and release a broad spectrum of EVs involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (bmrat.org)
They are secreted by a wide array of cells, including cardiac myocytes, mature and progenitor endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells like antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and malignant cells 5 , 6 . (bmrat.org)
Function of T helper cells: Antigen presenting cells ( APCs ) present antigen on their Class II MHC molecules ( MHC2 ). (wikidoc.org)
Some APCs also bind native (or unprocessed) antigens to their surface, such as follicular dendritic cells , but unprocessed antigens do not interact with T cells and are not involved in their activation. (wikidoc.org)

In addition, the role that the innate immune response plays on intracellular pathogens such as Neospora could be sizeable. (biomedcentral.com)
The cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) typically express CD8 and induce apoptosis of cells on which they recognize foreign antigens presented by MHC class I molecules, providing a defense against intracellular pathogens such as viruses. (cdc.gov)
Thus, the predominance of both transitional T cells and B cells may contribute to the vulnerability of neonates and infants to infection with intracellular pathogens. (dnametabolism.com)

A vaccine approach based on cell-mediated immunity that avoids some of these drawbacks is discussed here. (cdc.gov)
We review the literature on the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in influenza infection and the available data on the role of these responses in protection from highly pathogenic influenza infection. (cdc.gov)
Greater understanding of how each subset contributes to protective immunity and how T-cell memory is maintained and recalled in a secondary infection would contribute to development of effective vaccines that use these basic features of the immune response. (cdc.gov)
Mouse models of influenza A virus pneumonia provide a well-developed experimental system to analyze T cell-mediated immunity. (cdc.gov)
Antigen conformation shapes CD4+ T-cell specificity through mechanisms of antigen processing, and the consequences for immunity may rival those from conformational effects on antibody specificity. (bvsalud.org)
CD4+ T cells initiate and control immunity to pathogens and cancer and are at least partly responsible for immunopathology associated with infection, autoimmunity, and allergy. (bvsalud.org)
It is likely that L-DCs play an important role in antigen uptake and processing of respiratory pathogens and are major contributors to respiratory tract immunity and may be ideal tools for future in vitro or ex vivo studies. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene modified dendritic cells (DC) are able to modulate DC functions and induce therapeutic immunity or tolerance in an antigen-specific manner. (biomedcentral.com)
revealing a strong granulomatous response and a low susceptibility to disseminated infections.3 T-cell-mediated immunity is a critical component of protective immunity against infection with C. neoformans. (dnametabolism.com)
Neonates have limited exposure to antigens in utero, thus leaving them with the immaturity in adaptive immunity during infancy [4, 13]. (dnametabolism.com)
Mounting evidence has shown several deficiencies of adaptive immunity in neonates and infants for both cell- and antibody-mediated responses. (dnametabolism.com)
Studies to antigen uptake, processing and presentation to T cells, the biology of dendritic cells and the regulation of immunity are aimed to raise our understanding of the immune reactions to tumor cells and improve immunotherapy of cancer. (universiteitleiden.nl)
Results It was demonstrated that CDX-LIPO remarkably triggered tumor cell autophagy and induced immunogenic cell death, and meanwhile, activated the tumor-infiltrating macrophage and dendritic cells, and primed T and NK (natural killer) cells, resulting in antitumor immunity and tumor regression. (bmj.com)
Because CD4 + T cells, which constitute the "control tower" of acquired immunity, cannot recognize microbial components such as LPSs, the acquired immunity response to microorganisms depends on the phagocytic cells of the innate immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
Dendritic cells play a key role in processing and presenting antigens to naïve T cells to prime adaptive immunity. (biomed.news)

The path to transcription has not been elucidated: transcription factors, promoter regions, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which likely induce the signaling pathway necessary for the eventual translation of this protein, are unknown. (wikipedia.org)

Immunological tolerance to developmental sperm antigens is not induced in males, because spermatogenesis begins first in the testis on puberty, much after the establishment of tolerance to self-antigens. (benthamscience.com)
The size of the plasma pool ensures the vast diversity of IgG repertoire in IVIG that interacts with a large number of self-antigens, in addition to pathogens and external antigens [2]. (academie-medecine.fr)

Although almost every cell in the body is an APC, since it can present antigen to CD8 + T cells via MHC class I molecules, the term is often limited to those specialized cells that can prime T cells (i.e., activate a T cell that has not been exposed to antigen, termed a naive T cell ). (wikidoc.org)
Once at the lymph nodes, the APC begins to present antigen peptides that are bound to Class II MHC, allowing CD4 + T cells that express specific TcR's against the peptide/MHC complex to activate. (wikidoc.org)

They act as a surveillance system to detect foreign antigens and shape immunogenic or tolerogenic responses [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Enzymes within the cell digest the swallowed pathogen into smaller pieces containing epitopes , which are then presented to T cells using MHC. (wikidoc.org)
Recent research indicates that only certain epitopes of a pathogen are presented because they are immunodominant, possibly as a function of their binding affinity to the MHC. (wikidoc.org)
The molecule's positive charge allows for binding to phospholipids and cardiolipin, both of which can be found as epitopes on the surfaces of pathogens, and its 2nd and 3rd helices are principle players in lysing foreign or infected cells. (wikipedia.org)
In this Perspective, we will briefly summarize evidence that antigen resistance to unfolding and proteolytic fragmentation shapes the specificity of the CD4+ T-cell response to selected viral envelope proteins, identify several remarkable examples in which the immunodominant CD4+ epitopes most likely depend on the interaction of processing machinery with antigen conformation, and outline how knowledge of antigen conformation can inform future efforts to design vaccines. (bvsalud.org)
We have also designed 12 B cell epitopes-based vaccine candidates using immunoinformatics approach. (bvsalud.org)
Identified T-cell epitopes were mapped on previously reported coevolving amino acids in the spike protein to introduce mutation. (bvsalud.org)
The non-mutated and mutated vaccine components were constructed by selecting epitopes showing overlapping with the predicted B-cell epitopes and highest antigenicity. (bvsalud.org)

These cells, in general, express MHC class II as well as MHC class I molecules, and can stimulate CD4 + ("helper") cells as well as CD8 + ("cytotoxic") T cells . (wikidoc.org)
Activated DCs are especially potent T H cell activators because, as part of their composition, they express co-stimulatory molecules such as B7 . (wikidoc.org)
MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
The CD4+ T helper cells are primarily responsible for helping other immune cells through direct cell-cell interactions or by secreting cytokines after recognizing viral peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. (cdc.gov)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
The eosinophils express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II, and the costimulatory molecules CD28, CD40, CD80 and CD86, suggesting that these cells can directly communicate with T cells to regulate immune responses. (dnametabolism.com)
2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)

Although GNLY is able to kill pathogens by itself, usually, it cooperates with other proteins from cytotoxic granules, most notably with granzymes. (wikipedia.org)
Specifically, cell-mediated responses typically focus on peptides from internal influenza proteins, which are far less susceptible to antigenic variation. (cdc.gov)
In contrast, T cells, which mediate cellular immune responses, can target internal proteins common to heterologous viral strains. (cdc.gov)
We have found a total 15 potential antigenic proteins out of which 14 antigens are novel and can be used for further vaccine development against monkeypox. (bvsalud.org)
The SE are 26- to 30-kDa proteins that bind with main histocompatibility course II substances on antigen-presenting cells and stimulate T cells bearing Vs on the receptor variable area (1, 5, 7). (insulin-receptor.info)
Ly6G is a 21-25 kDa member of the Ly-6 superfamily of GPI-anchored cell surface proteins with roles in cell signaling and cell adhesion. (bioxcell.com)
The antigens that bind to MHC proteins are always short peptides , 8-10 amino acids long for MHC Class I, and up to 25 or so for MHC Class II. (wikidoc.org)
Therefore, specific localization patterns of GEFs and GTPase-activating proteins, and a molecular network of their regulation underlie the spatiotemporal control of Rho GTPases activities in the cells. (life-science-alliance.org)

The primary trigger for CD4+ T-cell maturation is the presentation of an epitope peptide in the MHC class II antigen-presenting protein (MHCII), most commonly on an activated dendritic cell, and then the T-cell responses are recalled by subsequent presentations of the epitope peptide by the same or other antigen-presenting cells. (bvsalud.org)
Dendritic cell as sentinel of the immune system plays an irreplaceable role. (medsci.org)
We focus on the essential functions of dendritic cell in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. (medsci.org)
however, the role of circadian rhythms in dendritic cell function is still unclear. (biomed.news)

Evidence for CD4 + T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4 + T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight's main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. (frontiersin.org)
Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
One of the research areas at the MDC is immunology and inflammation, which covers tumor immunology, DNA repair in B lymphocytes, the role of tumor stroma-immune cell interaction in cancers, the role of innate immune cells in gliomas and neurodegenerative diseases, and the development of immunotherapy strategies. (mdc-berlin.de)
CD11c is expressed by dendritic cells, a subset of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes (IEL) and some activated T cells. (thermofisher.com)
T helper cells (also known as effector T cells or T h cells ) are a sub-group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte ) that plays an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
Prevention was associated with the downregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-activating and Foxp3-counteracting interleukin-6 (IL-6), lower numbers of phospho-STAT3-containing lymphocytes, and higher Foxp3 + T-cell counts in the colon. (nature.com)

Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
Antigen-specific ligation of T-cell receptors induces effector mechanisms that either directly or indirectly promote lysis of infected cells. (cdc.gov)
Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include inactivation of autoantigen-recognizing T and B cells by the induction of apoptosis, anergy or conversion into immunosuppressive regulatory cells. (frontiersin.org)
Research on vitamin D regulation of thymocyte selection, Th1 and Th17 cells, T-cell programed cell death, and T-regulatory (Treg) cells is summarized and integrated into model mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, unanswered questions relating to vitamin D mechanisms in CD4 + T cells are highlighted to promote further research that may lead to a deeper understanding of autoimmune disease molecular etiology. (frontiersin.org)
The observation that the immune system can also attack malignant cells has been known for many years but the cellular and molecular mechanisms have become clear in the last decades. (universiteitleiden.nl)
B cells are therefore particularly dependent on 'quality control' mechanisms to oversee antibody production. (cipsm.de)
A well-balanced system of immune attack and immune tolerance mechanisms in response to these antigens is necessary for the maintenance of gut homeostasis. (nature.com)
However, murine models, including knockout and transgenic mice, have been useful in understanding the mechanisms of B lymphopoiesis, B-cell differentiation, and antibody formation. (medscape.com)

The functional importance of GALT in body's defense relies on its large population of plasma cells, which are antibody producers, whose number exceeds the number of plasma cells in spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow combined. (wikipedia.org)
B-cells , which express antibody, can very efficiently present the antigen to which their antibody is directed, but are inefficient APC for most other antigens. (wikidoc.org)
A test is defined as the amount (µg) of antibody that will stain a cell sample in a final volume of 100 µL. (thermofisher.com)

Granulysin is expressed in killer cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells, which hold the cytotoxic granules this protein is contained in. (wikipedia.org)
The 9 kDa form functions as a pore-forming protein, as it is able to permeabilize cell membranes.The 9kDa form can cytolyze fungi, yeast, parasites, gram negative, and gram positive bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
This protein is also far more effective in targeting bacterial membranes than mammalian membranes, though it can target many different cell types, such as those from fungi and parasites. (wikipedia.org)
The influenza A viruses infect host epithelial cells by attaching to a cellular receptor (sialic acid) by the viral surface protein hemagglutinin (HA). (cdc.gov)
Additional quality control measures for our InVivo Plus™ products include advanced binding validation, murine pathogen screening, protein aggregation screening, and ultra-low endotoxin levels. (bioxcell.com)
Mature T h cells are believed to always express the surface protein CD4 . (wikidoc.org)
Furthermore, the expression of dendritic cells (DC), retinoid- related orphan receptor (ROR)γt (marker of T helper 17 cells [Th17]), interleukin (IL)-17, GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) (marker of Th2), and IL-4 increased the most in the colon of the DSS-treated conventional mice compared with DSS-treated SPF mice. (scirp.org)

Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development in the primary lymphoid organs (i.e. thymus and bone marrow), where T or B cell clones that recognize autoantigens with high-affinity are deleted. (frontiersin.org)
In mice, B1 cells mainly reside in the peritoneal and pleural cavities, but aberrant B1a cell migration has been found in the pancreas of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice [ 5 ], and in the kidney, thymus and lung of NZBW F1 mice [ 6 - 8 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Following T cell development , matured, naïve (meaning they have never been exposed to the antigen to which they can respond) T cells leave the thymus and begin to spread throughout the body, including the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)
CD4 + T cells have TcRs with an affinity for Class II MHC, and it is believed that CD4 is involved in determining MHC affinity during maturation in the thymus . (wikidoc.org)

Granzymes usually cause apoptosis of the infected cell through initiation of the caspase cascade. (wikipedia.org)
These secondary abiotic mice could be stably infected with the pathogen and exhibited key features of human campylobacteriosis including apoptosis and pro-inflammatory immune responses in the large intestines 12 . (nature.com)
The review focuses on the role of APC-derived EVs in regulating the transformation of macrophage phenotype, shaping foam cells, driving autophagy and/or inhibiting apoptosis of Th4 + cells, T regulatory cells, endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), as well as in facilitating oxidative stress in vasculature. (bmrat.org)
CD44v7 on T cells was proposed to promote colitis by preventing T-cell apoptosis. (nature.com)

To elicit innate and adaptive immune responses, inflammatory cells must efficiently migrate through the complex, physiological environments in the body. (life-science-alliance.org)

We discuss the advantages of developing a vaccine based on cell-mediated immune responses toward highly pathogenic influenza virus and potential problems arising from immune pressure. (cdc.gov)
Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
Together, these results have demonstrated a pathogenic role of B1a cells in the development of autoimmune arthritis through RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis. (oncotarget.com)

Concurrent with this observation, L-MCs possessed significantly more antigen-uptake capacity compared to their counterparts from blood. (biomedcentral.com)
More recent studies suggested that DCs derived from tissues without "danger" signal stimulation should be regarded as immature DCs, based on their major role in antigen uptake and endocytosis of antigens [ 11 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In order to increase the surface area for absorption, the intestinal mucosa is made up of finger-like projections (villi), covered by a monolayer of epithelial cells, which separates the GALT from the lumen intestine and its contents. (wikipedia.org)
These epithelial cells are covered by a layer of glycocalyx on their luminal surface so as to protect cells from the acid pH. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] New epithelial cells derived from stem cells are constantly produced on the bottom of the intestinal glands, regenerating the epithelium (epithelial cell turnover time is less than one week). (wikipedia.org)
Both GALT and mesenteric lymph nodes are sites where the immune response is started due to the presence of immune cells through the epithelial cells and the lamina propria. (wikipedia.org)
This contains conventional intestinal epithelial cells and a small number of specialized epithelial cells called microfold cells (M cells) in between. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, high expression of Granulysin can be found in the placenta to protect fetal epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to CD44s, the CD44 isoforms containing variable regions are expressed only in distinct epithelial cell types (e.g., keratinocytes), activated immune cells, and several types of cancers. (nature.com)

15 kDa plays other roles in immunological processes, such as in antigen-presenting cell maturation and in immune cell migration. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to their efficient lipid-lowering effects, statins exhibit independent so called pleiotropic effects potentially affecting several immune response properties including immune cell activation, migration, cytokine generation, immune metabolism, and survival. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)

In Chapter 3, I developed a monocytic cell line model to study the impact of DDIT4L on innate immune function. (ubc.ca)
Innate immune cells are also called phagocytes because they phagocytose when they recognize foreign substances such as lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). (biomedcentral.com)
The innate immune system is activated within several hours of encountering pathogens, etc. (biomedcentral.com)

B1 cells are distinguished from conventional B2 cells by their developmental origin, self-renewal capacity, anatomical location and phenotypic feature. (oncotarget.com)
We found that efficient gene transfer into pDC can be achieved with VSVG-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors (LV) under the control of phoshoglycerate kinase (PGK) and elongation factor-1 (EF1α) promoters (28% to 90% of E-GFP + cells, respectively) in the absence of phenotypic and functional maturation. (biomedcentral.com)
These include macrophage and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching and various inflammatory signaling, such as IL-33/suppression of tumorigenesis 2 (ST2), Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathways, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 . (bmrat.org)

Monocytes typically express Ly6G transiently during development while mature granulocytes and peripheral neutrophils retain expression making Ly6G a good cell surface marker for these populations. (bioxcell.com)
Inflammatory cells, most especially neutrophils, can be a necessary component of the antitumor activity occurring after administration of photodynamic therapy. (bioxcell.com)

This part of GALT is made up from mature effector cells ready to perform their actions. (wikipedia.org)

Peptide presentation depends on the proteolytic fragmentation of the antigen in an endosomal/lysosomal compartment and concomitant loading of the fragments into the MHCII, a multistep mechanism called antigen processing and presentation. (bvsalud.org)

We have recently demonstrated that the outcome of experimental infection of pregnant sheep with 10 6 Nc-Spain7 tachyzoites is strongly dependent on the time of gestation. (biomedcentral.com)
In this regard, the ovine experimental model of infection provides several advantages over cattle in terms of costs, space, required infrastructure, ease of handling of the animals, the duration of gestation and hence the entire experiment. (biomedcentral.com)
These cells can be found mainly in the epidermis to protect against infection spreading through the skin. (wikipedia.org)
Vaccine approaches against respiratory virus infections such as influenza have relied on inducing antibodies that protect against viral infection by neutralizing virions or blocking the virus's entry into cells. (cdc.gov)
In particular, the T-cell immune response to influenza infection has been well characterized in C57BL/6 (B6,H2 b ) mice. (cdc.gov)
Dendritic cells-based therapeutic approach may be a potential strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. (medsci.org)
To combat such an unprecedented global public-health crisis before these experimental agents are available, alternative available interventions that can target different steps in the replication cycle of the EBOV should be explored in the management of the human EBOV infection as contingency preparation for the international dissemination of the EBOV outbreak in West Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
they cannot kill infected host (also known as somatic ) cells or pathogens , and without other immune cells they would usually be considered useless against an infection. (wikidoc.org)
Towards the end of a HIV infection the number of functional CD4 + T cells falls, which leads to the symptomatic stage of infection known as the acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). (wikidoc.org)
Numbers of total CD11b + (A), GR1 + (B), CD4 + (C), and CD8 + (D) cells from sinus tissue of mice after pretreatment with 10 or 1 μg of RC-527 or vehicle and infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae in BALB/c mice at postinoculation days 2, 5, and 14. (jamanetwork.com)
Numbers of total CD11b + (A), GR1 + (B), CD4 + (C), and CD8 + (D) cells after infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae in wild-type C3H/HeOuJ and TLR4 complex-deficient C3H/HeJ mice at postinoculation days 2 and 21. (jamanetwork.com)
Jacobs MRFelmingham DAppelbaum PCGruneberg RNAlexander Project Group, The Alexander Project 1998-2000: susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community-acquired respiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents. (jamanetwork.com)

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types (Figure 1 ), including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
In general, mice are highly convenient for studies of bacterial pathogenicity and pathogen-host interactions. (nature.com)
The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell-cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. (frontiersin.org)

This association of phenotype and function is not absolute, since CD4+ cells may exhibit lytic activity, while CD8+ cells secrete antiviral cytokines, notably interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor. (cdc.gov)

Hence, secondary abiotic mice are well-suited to unravel the triangle relationship between intestinal pathogens, commensals and the host immune system in vivo 14 . (nature.com)
Clearance of small intestinal crypts involves goblet cell mucus secretion by intracellular granule rupture and enterocyte ion transport. (gu.se)

I identified major functional deficits in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels compared to term cord blood, which were not due to a lack of immune cells. (ubc.ca)

Dendritic cells carrying the mutation exhibited defective interstitial migration in vivo. (life-science-alliance.org)

Numerous animal studies as well as observational and clinical trials have shown that atherosclerosis arises from immune activation, with several cell-type specific pathways involved. (bmrat.org)

6.1 Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity A major reason for research into the effects of cannabinoids on cellular processes is to discover whether cannabinoids are mutagenic, i.e. whether they may produce mutations in the genetic material in the somatic and germ cells of users. (druglibrary.org)
If cannabinoid exposure affects the genetic material of a user's somatic or bodily cells (such as those of the lung, for example) then chronic cannabis use may cause cancer. (druglibrary.org)

The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
Another characteristic is that senescent cells that accumulate in body tissues over time cause chronic inflammation through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, termed senescence-associated secretory phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)

More precisely, 15 kDa GNLY is capable of initiating differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells. (wikipedia.org)

Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
In culture, RANKL-expressing B1a cells significantly promoted the expansion of osteoclasts derived from bone marrow cells, which were in accord with the in vivo findings of increased osteoclastogenesis in CIA mice transferred with B1a cells. (oncotarget.com)
Competitive antagonism of TLR8 with non-targeting locked nucleic acids was found to prevent native LDL-induced macrophage polarization in vitro, and re-organize lesion macrophage phenotypes in vivo, as determined by single-cell RNA sequencing. (biomed.news)

Peripheral tolerance evolved to counteract autoantigen-recognizing T or B cells that escape central tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
Evidence suggest that a patient's genetic predisposition together with environmental factors, such as exposure to pathogens that exhibit molecular mimicry, disturb immune tolerance ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens associated with a specific organ results in the activation of organ-specific T and B cells that in turn cause organ-specific inflammation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) ( 5 ), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( 6 ), psoriasis ( 7 ), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)

Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
The EBOV is classified as a biosafety level 4 pathogen and is considered a category A agent of bioterrorism by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with no approved therapies and vaccines available for its treatment apart from supportive care. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, existing supplies of all these experimental medications and vaccines for compassionate use are either extremely limited or exhausted [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Similarly, since spermatozoa are not self and isoantigens to females, if they are exposed repeatedly to sperm antigens by coitus, it is not surprising that isoimmunity to sperm antigens could be induced and develop antisperm antibodies (ASA) in females. (benthamscience.com)
Although B1 cells have been recognized for their protective functions against viruses, bacteria and parasites by producing natural IgM antibodies [ 3 ], increasing evidence indicates that B1 cells, especially the highly polyspecific B1a cells, play a role in autoimmune pathogenesis [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Effector T cells activate B cells, so that B cells produce antibodies that recognize microorganisms. (biomedcentral.com)
B cells use unconventional strategies for the production of a seemingly unlimited number of antibodies from a very limited amount of DNA. (cipsm.de)
In the absence of mature B cells, patients lack lymphoid tissue and fail to develop plasma cells, the cells that manufacture antibodies. (medscape.com)

If the blood-testes barrier, which isolates germ cells from the contact with local immune system, is impaired by some reasons, autoimmunity to sperm antigens could be induced and results in the development of autoimmune orchitis. (benthamscience.com)

The T cell recognizes and interacts with the antigen-class II MHC molecule complex on the membrane of the antigen-presenting cell. (wikidoc.org)

The 15 kDa form is also able to act as a chemoattractant for different cells, such as NK cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and in higher concentrations, immature dendritic cells. (wikipedia.org)

The mammalian immune system evolved to protect our bodies from foreign pathogens and intrinsic aberrant malignancies while concurrently preventing deleterious immune responses toward self ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
In sum, my work provides fundamental insights into the maturation of immune responses in the first year of life in premature babies. (ubc.ca)
Taken together, this research supports an important role for early activity by Ly6G(+) cells in the generation of long-term PDT responses in mesothelioma, and it points to luminol chemiluminescence as a potentially useful approach for preclinical monitoring of neutrophil activation by PDT. (bioxcell.com)
Here, we show greater T cell responses when mice are immunised in the middle of their rest versus their active phase. (biomed.news)

There was no significant difference in total numbers of CD11b + , GR1 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + cells between the 2 strains at postinoculation days 2 and 21 (n = 4 per time point). (jamanetwork.com)

T-cells may recognize this complex using their T-cell receptor (TCR). (wikidoc.org)
Helper T cells recognize these, with the help of their expression of CD4 co-receptor ( CD4+ ). (wikidoc.org)

Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3 + CD4 + T-regulatory cell and CD4 + T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. (frontiersin.org)

How can our knowledge of the immune system be applied to develop innovative therapies, including the identification of novel antigens for immune therapies and gene repair strategies in monogenic immune diseases? (mdc-berlin.de)

experimental approaches and assays available to assess developmental immunotoxicity. (cdc.gov)

In contrast, the adaptive immune system consists primarily of T and B cells and in theory can eliminate an infinite variety of targets. (biomedcentral.com)

In this study, we found that peritoneal B1a cells underwent proliferation and migrated to the inflamed joint tissue with upregulated RANKL expression during collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) development in mice. (oncotarget.com)
Adoptive transfer of B1a cells exacerbated arthritic severity and joint damage while intraperitoneal depletion of B1 cells ameliorated both arthritic symptoms and joint pathology in CIA mice. (oncotarget.com)
The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid, although inclusion of the analysis of cell type-specific GLI1-deficient mice would have strengthened the study. (elifesciences.org)
Here we demonstrate that Cd44v7 -deficient T cells - like Cd44 wild-type ( Cd44 WT ) T cells - provoked disease in two different colitis models: the model induced by CD4 + CD45RB high T-cell transfer into Rag2 -deficient mice and a new model based on ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-cell transfer into Rag -sufficient, OVA-challenged mice. (nature.com)
There was a significant increase in the numbers of CD11b + , GR1 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + cells in the group treated with 10 or 1 μg of RC-527 compared with vehicle and/or between groups in uninfected and infected wt C3H/HeOuJ mice. (jamanetwork.com)
DSS-induced ulcerative colitis was deteriorated in our conventional AD mouse model compared with specific- pathogen-free (SPF) mice. (scirp.org)
Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and conventional NC/Nga male mice (9 weeks old) were obtained from SLC (Hamamatsu, Japan). (scirp.org)

Umbilical cord blood is readily accessible to study the premature neonate's immune system, but it does not capture important maturation events that may occur during the neonatal period. (ubc.ca)
The response is maintained as an immune memory and can be activated quickly when subsequent encounters with the same pathogen occur. (biomedcentral.com)
Although defects may occur in many steps in B-cell development and maturation, resulting in agammaglobulinemia, the most common and well-described defect is the impaired maturation of the pro-B cells to pre-B cells. (medscape.com)

It is a pore-forming peptide, as it can puncture a microbial cell wall, allowing for other death-inducing enzymes to enter the microbe and cause microptosis. (wikipedia.org)
Recently the research findings from the laboratory and in experimental animals are translated to an early clinical study in which cancer patients are injected with and experimental tumor-specific peptide-conjugate vaccine. (universiteitleiden.nl)

Functionally distinct T-cell subsets are broadly identified according to their differential expression of CD4 and CD8 coreceptors. (cdc.gov)
B1 cells express high levels of CD19, IgM and CD11b, and can be further divided into CD5 + B1a and CD5 - B1b subsets. (oncotarget.com)
In humans, at least two subsets of DC are known in the blood, myeloid DC (also known as interstitial or dermal DC), and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and Langerhans cells (LC) in the tissues [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells. (wikidoc.org)
It is this diversity in function and their role in influencing other cells that gives T helper cells their name. (wikidoc.org)
CD4 + T cells are generally treated as having a pre-defined role as helper T cells within the immune system , although there are known rare exceptions. (wikidoc.org)
All of the latter CD4 + T cell groups are not considered T helper cells, and are beyond the scope of this article. (wikidoc.org)
The importance of helper T cells can be seen from HIV , a virus that infects cells that are CD4 + (including helper T cells). (wikidoc.org)

In the foetal mesenchyme, mostly free tachyzoites were found in animals infected at G1, while those infected in G2 displayed predominantly particulate antigen, and parasitophorous vacuoles were detected in sheep infected at G3. (biomedcentral.com)

The DKFZ is a multidisciplinary center covering cancer biology from basic molecular and cell biology to clinical research and care. (mdc-berlin.de)
We find a circadian rhythm in antigen processing that correlates with rhythms in both mitochondrial morphology and metabolism, dependent on the molecular clock gene, Bmal1. (biomed.news)

Recent studies have identified the important contribution of conventional B (B2) cells to the development of autoimmune disease, but our current understanding for the role of B1 cells in autoimmune pathogenesis is still limited [ 1 , 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)

Anatomy29

Organisms25

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs113

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care3

Macrophages28

Professional antigen-prese6

APCs7

Intracellular pathogens3

Immunity16

Induce1

Self-antigens2

Present antigen2

Foreign antigens1

Epitopes7

Molecules7

Proteins8

Dendritic cell4

Lymphocytes7

Mechanisms9

Antibody3

Protein7

Thymus4

Apoptosis4

Migrate1

Pathogenic3

Uptake2

Epithelial7

Immune cell2

Innate3

Phenotypic3

Neutrophils2

Effector cells1

Endosomal1

Infection12

Mesenchymal stem1

Interactions3

Phenotype and function1

Intestinal2

Inflammatory1

Migration1

Pathways1

Somatic2

Cytokines2

Monocytes1

Vivo3

Tolerance3

Vaccines3

Antibodies5

Autoimmunity1

Interacts1

Immature1

Responses4

Strains1

Recognize2

Signals1

Therapies1

Developmental1

Adaptive immune1

Mice7

Occur3

Peptide2

Subsets3

Helper5

Predominantly1

Molecular2

Development of autoimmune1