Experimental infection in calves diarrhea viruses bovine viral. Medical search. Frequent questions

Isolation of this novel virus from a clinical outbreak may have implications for cattle health and prophylactic programs. (cdc.gov)
Although additional HoBi-like strains have been detected in South America ( 4 ), currently, there is a unique report of natural infection in cattle caused by a HoBi-like strain, Th/04_KhonKaen, which was isolated from a bovine serum sample collected during an epidemiologic survey for BVDV in Thailand ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
The nasal discharge of 6 ill calves and the apical lobes of the dead calves were subjected to traditional or molecular assays to detect the main respiratory pathogens of cattle ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
Other viral pathogens of cattle, as well as bacteria and parasites, were not detected in the examined samples, with the exception of the lungs of the dead calves, from which Streptococcus bovis and Vibrio spp. (cdc.gov)
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), bovine viral diarrhoea (UK English) or mucosal disease, previously referred to as bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), is an economically significant disease of cattle that is found in the majority of countries throughout the world. (wikipedia.org)
Objective -To determine the comparative virulence of 5 isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type II by inoculating 6- to 9-month-old beef calves with isolates originating from the tissues of cattle affected with naturally occurring, transient, acute, nonfatal infections or naturally occurring, peracute, fatal infections. (avma.org)
Procedure -The study used BVDV isolates 17011, 713, and 5521 that originated from fetuses aborted from cows with transient, nonfatal, acute BVDV infections and isolates 23025 and 17583 that originated from the tissues of cattle with peracute, fatal BVDV infections. (avma.org)
BACKGROUND: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a primary cause of neonatal calf diarrhea worldwide, and is also associated with acute diarrhea in adult cattle during the winter season, resulting heavy economic losses to both dairy and beef industry throughout the world. (ac.ir)
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious viral disease that affects the main meat and dairy production animals, including cattle, sheep, goats and swine. (bvsalud.org)
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) infection caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a Pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family, is an important cause of morbidity, mortality and economical losses in cattle worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious viral disease that affects cattle, sheep, goats and swine causing severe economic losses worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
For this purpose, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of two metaphylactic protocols on the morbidity of feedlot cattle with a known sanitary history, occurrence of pulmonary lesions at slaughter, and the possible participation of Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in the development of BRD. (scielo.br)
Alimentary and respiratory tract lesions in eight medically fragile Holstein cattle with bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD). (anandpub.com)
Morphological studies on experimental oleander poisoning in cattle. (anandpub.com)
Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations, due to the direct costs of calf losses and treatment and the long-term effects on performance [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
He has developed a Mannheimia haemolytica and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection models that replicate the clinical aspects of bovine respiratory disease and used this model to study shifts in the nasal commensal population of weaned calves, respiratory disease therapeutics, clinical illness behavior in cattle, and improved respiratory diagnostics. (tennessee.edu)

Genus Pestivirus (family Flaviviridae ) includes Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) and Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Border disease virus (BDV), and other pestivirus species detected in wild ruminants ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
This virus, named D32/00_HoBi, was proposed as prototype of a new pestivirus species, BVDV-3 ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
The causative agent, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), is a member of the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. (wikipedia.org)
The majority of BVDV infections in the field are caused by the ncp biotype. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission of BVDV occurs both horizontally and vertically with both persistently and transiently infected animals excreting infectious virus. (wikipedia.org)
Results -Calves inoculated with BVDV 23025 or 17583 developed more severe clinical signs of disease (fever and diarrhea), more severe lymphopenia, and more severe lesions (alimentary epithelial necrosis, lymphoid depletion, and BVDV antigen deposition in lymphatic tissues), compared with calves inoculated with BVDV 713, 5521, or 17011. (avma.org)
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -Relative severity of experimentally induced infections corresponded to severity of clinical signs of naturally occurring infections with respective BVDV isolates. (avma.org)
Objective -To compare experimentally induced concurrent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine rotavirus (BRV) with infection of either virus alone in calves. (avma.org)
Results -Neonatal calves inoculated with BVDV alone or with BVDV on day 1 and BRV on day 7 developed villus atrophy and submucosal inflammation of the intestines. (avma.org)
Concurrent BVDV and BRV infections acted synergistically in the intestinal tract, causing more severe enteric disease than infection with either virus alone. (avma.org)
Severe lymphoid depletion was associated with BVDV infection in calves regardlesss of concurrent BRV infection. (avma.org)
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -Infection with BVDV played direct and indirect roles in enteritis in neonatal calves, causing villus atrophy in the duodenum and submucosal inflammation of the intestines. (avma.org)
Different studies on protection against BVDV infection have focused on E2, supporting its putative use in subunit vaccines. (bvsalud.org)
A truncated version of type 1a BVDV E2 (tE2) expressed in mammalian cells was used to formulate an experimental oleous monovalent vaccine. (bvsalud.org)
Following challenge, BVDV was isolated from all unvaccinated animals, while 6 out of 8 animals vaccinated with tE2 showed complete virological protection indicating that the tE2 vaccine presented a similar performance to a satisfactory whole virus inactivated vaccine. (bvsalud.org)
Limited virucidal activity has been declared when there is a proven efficacy against two representatives of enveloped viruses, the vaccinia virus strain Lister Elstree (VACV) or the modified vaccinia Ankara strain (MVA) [ 6 ] and the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL. (biomedcentral.com)

During the first week of life calves may be exposed to pathogens against which they may not have (maternal) antibodies ( 7 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
In addition, concomitant infections involving these pathogens were identified in the lungs of two steers. (scielo.br)
The "what-if" scenario was to identify the etiological agent responsible for an outbreak that has tested negative for many known pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. (bvsalud.org)

Neutralising antibodies can be detected from 10 to 14 days post infection with titres continuing to increase slowly for 8-10 weeks. (wikipedia.org)
After 2-3 weeks, antibodies effectively neutralise viral particles, promote clearance of virus and prevent seeding of target organs. (wikipedia.org)
monoclonal antibodies were derived against the sa11 simian, nic bovine, and wa human rotavirus strains and characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, plaque neutralization, and hemagglutination inhibition. (liverpool.ac.uk)
AKAV- and AINOV-specific neutralizing antibodies were detected one week before challenge infection, while SBV-specific antibodies were detectable only thereafter. (biomedcentral.com)
2012. Prevalence of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus in bulk tank milk and associated risk factors in Scottish dairy herds . (hutton.ac.uk)

OBJECTIVE: The Objective of the present study was to screen the fecal samples for BCoV collected from diarrhea from six geographic region of Iran, with the aim to deepen the knowledge of BCoV prevalence and epidemiology in Iran. (ac.ir)
Studies on prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthic infections and their associated risk factors in dairy animals of semi-arid eastern plains of Rajasthan. (anandpub.com)

Clinical signs appeared in 26 calves, 6-7 months old, and consisted of fever (39.4°-40.1°C), cough, accelerated pulse and breath, seromucoid nasal discharge, and leukopenia. (cdc.gov)
Viral RNA could not be detected in swabs from any animals over the course of the study, although low levels of virus were detected in the nasal washes of two pigs and a weak antibody response was detected in two pigs. (rcvsknowledge.org)
The virus was present as a monoagent in nasal cavity of calves (80.0%), lungs (46.2%) and bronchial lymph nodes (38.5%) in pneumonia. (crie.ru)

rotavirus antibody determination by the neutralization test and electron microscopic detection of viruses in children with acute gastroenteritis]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
epidemic acute gastroenteritis in newborn infants with the immunoelectronoptic detection of virus]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
A survey of horses with acute diarrhoea: diagnosis, assessment of the prognosis, and comparison of two antibiotic therapies. (eikenlust.nl)

Such challenges, including mixing procedures and transportation of calves to the veal farm, may have a negative influence on growth rate, feed intake, metabolism, immunity and disease susceptibility of calves. (frontiersin.org)
The combination of the indicated challenges and the immature physiological systems of the calves may explain the high susceptibility of calves to infections. (frontiersin.org)
The bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) complex is a multifactorial entity, since there is interaction between stress factors and the susceptibility of the host to viral and bacterial agents ( DEDONDER & APLEY, 2015 DEDONDER, K.D. (scielo.br)

Infectious CD is mainly caused by infection from viruses (e.g., rotavirus and coronavirus), bacteria (e.g., enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli , Salmonella , and Clostridium perfringens ), protozoa (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)

This study reports on the experimental intranasal inoculation of 16, 8-week-old piglets with SARS-CoV-2. (rcvsknowledge.org)
comparative studies using the immunofluorescence technic in experimental transmissible gastroenteritis and rotavirus infection of piglets]. (liverpool.ac.uk)

In 2004, an atypical pestivirus was isolated from a contaminated batch of calf serum originating from Brazil. (cdc.gov)
Viraemia occurs 2-4 days after exposure and virus isolation from serum or leukocytes is generally possible between 3-10 days post infection. (wikipedia.org)
the distribution of viral antigen in intestinal tissues was determined by immunofluorescent staining with anti-simian rotavirus (sa-11) serum. (liverpool.ac.uk)
SBV genome was detected in all vaccinated animals and 3 out of 4 controls in serum samples taken after challenge infection. (biomedcentral.com)
For adenovirus-positive aerosol samples, 500 μL of sample was inoculated into adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells (ATCCR CCL 185™) with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) 2% (v/v) Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), and incubated at 37°C. After 72 hours, inoculated shell vials were observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) daily for ten days. (datexis.com)

However, these enteropathogens are also found in many healthy calves, indicating that their presence is not always responsible for the occurrence of diarrhea [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, healthy calves are readily able to deal with outdoor temperatures as long as they receive adequate amounts of energy and are provided with a dry, well-bedded and draft-free shelter [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In this paper, the last of the three part series, we review disease prevention and management with particular reference to pneumonia, focusing primarily on the pre-weaned calf. (biomedcentral.com)
Pneumonia in recently weaned suckler calves is also considered, where the key risk factors are related to the time of weaning. (biomedcentral.com)
The management of pneumonia in calves is reliant on a sound understanding of aetiology, relevant risk factors, and of effective approaches to diagnosis and treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
The single most important factor determining the success of therapy in calves with pneumonia is early onset of treatment, and subsequent adequate duration of treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
In the current paper, we review housing and ventilation as well as prevention and management of pneumonia in recently weaned suckler calves and young dairy calves. (biomedcentral.com)
There is a very distinct difference in the epidemiology of pneumonia of suckler calves and dairy calves. (biomedcentral.com)
Most of the risk factors for pneumonia in young dairy calves are identical with what has been discussed in the first paper of this series [ 3 ], whereas additional risk factors for suckler calves will be discussed here. (biomedcentral.com)

diagnosis of rotavirus infections in infants and small children]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
current possibilities in the routine diagnosis of rotavirus infections in the slovakian socialist republic]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
use of immunoelectroosmophoresis, agar gel precipitation and electron microscopy in the diagnosis of rotavirus infections in children and calves]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
comparison of electron microscopy, gel electrophoresis and the immunofluorescence technic in the diagnosis of rotavirus infection in calves]. (liverpool.ac.uk)

virus-specific immunity in neonatal and adult mouse rotavirus infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)

To effectively analyze the requirements for protection to rotavirus infection, a reliable animal model that reasonably mimics infection and disease in humans is needed. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the two well-characterized simian rotavirus strains are readily available for use as a challenge virus, they have not been used consistently in nonhuman primate models of rotavirus infection because of their numerous passages in cell culture, which is a common method for viral attenuation. (biomedcentral.com)

Etiopathology of intestinal affections in bovine calves. (anandpub.com)

Histologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis were conducted to detect lesions and distribution of viral antigens, respectively. (avma.org)

During systemic spread the virus is able to gain entry into most tissues with a preference for lymphoid tissues. (wikipedia.org)
MicroRNA profiles for different tissues from calves challenged with Mycoplasma bovis or challenged with Mycoplasma bovis and bovine viral diarrhea virus. (usda.gov)
Archival wild-type poliovirus 1 infected central nervous system tissues of the pre-vaccination era in Switzerland reveal a distinct virus genotype. (unibe.ch)

The efficacy of vaccines is reliant on the content and integrity of inactivated virus particles. (bvsalud.org)
We present a method to quantify FMDV particles in vaccines and intermediate process samples that is based on separation of components by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) and measurement of virus by absorption at 254â ¯nm. (bvsalud.org)
The efficacy of inactivated vaccines is critically dependent on the integrity of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) particles. (bvsalud.org)
We developed a method to quantify FMDV particles during the vaccine manufacturing process that is based on separation of components by size-exclusion chromatography and measurement of virus by absorption at 254nm. (bvsalud.org)
Rotavirus-like virus particles were detected by electron microscopy in stool extracts from this macaque (data not shown). (biomedcentral.com)

However, the virus was not associated with any evident clinical signs. (cdc.gov)
BVD infection results in a wide variety of clinical signs, due to its immunosuppressive effects, as well as having a direct effect on respiratory disease and fertility. (wikipedia.org)
Bovine clinical samples used in this study were submitted to KSVDL for routine diagnostic testing. (datexis.com)

In 2010, a HoBi-like pestivirus was isolated from clinically affected calves in Italy. (cdc.gov)
The pestivirus strains (Italy-1/10-1 and Italy-1/10-2) detected in the lung samples of 2 calves were successfully isolated on MDBK cells as shown by the positive results of an immunofluorescence assay by using an anti-NS3 monoclonal antibody pool (3A3, 3H4, IF2). (cdc.gov)

According to the phylogenetic analysis of 5 identified virus isolates, four belonged to the American branch and one to the European branch. (crie.ru)

Furthermore, detection of MAP in group housing pens would provide strong evidence for MAP contaminated environment as a risk factor for MAP infection in young stock. (biomedcentral.com)

mouse rotavirus (epizootic diarrhea of infant mice) was used as a model to study the role of virus-specific immunity in infection and diarrheal disease. (liverpool.ac.uk)

It can cause a febrile disease, milk drop, diarrhea, and fetal malformation in ruminants. (biomedcentral.com)
In fact, as long as your baby receives your milk, he will receive immunological protection against many different viruses and bacteria. (health-mall.in)

It is generally assumed that calves rarely shed MAP bacteria and that calf-to-calf transmission is of minor importance. (biomedcentral.com)
Young stock excreted MAP bacteria in their feces which provided strong evidence for calves as sources of within-herd transmission of MAP on dairy farms known to be infected with this organism. (biomedcentral.com)
Colostrum also contains high concentrations of leukocytes, protective white cells which can destroy disease-causing bacteria and viruses. (health-mall.in)
these begin protecting the infant from harmful viruses and bacteria. (health-mall.in)
This chapter describes basic principles of ecology and evolution for waterborne viruses, bacteria, and protozoa (and yeasts and molds to a lesser extent) of public health concern as an aid to better understand how selective forces may alter one's ability to assess the microbial quality of water. (nationalacademies.org)

Fetal bovine turbinate cells (courtesy of Swedish Veterinary Institute) propagated in Eagle's minimal essential medium (BioWhittaker, Belgium) in 96 well plates were incubated with 50 μl filtered swab samples for 30 min. (datexis.com)

Establishing fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to prevent multifactorial diarrhea in calves is challenging because of the differences in farm management practices, the lack of optimal donors, and recipient selection. (biomedcentral.com)

The long-established method to quantify the viral content of vaccines along the manufacturing process and in the final product is the 140S sucrose density gradient analysis. (bvsalud.org)
Based on the findings of the present study, polyvalent vaccines against clostridial infections of animals incorporating C. perfringens would be more. (embrapa.br)
Thus, vaccines for other related Simbu serogroup viruses can not substitute SBV-specific vaccines as an instrument for disease control. (biomedcentral.com)
The use of simian strains in human vaccines was based on a Jennerianapproach prompted by studies indicating that animal and human rotaviruses share a common group antigen and that experimental animals immunized with human strains of rotavirus had a significantly lower risk of disease and infectivity when subsequently challenged with animal rotaviruses [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Samples were cultivated in duplicates with positive (cultivated BRSV from a calf in the experiment) and negative controls (cells only). (datexis.com)
The cells were observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) and infection visualized by direct immunofluorescence test using FITC Moab a-BRSV (Bio-X Diagnostics, Rochefort, Belgium). (datexis.com)

these findings could improve the design of future microbial therapeutics for treating diarrhea in calves. (biomedcentral.com)

the location and proportion of antigen-positive cells appeared to vary as a function of time postinfection and age of the animal at the time of infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Duck hepatitis B virus obtained from congenitally infected Peking ducks was propagated in primary duck embryonic hepatocytes and was detected by indirect immunofluorescent antigen staining. (biomedcentral.com)
High titers of rotavirus antigen measured by an immunoassay were consistently detected in the stools of an immunodeficient pigtailed macaque, PFm-1, which was infected naturally with rotavirus and developed severe, chronic diarrhea. (biomedcentral.com)

Virus is transmitted via direct contact, bodily secretions and contaminated fomites, with the virus being able to persist in the environment for more than two weeks. (wikipedia.org)

Two calves died, and necropsy indicated severe tracheitis and bronchopneumonia involving the apical lung lobes. (cdc.gov)
Respiratory diseases are common health disorders in veal calves, which have a severe impact on both animal welfare and the income of producers, because they are the most important causes of morbidity and mortality ( 13 , 14 ). (frontiersin.org)

molecular cloning of double-stranded rna virus genomes. (liverpool.ac.uk)

results showed that glycosylation of vp7 is not required for normal viral morphogenesis and infectivity and suggested that the nonstructural glycoprotein is involved in assembly of the outer capsid. (liverpool.ac.uk)
There is agreement that the infectivity assay with the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is a suitable surrogate test to validate disinfectants for hepatitis B virucidal activity. (biomedcentral.com)

dose effect on experimental reproduction of rotavirus diarrhoea in colostrum-deprived newborn calves. (liverpool.ac.uk)
In addition, bovine colostrum contains a higher concentration of the active substances mentioned above. (health-mall.in)
Bovine colostrum for human consumption is collected from cows during the first 24 hours after birth. (health-mall.in)

MEETHODS: 194 fecal samples from diarrheic calves up to one-month age, based on the geographic area were collected. (ac.ir)

In addition, BVD infection of a susceptible dam during a certain period of gestation can result in the production of a persistently infected (PI) fetus. (wikipedia.org)
The results of this study contradict previous reports indicating swine are not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection but the authors note that in this study, a ten-fold higher viral dose was utilized for experimental infection compared to previous studies. (rcvsknowledge.org)

Expression profiles and interaction of microRNA and transcripts in response to bovine leukemia virus exposure. (usda.gov)

Etio-pathological studies on calf mortality with special reference to hepatic disorders in bovine calves. (anandpub.com)
Among the factors leading to pathological processes, microbes, viruses, gene dysregulation and immune system disorders have been described. (mdpi.com)

LRP6 Is a Functional Receptor for Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus. (unibe.ch)
Structure and supramolecular organization of the canine distemper virus attachment glycoprotein. (unibe.ch)

Deletion of either gene (GBAA0552 or GBAA1340) resulted in attenuation in a murine model of infection. (omictools.com)

A new simian rotavirus, designated YK-1, was isolated from a 2-year-old immunodeficient pigtailed macaque with chronic diarrhea. (biomedcentral.com)
We wanted to isolate and characterize a new simian virus that is with low passage number in cell culture to be used as a challenge virus in nonhuman primates. (biomedcentral.com)

The present study compares the activity of five different biocides against DHBV and the classical test virus for limited virucidal activity, the vaccinia virus strain Lister Elstree (VACV) or the modified vaccinia Ankara strain (MVA). (biomedcentral.com)

Data on the circulation of the virus among animals and its role in infectious diseases insufficient. (crie.ru)

All animals were clinically, serologically and virologically examined before and after challenge infection with SBV. (biomedcentral.com)

CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed that the occurrence of BCoV in stool samples of diarrheic calves in dairy farms of Iran is lower than the other reports on the world. (ac.ir)
Subsequently, when calves are 14-20 days of age, they are gathered from different dairy farms and transported to a collection center, followed by another transport to the veal farm ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)

the finding of extra rna fragments with respect to the regular 11 genome segments suggests the possibility of simultaneous or sequential infection by more than one electropherotype in a single diarrhea event or occurrence of modification in the length of the rna segments during an infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Calves may develop diseases, among which respiratory diseases (e.g., bovine respiratory diseases, BRD) and enteric diseases are most frequently observed ( 10 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Enteric infections caused by Salmonella remain a major public health burden worldwide. (ac.be)

This European virus reproduced a milder form of disease under experimental conditions and was genetically related to previously reported HoBi-like strains. (cdc.gov)

A role for the Clostridium beta 2 toxin in bovine enterotoxaemia. (anandpub.com)

Some of these response variables might be useful as biomarkers of performance of calves at the veal farm as they might provide information about an ongoing disease process, or may predict future diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) affect production rates negatively because it compromise health and well-being of the affected animal. (scielo.br)

As a consequence, many hematological, physiological, metabolic and immunological parameters of stressed calves might be altered on arrival at the veal farm. (frontiersin.org)

Near-Complete Genome Sequence of Lötschberg Virus (Mononegavirales: Filoviridae) Identified in European Perch (Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758). (unibe.ch)

Do Type 2 viruses pose a risk to bovine viral diarrhoea virus control in the UK? (worktribe.com)
Biomarkers might be helpful to group and manage calves in different risk categories after arrival. (frontiersin.org)
In most studies, calves housed individually and calves housed outdoors with shelter, are associated with decreased risk of disease. (biomedcentral.com)

Unfortunately poultry meat is one of the major sources of food borne bacterial infections in humans such as Salmonellosis (Mayrhofer et al. (ac.be)

Worldwide reviews of the economically assessed production losses and intervention programs (e.g. eradication programs, vaccination strategies and biosecurity measures) incurred by BVD infection have been published. (wikipedia.org)
The efficacy and economical viability of vaccination against respiratory disease in calves remains unclear. (biomedcentral.com)

Les infections entériques causées par Salmonella constituent un problème majeur de santé publique à travers le monde. (ac.be)

An important way to prevent infections encompasses disinfection measures to interrupt transmission by the inactivation of the virus on instruments, surfaces and in biological materials [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In conclusion, the investigated vaccine was not able to prevent an SBV-infection. (biomedcentral.com)
The animals were housed under BSL 3 conditions during the entire study to prevent a natural SBV-infection. (biomedcentral.com)

Following viral entry and contact with the mucosal lining of the mouth or nose, replication occurs in epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)

Les anticorps du jaune d'œuf de poule (IgY), production et utilisation en immunisation passive contre les infections entériques bactériennes : une revue. (ac.be)
Cette synthèse bibliographique donne des informations concises sur la production des IgY et leur utilisation en immunisation passive, en particulier chez la volaille. (ac.be)

Anatomy18

Organisms89

Diseases52

Chemicals and Drugs32

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science4

Health Care7

Geographicals2

Cattle16

BVDV16

Pathogens3

Antibodies5

Prevalence2

Nasal3

Acute3

Susceptibility3

Coronavirus1

Piglets2

Serum5

Healthy calves2

Pneumonia7

Diagnosis4

Neonatal1

Rotavirus infection2

Intestinal1

Distribution of viral1

Tissues3

Particles5

Clinical3

Pestivirus2

Isolates1

Detection1

Diarrheal1

Milk2

Bacteria5

Fetal1

Multifactorial1

Vaccines4

BRSV2

Therapeutics1

Antigen3

Fomites1

Severe2

Molecular1

Infectivity2

Colostrum3

Fecal1

Susceptible2

Exposure1

Disorders2

Canine diste2

Attenuation1

Simian2

Strain1

Infectious diseases1

Clinically1

Dairy farms2

Occurrence1

Enteric2

Strains1

Clostridium1

Diseases2

Immunological1

Genome1

Risk3

Bacterial1

Vaccination2

Salmonella1

Prevent3

Replication1

Immunisation2