Exogenous protein antigens role in antigen presentation antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

Professional antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, present foreign antigens to helper T cells, while virus-infected cells (or cancer cells) can present antigens originating inside the cell to cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
They internalize foreign antigens by phagocytosis, endocytosis or macropinocytosis, which are then processed in endosomal compartments and loaded onto MHC Class I molecules. (tmc.edu)
In mammals, it is essential for the activation of the evolutionarily younger adaptive immune response [ 2 ], which, unlike the innate system, can be modified to generate highly specific antibodies and T cells capable of targeting virtually all foreign antigens. (biomedcentral.com)

T cells may recognize these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). (wikipedia.org)
Those that express MHC class II molecules along with co-stimulatory molecules and pattern recognition receptors are often called professional antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
Once a dendritic cell's pattern-recognition receptors recognize a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, antigen is phagocytosed and the dendritic cell becomes activated, upregulating the expression of MHC class II molecules. (wikipedia.org)
CD4 + T cells, which provide such help, use antigen-specific receptors that recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in complex with peptide cargo. (nature.com)
Thus, in addition to the well-known function of gangliosides as host cell receptors that mediate virus (e.g., polyoma and SV40) attachment and transport from the plasma membrane to the ER, we now demonstrate that they can also act as determinants for capture by mDCs. (plos.org)
Keratinocytes produce some antimicrobial peptides that control resident microorganisms on the skin, and also express some pattern recognition receptors, like toll-like receptors , that allow the activation of this cell type upon pathogen recognition or cell damage. (plos.org)
The recognition by pattern recognition receptors of these pathogen-associated molecular patterns and/or damage-associated molecular patterns results in cell signaling and activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB and IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) recognize specific proteins on the surface of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Most cytotoxic T cells express T-cell receptors (TCRs) that can recognize a specific antigen . (relationship983.cfd)
Instead, the DNA in millions of white blood cells in the bone marrow is shuffled to create cells with unique receptors, each of which can bind to a different antigen. (relationship983.cfd)
Some receptors bind to tissues in the human body itself, so to prevent the body from attacking itself, those self-reactive white blood cells are destroyed during further development in the thymus , in which iodine is necessary for its development and activity. (relationship983.cfd)
As one example of such cells from totally different tissues, keratinocytes can detect thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli and seem to also express neurotransmitter receptors (Mikesell, Isaeva et al. (brainimmune.com)

In addition to the MHC family of proteins, antigen presentation relies on other specialized signaling molecules on the surfaces of both APCs and T cells. (wikipedia.org)
They can only recognize and respond to antigen that has been processed and presented by cells via carrier molecules like MHC molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Such cells express MHC class I and MHC class II molecules and can stimulate CD4+ helper T cells as well as cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
They can also perform cross-presentation, a process by which they present exogenous antigen on MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Prior to encountering foreign antigen, dendritic cells express very low levels of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules on their cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
It also upregulates several co-stimulatory molecules required for T cell activation, including CD40 and B7. (wikipedia.org)
The two major classes of glycoproteins entrusted with antigen presentation are the MHC class I and class II molecules, which present antigenic peptides to CD8 + T cells and CD4 + T cells, respectively. (nature.com)
These pathways are divided into six discrete steps that allow a comparison of the various means by which antigens destined for presentation are acquired and how the source proteins for these antigens are tagged for degradation, destroyed and ultimately displayed as peptides in complex with MHC molecules for T cell recognition. (nature.com)
During initiation of antiviral and antitumor T cell-mediated immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) cross-present exogenous antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. (bvsalud.org)
T cells can recognize differentiation antigens and other non-mutated self-antigens that are overexpressed by cancer cells in the context of sufficient inflammatory signals, which result from the release of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
When the genes that contain these somatic mutations are translated at sufficient levels into proteins that, once degraded by the proteasome, generate peptides that bind with high affinity to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, tumor neoantigens are generated. (biomedcentral.com)
Although increased tumor mutational load theoretically leads to the accumulation of neoantigens, only a subset of mutated peptides are presented on MHC-I molecules, and among them, only a small percentage generate T-cell responses. (biomedcentral.com)
The peptides presented by MHC class II molecules are generated mostly by degradation of proteins that access the endocytic route, where they are processed by lysosomal proteases and other hydrolases. (nih.gov)
Exogenous antigens that have been endocytosed by the APC are thus readily available for presentation via MHC II molecules, and for this reason this antigen presentation pathway is usually referred to as exogenous. (nih.gov)
In addition, Dex carry MHC and T-cell costimulatory molecules to present allergens to induce the production of Th2 cytokines in allergic donors, which are important immunostimulatory factors of anaphylactic immune responses ( 17 , 18 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Once activated, DCs increase the expression levels of the MHC peptide complex and costimulatory molecules, allowing them to efficiently activate T cells ( 22 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
DAMPs are molecules present in cells under normal conditions, and exposed on the surface or released from cells upon the stimulus of damage or physical or chemical insult/stress [ 11 ] [ 16 ]. (ijbs.com)
Antigens inside a cell are bound to class I MHC molecules, and brought to the surface of the cell by the class I MHC molecule, where they can be recognized by the T cell. (relationship983.cfd)
The transition of DCs from Ag-processing to Ag-presenting cells is accompanied by increased expression of class I and II major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins, CD80 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecules and CD40 adhesion molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
of foreign tissue is the result of an immune response to cell-surface molecules. (slideshare.net)
Differential distribution of MHC molecules Tissue MHC class I MHC class T cells +++ +/- B cells +++ +++ Macrophages +++ ++ Other APC +++ +++ Thymus epithelium + +++ Neutrophils +++ - Hepatocytes + - Kidney + - Brain + - Erythrocytes - - The highest level of class I molecules are expressed on lymphocytes: 1 % of the total plasma membrane proteins or 5 x 105 molecules / cell. (slideshare.net)
A few cell types (e.g., neurons and sperm cells at certain stages of differentiation) appear to lack class I MHC molecules altogether. (slideshare.net)
Thymic epithelial cells and some other cell types can be induced to function as APC and then express class II molecules under certain conditions. (slideshare.net)
At the same time, it becomes more and more apparent, that totally different cell types use the same molecules - mainly proteins - for totally different tasks, often with marginal variations in protein structure. (brainimmune.com)

They are very efficient at internalizing antigens, either by phagocytosis (e.g. macrophages), or by receptor-mediated endocytosis (B cells), processing the antigen into peptide fragments and then displaying those peptides (bound to a class II MHC molecule) on their membrane. (wikipedia.org)
The main types of professional antigen-presenting cells are dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells. (wikipedia.org)
Macrophages can be stimulated by T cell secretion of interferon. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to macrophages, prevention of ligand internalization by use of LPS-coated beads significantly impaired recognition by epithelial cells. (silverchair.com)
Thus, our data provide evidence that in contrast to the situation in macrophages, LPS recognition in intestinal epithelial cells may occur in the Golgi apparatus and require LPS internalization. (silverchair.com)
Although the expression of most TLRs seems to be largely restricted to cells of the myeloid lineage such as dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages, some TLRs such as TLR4 have also been found in nonprofessional immune cells such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and epithelial cells. (silverchair.com)
These include keratinocytes and Langerhans cells in the epidermis, and dermal dendritic cells, macrophages, and innate lymphoid cells in the dermis ( Figure 1 ). (plos.org)
The innate immune response provides an immediate response to infection and injury and is mainly mediated by circulating factors and non-lymphocytic cell types that include macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils and other less common leukocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we summarize recent findings on the key roles of innate (neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils) and adaptive (regulatory T cells, type 1 helper T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells) immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in obesity. (molcells.org)
Innate immune cells include macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells, whereas adaptive immune cells include various subtypes of T cells and B cells. (molcells.org)
In lean adipose tissue, various anti-inflammatory immune cells such as M2 type macrophages, regulatory T cells, and eosinophils are engaged in the maintenance of insulin sensitivity. (molcells.org)
In contrast, NF-κB proteins increased more significantly in NMR's than in ICR's and the expression of downstream cytokines in NMR macrophages also increased more than in ICR macrophages. (oncotarget.com)
Resting lymphoid (B and T cells) and myeloid (macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes) cells use low levels of glucose oxidative phosphorylation to support "housekeeping" functions. (nih.gov)
In the immune system, myeloid cells like macrophages and microglia cells are described with non-immune functions. (brainimmune.com)

Antigen presentation allows for specificity of adaptive immunity and can contribute to immune responses against both intracellular and extracellular pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
variants to quantitatively map intracellular phase diagrams, and examine the role of liquid phase immiscibility in nucleolar assembly, and various other aspects of nuclear organization. (nih.gov)
An antigen is a molecule capable of stimulating an immune response and is often produced by cancer cells , viruses, bacteria or intracellular signals. (relationship983.cfd)

Similarly, eradication of virus-infected cells often depends on cytotoxic CD8 + T cells, which rely on the recognition of peptide-MHC complexes for their action. (nature.com)
113.239.233/~hiwind/MHC_peptide_TCR/index.php We would like to thank for Dr Johnathan W. Yewdell, Dr Jack Bennink and Dr John E. Coligan for providing RMA, RMA-S and RMA-S-Kd cells for peptide-MHC class I binding experiments. (mek-inhibitors.com)
The capacity of the DCs to induce functional CD8+ T cell responses to hTERT HLA-0201 restricted nonapeptides was assessed by MHC tetramer binding and peptide-specific cytotoxicity. (biomedcentral.com)
This vaccination design enabled comparison of efficacy between DCT and DCTI in generating hTERT peptide specific CD8+ T cells and comparison of class I hTERT peptide (p540 or p865)-loaded DCT with or without class II cognate help (p766 and p672) in 6 patients. (biomedcentral.com)
(i) DCTIs and DCTs, pulsed with hTERT peptides, were comparable (p = 0.45, t-test) in inducing peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses. (biomedcentral.com)
0.05, t-test) peptide-specific CD8+T cell responses, compared with class I pulsed DCs alone. (biomedcentral.com)
Addition of IFN-α to ex vivo monocyte-derived DCs, did not significantly enhance peptide-specific T cell responses in vivo , compared with TNF-α alone. (biomedcentral.com)
Class II cognate help significantly augments peptide-specific T cell responses. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, to address the problem, scientists further exploited carrier-based mRNA vaccines (lipid-based delivery, polymer-based delivery, peptide-based delivery, virus-like replicon particle and cationic nanoemulsion), naked mRNA vaccines and dendritic cells-based mRNA vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
2. Peptide from cytosol associates with class I MHC and is recognized by Tc cells. (slideshare.net)
Peptide from vesicles associates with class II MHC and is recognized by Th cells. (slideshare.net)
Mature T cells must have a T cell receptor that recognizes the peptide associated with MHC. (slideshare.net)
The first was an HSV-1/VZV cross-reactive CD8 T-cell epitope, whereas the second TG harbored CD8 T-cells reactive with VZV specifically and not the homologous peptide in HSV-1. (biomedcentral.com)

Cross-presentation relies on the unusual "leakiness" of endocytic compartments in DCs, whereby internalized proteins escape into the cytosol for proteasome-mediated generation of MHC I-binding peptides. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we discuss how the principles of antigen presentation favor the presentation of peptides that are derived from newly synthesized proteins in irradiated cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Binds peptides derived from antigens that access the endocytic route of antigen presenting cells (APC) and presents them on the cell surface for recognition by the CD4 T-cells. (nih.gov)

The APC involved in activating T cells is usually a dendritic cell. (wikipedia.org)
The dendritic cell is then a fully mature professional APC. (wikipedia.org)
Control of dendritic cell cross-presentation by the major histocompatibility complex class I cytoplasmic domain. (nature.com)
A skin dendritic cell "samples" its surroundings, picking up antigen from a damaged cell, a pathogen, or a commensal microorganism, and then traveling to the skin-draining lymph node. (plos.org)
There, the dendritic cell activates and instructs T lymphocytes to come back to the skin and carry out functions like secreting cytokines. (plos.org)
There are several distinct dendritic cell subsets in the epidermis and dermis, but the DCs that seem to have the best-defined roles so far, are the CD141+ DCs and CD1c+ DCs. (plos.org)
We have shown previously that only the CD11b + dendritic cell (DC) subset in the mouse responds to SBAs by cross-presentation of exogenous antigens to CD8 + T cells in a lipid-body dependent manner. (bmj.com)
Here we assessed a type 1-polarized monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MDC1)-based approach to selectively elicit cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against highly conserved and topologically important HIV-1 epitopes in HIV-1-infected individuals from the Thailand RV254/SEARCH 010 cohort who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during early infection (Fiebig stages I-IV). (omicsdi.org)

Therefore, we hypothesize that in DCs, QKI and PPARδ mediated promotion of phagosome and endolysosome signaling can enhance antigen uptake and cross-presentation function of these cells. (tmc.edu)

Antigen-presenting cells are vital for effective adaptive immune response, as the functioning of both cytotoxic and helper T cells is dependent on APCs. (wikipedia.org)
DCs present antigen to both helper and cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Cytotoxic lymphocyte-derived granzyme A (GZMA) cleaves GSDMB, a gasdermin-family pore-forming protein1,2, to trigger target cell pyroptosis3. (bvsalud.org)
T-cell engagers are bispecific antibodies that recruit cytotoxic T cells to kill tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
In turn T and B cells develop effector functions (cytokine production, cytotoxic function or specific antibody production) associated with a protective immune response that eliminates the offending (or invasive) agent. (nih.gov)
Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells . (relationship983.cfd)
CD8 + T cells are recognized as T C cells once they become activated and are generally classified as having a pre-defined cytotoxic role within the immune system. (relationship983.cfd)
The physiopathogeny is apparently due to autoimmune cross-reactivity, activating keratinocytes which in turn induce production of IL 1, IFN-g and TNF-a, recruiting cytotoxic and NK cells which are believed to then target the patient's own keratinocytes. (biodermameetings.com)

Therefore, sifting through premium potential antigens to develop a broad-spectrum vaccine against ticks is urgently needed. (biomedcentral.com)
The immune system must recognize millions of potential antigens. (relationship983.cfd)

A number of immunologic interventions, both passive and active, can be directed against tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Passive cellular immunotherapy references A number of immunologic interventions, both passive and active, can be directed against tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Tumor Antigens Many tumor cells produce antigens, which may be released in the bloodstream or remain on the cell surface. (msdmanuals.com)
TAAs) with high specificity to tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
In contrast to TCR T cells, CAR T cells recognize only relatively large proteins on the surface of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Concomitant use of interferon enhances the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and TAAs on tumor cells, thereby augmenting the killing of tumor cells by the infused effector cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Zheng Y, Yin G, Le V, Zhang A, Chen S, Liang X, Liu J. Photodynamic-therapy Activates Immune Response by disrupting Immunity Homeostasis of Tumor Cells, which Generates Vaccine for Cancer Therapy. (ijbs.com)
Theoretically, the antitumor activity of BRAF inhibitors may increase the expression of tumor antigens directly by tumor cells (17) or enhance the cross-presentation of tumor antigens from dying cells to antigen-presenting cells. (thetechnoant.info)

Dex, which mimics the biology of donor DCs, can transfer functional major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) to DCs, leading to the activation of CD8 and CD4 T cells ( 14 - 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Moreover, SBAs induced lipid bodies and enhanced endosomal antigen translocation into the cytosol in this particular cDC2 subset. (bmj.com)
As membrane proteins on their way to degradation in lysosomes as part of their normal turn-over are also contained in the endosomal/lysosomal compartments, exogenous antigens must compete with those derived from endogenous components. (nih.gov)
Exosomes are cell-derived, nm-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are formed through the endocytosis and inward budding of the endosomal membrane mediated by extracellular components and cell surface proteins. (spandidos-publications.com)

This is achieved by interacting with a professional APC which presents an antigen recognized by their T cell receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, we have also shown that QKI interacts with a nuclear receptor, PPARδ, in multiple cell types. (tmc.edu)
Call, M. E. & Wucherpfennig, K. W. The T cell receptor: critical role of the membrane environment in receptor assembly and function. (nature.com)
Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 has recently been shown to reside in the Golgi apparatus of intestinal crypt epithelial m-IC cl2 cells, colocalizing with internalized lipopolysaccharide (LPS). (silverchair.com)
Langerhans cells are the primary antigen-presenting cell in the epidermis, and are identified by the receptor Langerin, and the lipid-presenting molecule CD1a in humans. (plos.org)
The interleukin (IL)-10 family of cytokines includes six immune mediators (IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26) with similar protein motif, receptor complex and conserved signaling cascades [ 6 , 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
BCG can activate the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) on the surface of alveolar epithelial cells. (ijbs.com)
The basic principles of chimeric antigen receptor design. (msdmanuals.com)

The engagement of TLR2 and TLR4 on surface of epithelial cells by BCG can activate the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) by PI3K-Akt and promote the production of IL-10 and IL-22 [ 17 ]. (ijbs.com)
In physiopathogeny: cytopathic effect induced directly on epithelial cells. (biodermameetings.com)

Dendritic cells have the broadest range of antigen presentation and are necessary for activation of naive T cells. (wikipedia.org)
They primarily initiate immune responses by presenting antigens to naive T cells in lymphoid tissues ( 20 , 21 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the most potent antigen presenting cells (APC) due to their superior capability of cross-presenting exogenous antigens to CD8 + T cell for strong adaptive immune responses. (tmc.edu)
Substantial preclinical data show that radiation can convert the irradiated tumor into a site for priming of tumor-specific T cells, that is, an in situ vaccine, and can induce responses in otherwise ICB-resistant tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
Adaptive immunity also mediates immunological memory, which facilitates faster, more effective responses to previously encountered antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
Saponin-based adjuvants (SBAs) are unique among adjuvants in their ability to induce robust cell-mediated immune responses in addition to antibody responses. (bmj.com)
They have the advantage to induce both CD4 + T helper and CD8 + T cells in addition to antibody responses. (bmj.com)
Notably, compared with other metabolic organs such as liver and muscle, various inflammatory responses are dynamically regulated in adipose tissues and most of the immune cells in adipose tissues are involved in obesity-mediated metabolic complications, including insulin resistance. (molcells.org)
Therefore, it has been proposed that accumulated inflammatory responses in adipose tissue may play a causal role in obesity-induced insulin resistance. (molcells.org)
When allergens enter the body, they are presented by DCs to CD4 T cells to trigger allergic inflammatory responses, leading to the activation and maturation of DCs ( 2 , 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This dysregulation probably contribute to the increased uptake of PDT-killed Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells by homologous dendritic cells (DCs), accompanied by phenotypic maturation (CD80 high , CD86 high , and CD40 high ) and functional stimulation (NO high , IL-10 absent ) of dendritic cells as well as subsequent T-cell responses. (ijbs.com)
This results in rapid melanoma cell death in humans, as evidenced by a high frequency of early tumor responses in patients (1, 2), while sparing the function of lymphocytes (16). (thetechnoant.info)
Strategies for exploiting DCs to induce T cell responses to tumours have used both in vivo and ex vivo approaches in humans[ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The most robust and vigorous immune responses were found within the HIV-1C proteins Gag p24, Vpr, Tat, and Nef. (omicsdi.org)
Dendritic cells focus CTL responses toward highly conserved and topologically important HIV-1 epitopes. (omicsdi.org)
During early HIV-1 infection, immunodominant T cell responses to highly variable epitopes lead to the establishment of immune escape virus variants. (omicsdi.org)
The regulation of host immunity by chronic geohelminth infections may not just affect responses to parasite antigens but also other exogenous antigens such as the antigenic constituents of vaccines and aeroallergens. (biomedcentral.com)

Thus, HIV-1 subverts a DC antigen capture mechanism to promote viral spread. (plos.org)
Antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are required to combat infections, but viruses including HIV have evolved strategies to evade their anti-viral activity. (plos.org)
Critical for radiation-elicited T-cell activation is the induction of viral mimicry, which is mediated by the accumulation of cytosolic DNA in the irradiated cells, with consequent activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) pathway and downstream production of type I IFN and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
The mosquito-borne mode of JE transmission was elucidated with the isolation of JE virus from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in 1938 and in field studies that established the role of aquatic birds and pigs in the viral enzootic cycle. (cdc.gov)
Viral infections are frequently cited as a major environmental factor involved in subacute thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroid diseases This review examines the data related to the role of viruses in the development of thyroiditis. (springer.com)
The thyroid injury in subacute thyroiditis is thought to be the result of cytolytic T-cell recognition of viral and cell antigens present in an appropriate complex [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
Finally, the relationship between T-cells and latent HSV-1 and VZV infections in TG was analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and in situ analysis for T-cell proteins and latent viral transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
In physiopathogeny, the literature mentions positivity for SARS Cov-2 Spike protein in the endothelium of dermal blood vessels and the epithelium of sweat glands, suggesting viral dissemination and a contribution to the development of acantholysis and dyskeratosis. (biodermameetings.com)

Animal studies have shown that LAK cells are more effective against cancer cells than are the original endogenous T cells, presumably because of their greater number. (msdmanuals.com)

Thus, sialyllactose represents a novel molecular recognition pattern for mDC capture, and may be crucial both for antigen presentation leading to immunity against pathogens and for succumbing to subversion by HIV-1. (plos.org)
TLR4 acts as homodimer together with the accessory protein MD-2 and mediates recognition of LPS, a constituent of the outer cell membrane of all Gram-negative bacteria ( 2 ). (silverchair.com)
One factor that limits this recognition is the level of expression of the mutated gene product in cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Recognition by T cells requires cell-cell contact. (slideshare.net)

We also performed VZV proteome-wide screening of TG-TCL to determine the fine antigenic specificity of VZV reactive T-cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Bankhead T and Chaconas G. The role of VlsE antigenic variation in the Lyme disease spirochete: persistence through a mechanism that differs from other pathogens. (visavissymposiums.org)

use 3-HYDROXYACYL COA DEHYDROGENASES 1981-2013 MH - 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase UI - D064431 MN - D8.811.682.47.820.196 MS - A 3-oxoacyl reductase that has specificity for ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN-derived FATTY ACIDS. (nih.gov)
This process theoretically provides a line of T cells with greater tumor specificity than those obtained from the blood. (msdmanuals.com)

Perforin-2 was recruited to antigen-containing compartments, where it underwent maturation, releasing its pore-forming domain. (bvsalud.org)

These membrane-spanning T. pallidum rare outer membrane proteins, termed TROMPs, represent potential surface-exposed virulence determinants and targets of host immunity. (cdc.gov)
The 28-kDa protein, designated Tromp2, has sequence characteristics in common with membrane-spanning outer membrane proteins and has also been recombinantly expressed in E. coli, where it targets exclusively to the E. coli outer membrane. (cdc.gov)

Mpeg1-/- mice failed to efficiently prime CD8+ T cells to cell-associated antigens, revealing an important role for perforin-2 in cytosolic entry of antigens during cross-presentation. (bvsalud.org)
Mice lack this antigen-presentation molecule, however, and the functional significance of CD1a in human skin is continuing to be explored by scientists. (plos.org)
Morevover, C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with PDT-treated LLCs (PDT-DCs) or PDT-treated LLCs alone (PDT-LLCs) exhibited potent immunity against LLC tumors. (ijbs.com)
To examine the efficacy of combining BRAF inhibitors with immunotherapies, we have used the relatively BRAF inhibitor-resistant SM1 cell line derived from mice transgenic for the mutation. (thetechnoant.info)

The DNA damage caused by RT mediates its cytocidal effects, but is also responsible for many of the pro-inflammatory effects of RT because DNA that gains access to the cytosol of cancer cells and myeloid cells within the irradiated tumor microenvironment acts as a powerful DAMP [ 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Method Here, we investigated the response of human DC subsets to SBAs with RNA sequencing and pathway analyses, lipid body induction visualized by laser scanning microscopy, antigen translocation to the cytosol, and antigen cross-presentation to CD8 + T cells. (bmj.com)

Different cancer cell lines have markedly different isoform compositions, correlating with the onset and extent of pyroptosis following GZMA stimulation. (bvsalud.org)
Also, the TLR4 adaptor protein MyD88 and the serine/threonine kinase IRAK-1 were rapidly recruited to the Golgi apparatus upon stimulation. (silverchair.com)
Upon antigen stimulation they rapidly upregulate glycolysis and oxygen to produce high levels of ATP and nucleotides required for cell proliferation and effector functions. (nih.gov)
Short-term TG-derived T-cell lines (TG-TCL), generated by mitogenic stimulation of TG-derived T-cells, were probed for HSV-1- and VZV-specific T-cells using flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)

Our previous studies in neural stem cells and microglia have identified QKI as a novel regulator of phagosomes and endolysosomes, and knocking down of QKI significantly downregulates genes involved in phagosome maturation and endosome signaling. (tmc.edu)
Interestingly, several groups have shown that DCs that have undergone "'maturation'" (mDCs), a process that occurs on contact with a presentable antigen, capture higher numbers of HIV-1 particles than iDCs when they are matured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. (plos.org)
In addition, the process of DC activation and maturation is accompanied by the production of exosomes, which are cell‑derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can carry proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other cargoes involved in intercellular communication and material transfer. (spandidos-publications.com)
DAMPs have various effects on dendritic cells (DCs), such as maturation, activation and antigen processing/presentation. (ijbs.com)
Thus, additional factors are needed to facilitate optimal activation and maturation of the cells in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)

Further investigation aimed at dissecting the mechanisms by which QKI/PPARδ complex enhances antigen uptake will contribute to our current understanding of DC biology and may provide new strategies to improve DC-based immunotherapy. (tmc.edu)
In passive cellular immunotherapy, specific effector cells are directly infused and are not induced within the patient. (msdmanuals.com)
In passive cellular immunotherapy, specific effector cells. (msdmanuals.com)
CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Administration of exogenous antibodies constitutes passive humoral immunotherapy. (msdmanuals.com)
These data elucidate a role for host CCR2 in the mechanism of action of type I BRAF inhibitors and support the therapeutic potential of combining BRAF inhibitors with immunotherapy. (thetechnoant.info)
The scientific rationale for combinations of targeted therapies and immunotherapy is based on the notion that pharmacological interventions with specific inhibitors of oncogenic events in cancer cells could sensitize cancer cells to immune attack, which has been termed immunosensitization (14). (thetechnoant.info)

T cells cannot recognize (and therefore cannot respond to) "free" or soluble antigens. (wikipedia.org)
The vast majority of T cells express alpha-beta TCRs (αβ T cells), but some T cells in epithelial tissues (like the gut) express gamma-delta TCRs ( gamma delta T cells ), which recognize non-protein antigens. (relationship983.cfd)

Our studies did not establish the role of either QKI or PPARδ in the regulation of exogenous antigen cross-presentation by DCs following uptake. (tmc.edu)
Reeves, E. & James, E. Antigen processing and immune regulation in the response to tumours. (nature.com)
HN - 2014 FX - Ammonia MH - Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome UI - D064173 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.92 MN - D12.776.167.24 MS - An E3 ubiquitin ligase primarily involved in regulation of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during MITOSIS through ubiquitination of specific CELL CYCLE PROTEINS. (nih.gov)
On the other hand, beside the well-known function of nearly all glial cells in synaptic transmission and regulation, more and more non-neuronal cells are discovered with functions similar to neurons. (brainimmune.com)

However, the molecular mechanisms regulating exogenous antigen uptake and cross-presentation by DCs are not fully understood. (tmc.edu)
Additionally, major discoveries have been made in the areas of cell and molecular biology, bacteriology, virology and parasitology which provide greater insight into the nature of the organisms against which the vaccines are designed. (vin.com)
To produce the vaccines for the future, modem vaccinology will surely require not only a better understanding of basic immunology, but also a better understanding and utilization of certain advances made in molecular and cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology and parasitology. (vin.com)
In recent years, a new concept has emerged in many different areas of molecular cell biology, as many cells seem to do more than their well-known functions that have been partially described for decades. (brainimmune.com)

CD1a is highly abundant in human skin on Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells, and has been shown to bind skin oils and engage reactive T cells . (plos.org)
The expression of antigens that are recognized by self-reactive T cells is essential for immune-mediated tumor rejection by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
In silico analysis showed that HSV-1/VZV cross reactivity of TG-derived CD8 T-cells reactive with ten previously identified HSV-1 epitopes was unlikely, suggesting that HSV-1/VZV cross-reactive T-cells are not a common feature in dually infected TG. (biomedcentral.com)

B cells cannot generate high-affinity antibodies without T cell help. (nature.com)

Any molecule capable of being recognized by the immune system is considered an antigen. (msdmanuals.com)

The vitamin D binding protein (DBP), encoded by the group-specific component (GC) gene, is a component of the vitamin D system. (bvsalud.org)
antigen (HLA) alleles, specifically HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR1, as the first RA susceptibility Etofibrate gene [5-7], a number of studies identified several other RA susceptibility and severity genes. (mek-inhibitors.com)
Probably, in the pathogenesis of RA, the other genes play a key role, which similarly as HLA gene take part in detecting bacterial and viruses' products [8, 9]. (mek-inhibitors.com)
Description of the protein which includes the UniProt Function and the NCBI Gene Summary. (nih.gov)
The gene encoding the HSC70 protein was cloned from a complementary DNA library synthesized from H. flava . (biomedcentral.com)
There are fewer than 30,000 genes in the human body, so it is impossible to have one gene for every antigen. (relationship983.cfd)
Each MHC gene product is expressed on the cell surface of an individual nucleated cell. (slideshare.net)

If the TCR is specific for that antigen, it binds to the complex of the class I MHC molecule and the antigen, and the T cell destroys the cell. (relationship983.cfd)

These immature dendritic cells are ineffective at presenting antigen to T helper cells. (wikipedia.org)

The role of host pathways in the mechanism of action of BRAF inhibitors is poorly understood. (thetechnoant.info)
This LIFR approach has allowed us to test the role of host pathways in the mechanism of action of BRAF inhibitors and to combine BRAF inhibitors with various antibody therapies designed to drive T cell antitumor activity in a model in which BRAF inhibition does not cause major tumor regressions, allowing examination of synergistic roles of host pathways and direct anti-melanoma activity. (thetechnoant.info)

HIV-1 is internalized into mature dendritic cells (mDCs) via an as yet undefined mechanism with subsequent transfer of stored, infectious virus to CD4 + T lymphocytes. (plos.org)
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may have greater tumoricidal activity than LAK cells. (msdmanuals.com)
BRAF inhibitors meet most of the criteria of immune-sensitizing agents by selectively inhibiting a driver oncogene in cancer cells (15), which is neither present nor required for the function of lymphocytes (16). (thetechnoant.info)

The role of vaccines in preventing disease in domestic animals and humans is reasonably well understood and documented. (vin.com)
C923 Vaccine C96388 NICHD Childhood Immunization Terminology C1920 Attenuated Live Virus Vaccine Attenuated Live Virus Vaccine Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity. (nih.gov)
Live-attenuated vaccines are used when a CD8+ T Cell (cellular cytotoxicity) response is desired. (nih.gov)
C4876 Symptom C96388 NICHD Childhood Immunization Terminology C1455 Conjugate Vaccine Conjugate Vaccine A category of vaccines created by covalently attaching an antigen from an organism to a carrier protein from the same organism to aid in the delivery of the immunogen. (nih.gov)

How we understand the dynamic interactions among microbes and immune cells in human skin will have important implications not only for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, skin allergies, and skin malignancies, but also for the creation of better vaccine adjuvants exploiting skin immunity. (plos.org)
Langerhans cells are the first immune cells that any skin-invading pathogen or commensal will come in contact with, and are also activated in response to cell damage and UV light. (plos.org)
Immune cells in the skin occupy distinct locations and functional roles. (plos.org)
Adipose tissue is composed of various cell types including adipocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and various immune cells. (molcells.org)
Immune cells within adipose tissue are largely categorized into innate and adaptive immune cells. (molcells.org)
Moreover, recent findings have suggested that adipocytes corroborate with certain immune cells and directly regulate the activation and proliferation of adipose immune cells. (molcells.org)
The purpose of this review is to summarize current understanding of the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. (molcells.org)
Studies of the NMR immune system are scarce, and research about their immune cells is lacking [ 8 - 11 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Recent findings have demonstrated that the type and function of immune cells have characteristic metabolic signatures associated with their function. (nih.gov)
In an effort to understand the transformation of a protective immune response into a chronic inflammatory response, we studied the metabolic characteristic of immune cells in cancer and allergic diseases such as asthma. (nih.gov)

HN - 2014 MH - Allografts UI - D064591 MN - A1.941.500 MS - Tissues, cells, or organs transplanted between genetically different individuals of the same species. (nih.gov)
DCs are a class of bone marrow-derived cells that are typically found in blood, tissues, and lymphoid organs. (spandidos-publications.com)
Antigens encoded by the genes in the group II took part in the rejection of transplanted tumors and other tissues. (slideshare.net)

This highly-variable genetic rearrangement product in the TCR genes helps create millions of different T cells with different TCRs, helping the body's immune system respond to virtually any protein of an invader. (relationship983.cfd)
In some infections, such as human cytomegalovirus , there is a clonal expansion of peripheral γδ T cells that have specific TCRs, indicating the adaptive nature of the immune response mediated by these cells. (relationship983.cfd)

Recent data suggest that radiation can also enhance cancer cell antigenicity by upregulating the expression of a large number of genes that are involved in the response to DNA damage and cellular stress, thus potentially exposing immunogenic mutations to the immune system. (biomedcentral.com)

APCs process antigens and present them to T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
Some cancer therapies involve the creation of artificial APCs to prime the adaptive immune system to target malignant cells. (wikipedia.org)
however, the term "antigen-presenting cell" is often used specifically to describe professional APCs. (wikipedia.org)
APCs can also present foreign and self lipids to T cells and NK cells by using the CD1 family of proteins, which are structurally similar to the MHC class I family. (wikipedia.org)
Professional APCs specialize in presenting antigens to T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Dendritic cells (DCs), which are a major subtype of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), serve a key role in the immunopathogenesis of AR ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
As the most efficient type of APCs, DCs serve a central role in the immune system. (spandidos-publications.com)

Our data demonstrates that upon infiltrating the hypoxic, hypoglycemic and acidic microenvironment present in tumors or in a site of chronic inflammation, myeloid cells undergo a dramatic metabolic reprogramming from the use of glucose to fatty acid oxidation. (nih.gov)

Almost all cell types can present antigens in some way. (wikipedia.org)
These DCs are also good "cross-presenters" meaning that these cells can also process and present exogenous antigen to CD8 T cells, which are abundant in the epidermis. (plos.org)
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are evolutionarily conserved chaperones that are present extensively in prokaryotes and eukaryotes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
APC) capture, process and present antigen to effector T and B cells (adaptive immunity). (nih.gov)
The 65-kDa protein, designated Tromp3, is present in the least amount relative to Tromps1 and 2. (cdc.gov)

In this study, we discovered that an RNA-binding protein, Quaking (QKI) plays a pivotal role in antigen uptake by DCs. (tmc.edu)
This suggests that QKI cooperates with PPARδ to enhance the antigen uptake by DCs. (tmc.edu)

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow migrate into the thymus , where they undergo V(D)J recombination of their beta-chain TCR DNA to form a developmental form of the TCR protein, known as pre-TCR. (relationship983.cfd)

Defining the role of the MHC in autoimmunity: a review and pooled analysis. (nature.com)

Although VZV-specific T-cells are considered pivotal to control virus reactivation, their protective role at the site of latency remains uncharacterized. (biomedcentral.com)

Activated and mature DCs produce a range of cytokines, notably interleukin-12 (IL-12), which stimulates CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cell activation and development[ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The hemostatic system consists of platelets, coagulation factors, and the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. (medscape.com)
Under physiological circumstances, the resistance of the endothelial cell lining to interactions with platelets and coagulation factors prevents thrombosis. (medscape.com)
Physiopathogeny shows complement activation and formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and cytokines, with aberrant activation and degranulation of mast cells, which may produce endothelial activation and micro- occlusive disease, leading to urticarial vasculitis in predisposed individuals. (biodermameetings.com)

It moves from the tissue to lymph nodes, where it encounters and activates T cells. (wikipedia.org)
In particular, the roles of natural killer T cells, one type of innate lymphocyte, in adipose tissue inflammation will be discussed. (molcells.org)
Finally, a new role of adipocytes as antigen presenting cells to modulate T cell activity and subsequent adipose tissue inflammation will be proposed. (molcells.org)
Furthermore, natural killer T cells, one type of innate lymphocyte, were recently reported as regulators of adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. (molcells.org)
However, the progenitor cells consist of T cells isolated from resected tumor tissue. (msdmanuals.com)

Dendritic cells also play a role in peripheral tolerance, which contributes to prevention of auto-immune disease. (wikipedia.org)
Peripheral neuropathy is an important, and often the presenting, clinical feature of the vasculitides. (medlink.com)

Keratinocytes are the major cell type that makes up the epidermis, and while not of myeloid or lymphoid origin, play important immune defense roles. (plos.org)
Benign Bone Tumors are from the exocrine pancreas Exocrine pancreas The major component (about 80%) of the pancreas composed of acinar functional units of tubular and spherical cells. (lecturio.com)

We devised an assay suitable for genetic screening and identified a pore-forming protein, perforin-2 (Mpeg1), as a dedicated effector exclusive to cross-presenting cells. (bvsalud.org)

Cross-presentation allows for the activation of these T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Given that type 1 conventional DCs excel at cross-presentation, we searched for cell type-specific effectors of endocytic escape. (bvsalud.org)
Recent preclinical studies revealed that SBAs induced cross-presentation and lipid bodies in otherwise poorly cross-presenting CD11b + murine dendritic cells (DCs). (bmj.com)
Finally, SBAs enhanced cross-presentation only in cDC2s, which requires the CD163 + CD14 + cDC2 subset. (bmj.com)

The T cell recognizes and interacts with the antigen-class II MHC molecule complex on the membrane of the antigen-presenting cell. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy26

Organisms20

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

Foreign antigens3

Receptors12

Molecules25

Macrophages14

Intracellular3

Peptide13

Peptides3

Dendritic cell8

Enhance antigen1

Cytotoxic8

Potential antigens2

Tumor cells8

Histocompatibility1

Endosomal3

Receptor8

Epithelial cells2

Naive T cel2

Responses15

Viral8

Endogenous1

Recognition4

Antigenic2

Specificity2

Compartments1

Membrane proteins2

Mice4

Cytosol2

Stimulation4

Maturation5

Immunotherapy7

Recognize2

Regulation4

Molecular4

Reactive T cells3

Antibodies1

Molecule capable1

Gene7

Binds1

Helper cells1

Pathways2

Lymphocytes3

Vaccines4

Immune cells10

Tissues3

TCRs2

Genes1

APCs7

Myeloid cells1

Present5

Uptake2

Thymus1

Autoimmunity1

Pivotal1

Stimulates1

Endothelial3

Tissue5

Peripheral2

Major2

Effector1

Cross-presentation4

Interacts1