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UreaBlood Urea NitrogenKidneyFecesBileNitrogenCreatinineAmmoniaDiuresisNatriuresisSodiumUrineAlbuminuriaGlomerular Filtration RateUreaseKidney Concentrating AbilityLiverDietProteinuriaDietary ProteinsElectrolytesKidney MedullaUrea Cycle Disorders, InbornIntestinal AbsorptionBiliary TractPotassiumWater-Electrolyte BalanceAbsorptionKidney TubulesBlood PressureOsmolar ConcentrationTime FactorsBody WeightSodium ChlorideMethylhistidinesAmino AcidsMembrane Transport ProteinsMetabolic Clearance RateBile Acids and SaltsAdministration, OralRats, Sprague-DawleyInulinVasopressinsRenal CirculationKidney Function TestsFurosemideHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationAnimal FeedKidney Tubules, CollectingUric AcidAldosteroneChromatography, High Pressure LiquidRats, WistarRats, Inbred StrainsDigestionPhosphorusKidney DiseasesGlycosuriaTissue DistributionProbenecidDogsReninProtein DenaturationSodium, DietarySodium Chloride, DietaryAcid-Base EquilibriumHippuratesDiureticsUrinalysisBiological MarkersBreath TestsKineticsCarbon RadioisotopesHypertensionBiological TransportWater DeprivationReference ValuesOxalatesDose-Response Relationship, DrugHalf-LifeRandom AllocationAmmonium ChlorideKidney CalculiInjections, IntravenousBiotransformationWaterDiabetic NephropathiesFluids and SecretionsPhosphatesCross-Over StudiesDietary FiberAnimal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaKidney Tubules, ProximalBicarbonatesRumenUrodynamicsArginaseBiological AvailabilityCattleIleostomy

Nitrogen excretionUrineFractional excretion of ureaSerum urea nitrogenCompound called ureaUrinary ureaAmmoniaSodium excretionCreatinine excretionAmmoniumUric acidOrnithineHyperammonemiaExcessRenalCycle DisordersKidneysArginineExcretoryRetentionSignificantlyKidneyEnzymeConcentrationsIntakeIngestionFemalesPrimarilyProteinsDietaryConcentrateDietsProducesImportantDoseProductsReactionBloodProductionHighIndividualPatientsMajorAnimals

Nitrogen excretion5

• The urea cycle, nitrogen excretion. (up.ac.za)
• Urea nitrogen excretion did not change when urinary ammonium output fell. (jci.org)
• By increasing the proportion of urea which is recycled to the gastrointestinal tract, nitrogen retention could increase and nitrogen excretion decrease. (usda.gov)
• Urinary nitrogen excretion decreased and urea nitrogen recycling increased as casein infusion was shifted post-ruminally. (usda.gov)
• However, supplementing excess ruminally undegradable intake protein may have less deleterious effects than supplementing excess ruminally degradable intake protein because of the shift in site of nitrogen excretion from urine to feces which could result in a reduction in ammonia volatilization from the feedlot surface. (usda.gov)

Urine13

• The objectives of the present work were to estimate the microbial protein production using the total purine derivatives (PD) excretion, to compare the PD and the urea excretions, obtained from spot urine collection with that observed in the 24 hours collection and to evaluate the plasma and milk N-urea and urea urinary excretion. (eurekamag.com)
• The urine collection was also estimated with urine samples obtained four hours post fed (spot), by the relation of the daily mean creatinine excretion and the urine spot creatinine concentration. (eurekamag.com)
• The urinary volume and PD excretion and urea estimated through the urine spot did not differ from that obtained from 24 h urine collection. (eurekamag.com)
• and the nitrogen-sparing effect of reducing renal ammonium output in starvation can be dissociated from nitrogen sparing occurring because of changes in urine urea excretion. (jci.org)
• Absorbed dietary nitrogen not utilized by the animal is converted to urea and is either excreted in urine or is recycled to the gastrointestinal tract for reutilization. (usda.gov)
• Retention of nitrogen did not differ between the controls and lambs infused with casein partly because a larger proportion of urea production was recycled to the gastrointestinal tract and thus, not excreted in urine. (usda.gov)
• Urine should be examined for decreased specific gravity, increased excretion of protein and the presence of cells or casts. (nih.gov)
• The excretion of serum globulins in the urine, an indication of nonselective proteinuria resulting from severe glomerular damage. (wordinfo.info)
• 1. Excretion in the urine of any stubstance at a constant rate, or production of urine itself at a constant rate. (wordinfo.info)
• 2. Productin and excretion of urine at a normal, even rate. (wordinfo.info)
• NBF (200 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced increase in urine protein excretion, plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides, BUN, creatinine. (omicsonline.org)
• UUN, urine urea nitrogen. (medscape.com)
• a Expected urine creatinine is 0.9 to 1.3 g and is based on urine creatinine excretion of 15 to 20 mg/kg per 24 hours (for females). (medscape.com)

Fractional excretion of urea3

• On the other hand, the fractional excretion of urea (FEurea) is mainly dependent on passive forces so that it is less influenced by the diuretic therapy. (springeropen.com)
• The fractional excretion of urea (FEUr) has been shown to be affected by volume status. (karger.com)
• Another important index is the fractional excretion of urea (FE urea ) calculated using the same equation for the fractional excretion of sodium. (wikidoc.org)

Serum urea nitrogen1

• SUN, serum urea nitrogen. (medscape.com)

Compound called urea2

• The urea cycle produces a compound called urea from excess nitrogen. (medlineplus.gov)
• The urea cycle processes excess nitrogen, generated when protein is used by the body, to make a compound called urea that is excreted by the kidneys. (medlineplus.gov)

Urinary urea1

• 2. Compliance was confirmed by dietary history and measurement of urinary urea excretion. (portlandpress.com)

Ammonia6

• Excess nitrogen is not converted to urea for excretion, and ammonia and arginine accumulate in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
• Arginine is not produced, excess nitrogen is not converted to urea for excretion, and ammonia accumulates in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
• The skin allows materials such as urea, excess water and ammonia out of the skin. (ukessays.com)
• The urea cycle ( Fig. 44-6 ) mediates the removal of ammonia as urea in the amount of 10 to 20 g per day in the healthy adult. (nih.gov)
• By manipulating environmental conditions (wet vs. dry) and tracking levels of ammonia and urea excretion, they evaluated the tolerance to ammonia exhibited by larvae of each species. (amphibiaweb.org)
• Citrulline is a non-essential amino acid that is an important intermediate in the urea cycle, functioning along with other amino acids to rid the body of ammonia, a by-product of protein metabolism. (buywell.com)

Sodium excretion1

• It has also recently been shown that K has an antihypertensive effect by promoting sodium excretion, while it is also attracting attention as an important component that can suppress hypertension associated with excessive sodium intake. (mdpi.com)

Creatinine excretion1

• The creatinine excretion was not influenced by the dietary NPN levels (23.41 mg/kg LW), while the estimated and obtained urea excretion, the plasma and milk urea and N-urea concentration linearly increased as the NPN increased in the diet. (eurekamag.com)

Ammonium3

• Urinary ammonium excretion, closely correlated with ketoacid output (r = 0.95, P (jci.org)
• Biochemistry (fifth edition, 2002): Ammonium Ion is Converted into Urea in Most Terrestrial Vertebrates. (medlineplus.gov)
• Individual ammocoete incubations suggested that biomass-specific oxygen consumption and ammonium, reactive phosphorus and silica excretion were size-dependent, and greater in small compared to large individuals. (mdpi.com)

Uric acid3

• Diabetic rats showed significantly increased serum uric acid (SUA), serum creatinine (SCr), and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. (hindawi.com)
• Daily urinary albumin (UAE), uric acid (UUA), and creatinine (UCr) excretion were also significantly increased in these rats. (hindawi.com)
• 1. Excess urinary excretion of uric acid. (wordinfo.info)

Ornithine2

• The arginine is later broken down into urea, which is excreted, and ornithine, which restarts the urea cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
• The products of the reaction are fumarate, which is oxidized in the TCA cycle, and arginine, which is rapidly cleaved to urea and ornithine via hepatic arginase. (nih.gov)

Hyperammonemia2

• The multiple primary causes of hyperammonemia, specifically the urea cycle enzyme deficiencies, vary in manifestation, diagnostic features, and management. (medscape.com)
• Urea cycle defects with resulting hyperammonemia are due to deficiencies of the enzymes involved in waste nitrogen metabolism. (medscape.com)

Excess1

• The urea cycle processes excess nitrogen, which is generated when proteins and their building blocks (amino acids) are used by the body. (medlineplus.gov)

Renal3

• Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) is used to differentiate renal from prerenal azotemia. (springeropen.com)
• Urea , by inducing renal water excretion and promoting sodium (Na) retention, has been well described as a treatment for chronic SIADH. (karger.com)
• Orly F. Kohn The use of fractional excretion of sodium as a guide to renal perfusion is hampered by the prior use of natriuretic agents. (karger.com)

Cycle Disorders1

• The incidence of urea cycle disorders. (medscape.com)

Kidneys3

• Urea is then excreted by the kidneys. (medlineplus.gov)
• The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. (onteenstoday.com)
• How are kidneys involved in excretion? (onteenstoday.com)

Arginine3

• Arginine is a conditionally essential basic amino acid involved primarily in urea metabolism and excretion, as well as in DNA synthesis and protein production. (muscleandstrength.com)
• Arginase facilitates the last step of the urea cycle, a reaction in which nitrogen is removed from the amino acid arginine and processed into urea. (medlineplus.gov)
• The specific role of the argininosuccinate lyase enzyme is to start the reaction in which the amino acid arginine, a building block of proteins, is produced from argininosuccinate, the molecule that carries the waste nitrogen collected earlier in the urea cycle. (medlineplus.gov)

Excretory1

• This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the buccophyaryngeal cavity constitutes an important excretory route for urea in P. sinensis . (improbable.com)

Retention1

• However, little is known about how ruminal degradability of supplemental protein influences urea recycling in high concentrate diets and how changes in urea nitrogen recycling influence nitrogen retention and excretion. (usda.gov)

Significantly1

• Daily ketoacid excretion fell after carbohydrate ingestion and was significantly correlated (r = 0.62, P (jci.org)

Kidney3

• Results indicate that a major portion of urea was excreted through the mouth instead of the kidney during immersion. (improbable.com)
• Urinary protein within 24h, serum creatinine and urea nitrogen of different treatments were quantitatively determined before and after treatment, and kidney specimens were also observed from the euthanized animals. (scialert.net)
• Conservation and excretion of water by the kidney depends on the normal secretion and action of AVP and is very tightly regulated. (medscape.com)

Enzyme2

• This enzyme participates in the urea cycle, a series of reactions that occurs in liver cells. (medlineplus.gov)
• If the arginase enzyme is misshapen or missing, it cannot fulfill its role in the urea cycle. (medlineplus.gov)

Concentrations2

• The initiation phase is characterized by an acute decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with a corresponding sudden increase in serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. (medscape.com)
• The initiation phase is characterized by an acute decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to very low levels, with a sudden increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. (medscape.com)

Intake3

• Twenty-five wether lambs (34 ± 0.9 kg) fitted with ruminal and abomasal infusion catheters were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of differing proportions of ruminal and abomasal casein infusion on urea N recycling and N balance in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet (85% corn grain, 1.6% N, DM basis) for ad libitum intake. (usda.gov)
• Total N intake, N excretion, urea N production, and urea N recycled to the gastrointestinal tract was greater (P (usda.gov)
• Regulation of the Posm and the plasma sodium concentration is mediated by changes in water intake and water excretion. (medscape.com)

Ingestion1

• The fecal excretion in these animals was considered primarily due to ingestion of radioactivity from grooming and ingestion of deposited material from the nasopharyngeal region via the mucociliary escalator, i.e. not following systemic absorption. (europa.eu)

Females1

• Of the 67 dialysis patients entered in the the serum levels of thyroid hormones T3 study, full data were obtained for 57 pa- and T4 with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) tients (31 males and 26 females). (who.int)

Primarily1

• involved primarily in the urea metabolism and excretion, as well as DNA synthesis. (illpumpyouup.com)

Proteins1

• However, in PD subjects' saliva, urea values increased and total proteins decreased. (bvsalud.org)

Dietary1

• Twenty-four hour urinary protein excretion increased progressively with increasing dietary protein (LPD 6.1 g, NPD 8.2 g, HPD 9.2 g). (portlandpress.com)

Concentrate2

• Crescent levels of urea in the concentrate 0.0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% corresponded to the crude protein of 2.22, 4.18, 5.96 and 8.09% of non protein nitrogen based compounds (NPN), respectively. (eurekamag.com)
• These data emphasize the importance of urea nitrogen recycling in ruminants fed high-concentrate diets. (usda.gov)

Diets1

• The four experimental isoproteic diets were formulated to contain 6011 of corn silage and 40% of corn meal, soybean meal, urea and mineral salt mixture as dry matter basis. (eurekamag.com)

Produces1

• The drug produces copious diuresis with greatly increased excretion of sodium and chloride. (nih.gov)

Important1

• Excretion is an important function to note about the skin (New Health Advisor 2014). (ukessays.com)

Dose1

• Urinary excretion products included parent drug (about 3.6% of the dose), 5-isobutyl-5-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) barbituric acid (about 24% of the dose), 5-allyl-5(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propyl) barbituric acid (about 4.8% of the dose), products with the barbituric acid ring hydrolyzed with excretion of urea (about 14% of the dose), as well as unidentified materials. (drugs.com)

Products1

• We suggest that a feedback relationship exists between the major end catabolic products (creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) and thyroid hormone serum levels. (who.int)

Reaction1

• 1994). The formation of ureas is the typical reaction of MDI in aqueous environments, and reaction rates for both MDI and TDI have been shown to be similar (Allport et al. (europa.eu)

Blood2

• Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine or creatinine clearance should be determined periodically. (nih.gov)
• Blood samples were taken before and after haemodialysis to measure blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels. (who.int)

Production4

• They found the two species ( H. fleischmanni, L. fragilis ) which experience the highest risk of desiccation showed clear evidence for urea production and for pronounced increases in urea excretion, whereas the other two did not. (amphibiaweb.org)
• Without urea excretion, the larvae of the high-risk species could experience lethal conditions, providing a clear case for the adaptive value of urea production in these species. (amphibiaweb.org)
• Cet article suggère donc l'utilisation pratique de la composition laitière en tant qu'outil d'aide à la décision, en vue d'améliorer la durabilité de la production laitière grâce au contrôle, au suivi et à la détection précoce de dysfonctionnements métaboliques ou de gestion du troupeau. (ac.be)
• Enfin, les organismes chargés d'assister les éleveurs dans leurs décisions pourront alerter les producteurs laitiers en cas de risque de maladie leur permettant de traiter tout problème préventivement et d'améliorer ainsi leur production laitière d'un point de vue économique, écologique et animal (bien-être). (ac.be)

High1

• A single injection of DOX (7 mg/kg, i.v) induced severe nephrotic syndrome after 4 weeks of its administration and was associated with hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, elevated serum urea (BUN), creatinine, hyperlipidemia, and a high urinary excretion of protein. (omicsonline.org)

Individual1

• The most striking clinical findings of each individual urea cycle disorder consequently relate to the foregoing constellation of symptoms and their temporal sequence. (medscape.com)

Patients1

• Patients with OTC deficiency have increased excretion of orotic acid because carbamyl phosphate spills into the cytoplasm, where it enters the pathway of pyrimidine synthesis. (nih.gov)

Major1

• Among the pollutants, nitrogen (N) excretion is a major concern. (thedairysite.com)

Animals1

• In both animals and humans, cabergoline is extensively metabolized, predominately via hydrolysis of the acylurea bond or the urea moiety. (drugs.com)