Excitatory synapses gaba plasma membrane transport proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

We are specifically focusing on two groups of transporters vesicular neurotransmitter transporters that package neurotransmitters into vesicles for release, and glutamine transporters that shuttle glutamine, a precursor for two major neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, to neurons from glia, the supporting cells that surround them. (stanford.edu)
Best1 protein is observed in cortical and hippocampal astrocytes, in cerebellar Bergmann glia and lamellar astrocytes, in thalamic reticular neurons, in meninges and in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. (en-journal.org)
Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
We also review current models for the mechanisms of GABA-mediated synchronization of neural activity, focusing on parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons, which are altered in schizophrenia and whose function has been strongly linked to the production of neural synchrony. (hindawi.com)
These neurons are believed to release GABA, not glutamate, as their neurotransmitter (Yazulla, 1986), suggesting the weak glutamate labeling reflects the pool of metabolic glutamate used in the synthesis of GABA. (org.es)
At that time, neurons were thought only to be depolarized by synaptic inputs (inside becoming more positive relative to outside), thus having their inside-negative resting membrane potentials become reduced. (org.es)
Now we know horizontal cells to be true neurons that make true, if unique, synapses and exhibit most of the structural and ultrastructural characteristics of neurons. (org.es)
[4] Apolipoprotein E transports cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons and other glial cells, regulating cell signaling in the brain. (atozwiki.com)
Star-shaped, their many processes envelop synapses made by neurons. (atozwiki.com)

The majority of the transporters constitute an extensive family of homologous proteins that derive energy from the co-transport of Na+ and Cl−, in order to transport neurotransmitter molecules into the cell against their concentration gradient. (wikipedia.org)
NSS carriers are structurally distinct from the second more-restricted family of plasma membrane transporters, which are responsible for excitatory amino acid transport (see TC# 2.A.23). (wikipedia.org)
Sequence analysis of the Na+/Cl− neurotransmitter superfamily reveals that it can be divided into four subfamilies, these being transporters for monoamines, the amino acids proline and glycine, GABA, and a group of orphan transporters. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we examined molecular and functional analyses of choline transporters in human pancreatic-cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 and the elucidation of the action mechanism behind the antitumor effect of novel choline-transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) inhibitors, Amb4269951 and its derivative Amb4269675. (bvsalud.org)
In our studies on neurotransmitter metabolism we have focused our efforts on transporters, a functional class of proteins that move neurotransmitters and other small molecules across membranes in cells. (stanford.edu)
The ability of ion channels to accomplish these three physiological functions also requires the housekeeping operation of another class of membrane proteins, the transporters and pumps, to set up standing ion concentration gradients across cell membranes. (scholarpedia.org)
Studies using electrophysiology and radioactive-labeled dopamine have confirmed that the dopamine transporter is similar to other monoamine transporters in that one molecule of neurotransmitter can be transported across the membrane with one or two sodium ions. (cloudfront.net)
All living cells maintain a potential difference across the membrane thanks to the insulating properties of their plasma membranes (PMs) and the selective transport of ions across this membrane by transporters. (lecturio.com)

Consequently, the phase signal provides information about cell morphology (and volume) and the intracellular refractive index whose value is related to the amount of nonaqueous material (essentially protein content) present in the cell ( Barer, 1953 ). (jneurosci.org)
Combining immunopurification and subsequent analytical mass spectrometry, hundreds of proteins, including synaptic vesicle proteins, components of the presynaptic fusion and retrieval machinery, proteins involved in intracellular and extracellular signaling and a large variety of adhesion molecules, were identified. (mdpi.com)
CTL1 and CTL2 mRNAs were highly expressed in MIA PaCa-2 cells, and CTL1 and CTL2 proteins were localized in the plasma membrane and the intracellular compartments, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
Lysosomes are membrane bound acidic intracellular organelles filled with hydrolytic enzymes that normally function as recycling centers within cells by breaking down damaged cellular macromolecules. (stanford.edu)
The first intracellular, light-evoked responses recorded in the vertebrate retina were slow, negative going changes in membrane potential that lasted for as long as the light stimulus was present (Fig. 1). (org.es)
Once dopamine binds, the protein undergoes a conformational change, which allows both sodium and dopamine to unbind on the intracellular side of the membrane. (cloudfront.net)
2000) and in association with intracellular membranes in dendrites and near synapses ( BI 2536 Bedford et al. (vegfr-3inhibitor.com)

Neurotransmitter transport systems are responsible for the release, re-uptake and recycling of neurotransmitters at synapses. (wikipedia.org)
The main neurotransmitters associated with the basal ganglia include gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate. (medscape.com)
However, the suggested mechanisms include a sever increase in neuronal excitability following an imbalance in the ion channel function, either as an increase in excitatory neurotransmitters of glutamate and aspartate or a decrease in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter [7]. (debuglies.com)

Dynamic target of seizure control in management of epilepsy is achieving balance between factors that influence excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and those that influence inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). (medscape.com)
Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)

Drugs used: The recordings were performed in a cocktail of pharmacological agents that inhibited any possible current evoked due to activation of voltage gated sodium channels, voltage gated potassium channels, NMDA receptors (both APV and mk801), AMPA receptors, GABA A receptors and glycine receptors. (mendeley.com)
In this regard, CBD inhibition of 5-HT 3 receptors may contribute to its role in modulation of nociception and emesis, potentiation of GABA receptors may account for its anti-seizure, anxiolytic and analgesic effects, and potentiation of glycine receptors may be relevant for CBD anti-nociceptive actions [3,16, 22] . (researchgate.net)
Glycine is an amino acid, or a building block for protein. (supplemented.co.uk)
The body uses glycine to make proteins. (supplemented.co.uk)
Renal levels of the Nox4 mRNA and protein, a major source of renal oxidative stress, were suppressed by the treatment with glycine. (supplemented.co.uk)
[2] [3] Accordingly, collagenous proteins are the best dietary source of glycine. (examine.com)
However, any dietary source of protein will provide varying amounts of glycine. (examine.com)
As an amino acid, glycine plays an essential role in protein synthesis, especially collagen synthesis. (examine.com)
Glycine acts as both an inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord, where it is involved in reflex coordination, the processing of sensory signals, and the sensation of pain. (examine.com)
[16] [17] Outside of the nervous system, glycine plays a role in immunomodulation and inflammation through binding chloride channels in the cell membranes of leukocytes and macrophages, thereby suppressing calcium influx. (examine.com)
Glycine also functions as both an inhibitory and an excitatory neurotransmitter, functions as a signaling molecule in the immune system, is necessary for the proper function of some enzymes, and plays a role in lipid digestion and absorption. (examine.com)
sedentary) requires nearly 15 grams of glycine per day to synthesize collagen (12 g/d), non-collagen proteins (1 g/d), and other important compounds such as porphyrins (240 mg/d), purines (206 mg/d), creatine (420 mg/d), glutathione (567 mg/d), and bile salts (60 mg/d). (examine.com)

The concentration gradient may exist across a biological membrane, where the concentration is higher on one side of the membrane compared to the other side. (physiologyweb.com)

Movement across a biological membrane is more complicated and is a function of lipid solubility of the ion/molecule as well as the presence of channels or transport proteins that can allow the ion/molecule to cross the membrane (see Lipid Bilayer Permeability and Summary of Membrane Transport Processes ). (physiologyweb.com)
The most prominent feature of Best1 is its significant permeability to glutamate and GABA in addition to chloride ions because glutamate and GABA are important transmitters in the brain. (en-journal.org)
Membrane permeability comparable to 8-Br-cAMP. (biolog.de)

The Na + /K + ATPase is electrogenic because for every ATP molecule hydrolyzed, 3 Na + ions are transported out of the cell and 2 K + ions are transported into the cell (leading to the translocation of one net positive charge out of the cell). (physiologyweb.com)
Flux of ions through ion channels contributes to the electrolyte movements required for volume regulation of single cells and for the net polarized transport of salt across epithelia like gut, kidney, or the choroid plexus. (scholarpedia.org)
DAT is a symporter that moves dopamine across the cell membrane by coupling the movement to the energetically-favorable movement of sodium ions moving from high to low concentration into the cell. (cloudfront.net)
DAT function requires the sequential binding and co-transport of two Na + ions and one Cl − ion with the dopamine substrate. (cloudfront.net)

The dopamine transporter ( DAT ) also ( sodium-dependent dopamine transporter ) is a membrane-spanning protein coded for in the human by the SLC6A3 gene , (also known as DAT1 ), that pumps the neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synaptic cleft back into cytosol . (cloudfront.net)
Dopamine reuptake via DAT provides the primary mechanism through which dopamine is cleared from synapses , although there may be an exception in the prefrontal cortex , where evidence points to a possibly larger role of the norepinephrine transporter . (cloudfront.net)
Evidence for the associations between DAT and dopamine related disorders has come from a type of genetic polymorphism , known as a variable number tandem repeat , in the SLC6A3 gene, which influences the amount of protein expressed. (cloudfront.net)
DAT is an integral membrane protein that removes dopamine from the synaptic cleft and deposits it into surrounding cells, thus terminating the signal of the neurotransmitter. (cloudfront.net)
The driving force for DAT-mediated dopamine reuptake is the ion concentration gradient generated by the plasma membrane Na + /K + ATPase . (cloudfront.net)

Ion channels set up the resting membrane potentials of all cells. (scholarpedia.org)

It involved placing a tiny glass patch pipette, onto the surface of the astrocytic membrane, to record D-serine transporter currents. (mendeley.com)
These diseases are the result of a defect in transport of sialic acid across lysosomal membranes and are associated with mutations in the gene encoding the sialic acid transporter sialin. (stanford.edu)
Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)
Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)
The initial determination of the membrane topology of DAT was based upon hydrophobic sequence analysis and sequence similarities with the GABA transporter. (cloudfront.net)

High affinity transport proteins found in the plasma membrane of presynaptic nerve terminals and glial cells are responsible for the removal, from the extracellular space, of released-transmitters, thereby terminating their actions. (wikipedia.org)
A breakthrough for the identification of the proteome of the presynaptic active zone was the successful employment of antibodies directed against a cytosolic epitope of membrane integral synaptic vesicle proteins for the immunopurification of synaptic vesicles docked to the presynaptic plasma membrane. (mdpi.com)

For this purpose, WIN 55,212-2 was injected in pregnant wistar rats from gestation day 5 to 20 and a detailed analysis of the levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of the signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) was carried out in adult offspring. (researchgate.net)
Activator of protein kinase A (cyclic AMP agonist). (biolog.de)

This implicates that tonic GABA release from reactive astrocyte via redistributed Best1 is a common phenomenon that occur in various pathological conditions with astrogliosis such as traumatic brain injury, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and hypoxic and ischemic insults. (en-journal.org)
In humans, a single astrocyte cell can interact with up to 2 million synapses at a time. (atozwiki.com)

The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)

The human Best1 (hBest1) is approximately 68-kDa protein composed of 585 amino acids. (en-journal.org)
This amino acid is found in high-protein foods including meat, fish, eggs, dairy and legumes. (supplemented.co.uk)

Figure 1: Two ion channels in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. (scholarpedia.org)
Ion channels are ion-permeable pores in the lipid membranes of all cells. (scholarpedia.org)

They are synthesized and inserted into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, glycosylated in the Golgi, and transported and inserted into target membranes by membrane fusion. (scholarpedia.org)
2008). The restricted localization of GODZ to Golgi membranes, together with the notion that ER membranes are thinner than Golgi and plasma membranes (Bretscher and Munro, 1993 and Mitra et al. (vegfr-3inhibitor.com)

Because of the tight coupling of the membrane potential and the sodium gradient, activity-induced changes in membrane polarity can dramatically influence transport rates. (cloudfront.net)

The energy required to drive transport resides in the transmembrane electrochemical gradient of the driving ion. (physiologyweb.com)
In the case of integral membrane proteins, however, palmitoylation may extend the effective length of an adjacent transmembrane domain, as suggested by analysis of the palmitoylation-dependent trafficking of the Wnt coreceptor LRP6 (lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6) (Abrami et al. (vegfr-3inhibitor.com)

Finally, type-1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent inhibition of GABA-ergic release and relapse to reward-associated stimuli is linked to ghrelin and orexin signaling in the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens network to highlight its pathological potential for food addiction-like behavior. (frontiersin.org)
Choline deficiency and HC-3 treatment inhibited cell viability and increased caspase 3/7 activity, suggesting that the inhibition of CTL1 function, which is responsible for choline transport, leads to apoptosis-induced cell death. (bvsalud.org)

Hypothesis: We hypothesise that astrocytes, a type of glial cell that surround synapses are likely candidates to control the extracellular concentration of D-Serine by removing it from the synaptic space. (mendeley.com)
many of these cells express the intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). (atozwiki.com)
When in proximity to the pia mater, all three forms of astrocytes send out processes to form the pia-glial membrane . (atozwiki.com)

It is synthesized from glutamic acid by glutamic acid decarboxylase and is inactivated by GABA transaminase through the formation of a succinic semialdehyde. (medscape.com)

Exploration of extrasynaptic α4β2δ receptors revealed that both compounds enhanced GABA EC5 evoked currents at concentrations ranging from 0.01-1 μM. (researchgate.net)
In situ hybridization studies of GABA A receptors revealed significantly decreased expression of γ2 subunit mRNA in the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord in PRIP-1 -/- mice, but no difference in α1 subunit mRNA expression. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. (regenerativemedicine.net)

This has been supported by the results from double-labeling studies using antibodies to both GABA and glutamate: glutamate-positive amacrine cells also label with the GABA antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996, Yang, 1996). (org.es)

Analysis of intoxicated terminals within the FN shows that BoNT/A is transcytosed preferentially into cholinergic synapses. (jneurosci.org)
Together, the present findings indicate a previously unrecognized source of reduced motoneuron drive after BoNT/A via blockade of central, excitatory cholinergic inputs. (jneurosci.org)
In this study, we demonstrate that BoNT/A is transported to facial motoneurons, released, and internalized preferentially into cholinergic terminals impinging onto the motoneurons. (jneurosci.org)

Plant Cell Wall Proteins: A Large Body of Data, but What about Runaways? (mdpi.com)
In cotransport, the direction of transport is the same for both the driving ion and driven ion/molecule (into the cell or out of the cell). (physiologyweb.com)
Proximity of excitatory and inhibitory axon terminals adjacent to pyramidal cell bodies provides a putative basis for nonsynaptic interactions. (ucsd.edu)
For example, methylation altered by learning could flag genes for regulation only in certain conditions, priming the future activation of specific transcriptional states without disrupting baseline neural function by permanently altering synapses or cell homeostasis [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cardiac action potential Action Potential Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the cell membrane of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli. (lecturio.com)
Membrane Potential depends on the membrane potential Membrane potential The membrane potential is the difference in electric charge between the interior and the exterior of a cell. (lecturio.com)
Cell damage was assessed using MTT assays, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate and flow cytometry were used to detect the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential respectively. (sdbonline.org)
2006). Reducing the expression of GODZ by shRNA or dominant-negative constructs leads to selective loss of GABAARs at synapses, along with reduced GABAergic innervation and corresponding reductions in amplitude and frequency of miniature inhibitory synaptic currents (mIPSCs), as well as whole-cell currents (Fang et al. (vegfr-3inhibitor.com)
Both proteins are present in large amounts in the intermediate filaments of this cell, so the cell appears yellow. (atozwiki.com)
Before the 1980s, cannabinoids were speculated to produce their physiological and behavioral effects via nonspecific interaction with cell membranes , instead of interacting with specific membrane-bound receptors . (cloudfront.net)

BoNT/A acts by cleaving synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) at the neuromuscular junction, thus blocking synaptic transmission and weakening overactive muscles. (jneurosci.org)

The passive diffusion or active transport of water through the plasma membrane is associated with several cellular processes. (jneurosci.org)
Cloride (Cl − ) plays an important role in several physiological processes such as the action potential of skeletal muscle cells, CO 2 transport in blood (via Cl − /bicarbonate exchange across the plasma membrane of red blood cells), and many other processes. (physiologyweb.com)
Under pathological conditions such as neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, reactive astrocytes phenotypically switch from GABA-negative to GABA-producing and redistribute Best1 from the perisynaptic microdomains to the soma and processes to tonically release GABA via Best1. (en-journal.org)
Most DMRs were inside genes supporting neural development, synapse function, and other processes relevant to neural plasticity, and DMRs could affect gene expression in multiple ways. (biomedcentral.com)

A type of secondary active transport across a biological membrane in which a transport protein couples the movement of an ion (usually Na + or H + ) down its electrochemical gradient to the movement of another ion or molecule against a concentration or electrochemical gradient. (physiologyweb.com)
The ion/molecule being transported against a chemical or electrochemical gradient is referred to as the driven ion/molecule. (physiologyweb.com)
This transport process is referred to as active transport because the driven ion/molecule is transported against a concentration or electrochemical gradient. (physiologyweb.com)

These results indicate that ASCT is a central mediator of astrocytic D-serine transport and plays a role in regulating its synaptic concentration by sequestration into astrocytes. (mendeley.com)

Numerous proteins regulating the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton are indicative of the functional and structural dynamics of the presynapse. (mdpi.com)

Best1 is a plasma membrane protein encoded by the VMD2 (Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy 2) gene. (en-journal.org)
Our goals were twofold: 1) to characterize the gene expression, protein expression, and activity of key synthesizing and regulating enzymes of energy metabolism in the whole mouse retina, retinal compartments, and/or cells and 2) to provide an integrative analysis of the results related to function. (molvis.org)
The gene that encodes the DAT protein is located on chromosome 5 , consists of 15 coding exons , and is roughly 64 kbp long. (cloudfront.net)

Therefore, cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may result from a GABA synapse dysfunction that disturbs neural synchrony. (hindawi.com)
GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)

Figure 2: Pseudosymmetric architecture of ion channels formed from 2, 3, 4, or 5 protein subunits or multiple repeated domains in a single subunit. (scholarpedia.org)
These results suggest that PRIP-1 -/- mice exhibit the changes of the function and subunits expression of GABA A receptor in the spinal cord, which may be responsible for abnormal pain sensation in these mice. (biomedcentral.com)

These properties of Best1, including the permeation and release of glutamate and GABA and its redistribution in reactive astrocytes, promise us exciting discoveries of novel brain functions to be uncovered in the future. (en-journal.org)

Regional differences between BDNF mRNA levels and protein concentrations in the CNS are often reported ( 7 , 51 , 192 , 193 ), which may be related to regulatory mechanisms, mRNA decay ( 164 ), or BDNF anterograde transport ( 7 ). (hyperthermicwellness.com)

Thus, when open, potassium ion-selective channels and anion channels hyperpolarize cells (cause the membrane potential to become more negative), whereas sodium- or calcium-selective channels and non-selective cation channels depolarize cells (cause the membrane potential to become more positive). (scholarpedia.org)

The survival of all cells depends on fatty acids (FAs) that deliver energy supply and provide maintenance of the integrity of structural membranes. (frontiersin.org)

The maximal level of enhancement seen with either CBD or 2-AG were on α2-containing GABAA receptor subtypes, with approximately a 4-fold enhancement of the GABA EC5 evoked current, more than twice the potentiation seen with other α-subunit receptor combinations. (researchgate.net)
The γ2 subunit of GABAARs selleck inhibitor is subject to palmitoylation at cytoplasmic cysteine residues, and this modification regulates the accumulation of GABAARs at inhibitory synapses (Keller et al. (vegfr-3inhibitor.com)

Choline, an organic cation, is one of the biofactors that play an important role in the structure and the function of biological membranes, and it is essential for the synthesis of phospholipids. (bvsalud.org)

An electrogenic transport process is one that leads to the translocation of net charge across the membrane. (physiologyweb.com)

In particular, prenatal cannabinoid treatment reduced the phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2 in selected subcellular compartments of hippocampus, frontal and prefrontal cortex, whereas no changes were observed in the total levels of these proteins. (researchgate.net)

Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)

Notable finding: We observed D-serine induced transport-associated currents upon puff-application of 10 mM D-serine on astrocytes. (mendeley.com)

These studies have also shown that transport rate and direction is totally dependent on the sodium gradient. (cloudfront.net)

Ion channels are membrane proteins. (scholarpedia.org)
Ion channels have many features of typical membrane proteins. (scholarpedia.org)
Like other signaling proteins, ion channels are flexible molecules that undergo conformational changes between open (active) and closed (inactive) states. (scholarpedia.org)

Contribution of an individual ion to the overall membrane potential is? (assignguru.com)

[12] The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type. (cloudfront.net)

Here, we show that catalytically active BoNT/A is transported to the facial nucleus (FN) after injection into the nasolabial musculature of rats and mice. (jneurosci.org)

A major role of GABA-mediated transmission may be producing synchronized network oscillations which are currently hypothesized to be essential for normal cognitive function. (hindawi.com)
Alterations of GABA signaling that impair gamma oscillations and, as a result, cognitive function suggest paths for novel therapeutic interventions. (hindawi.com)
This prompted us to examine the possible involvement of PRIP in GABA A receptor function. (biomedcentral.com)

Under physiological conditions, both Best1-mediated glutamate release and tonic GABA release from astrocytes modulate neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. (en-journal.org)

Phospholipase C-related inactive protein (PRIP) plays important roles in trafficking to the plasma membrane of GABA A receptor, which is involved in the dominant inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord and plays an important role in nociceptive transmission. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms2

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes9

Information Science2

Neurons9

Transporters8

Intracellular7

Neurotransmitters3

Postsynaptic2

Glycine12

Side of the membrane1

Permeability3

Ions4

Dopamine5

Resting membrane potentials1

Transporter5

Presynaptic2

Kinase2

Astrocyte2

Gamma-amin1

Amino2

Lipid2

Golgi2

Changes in membrane1

Transmembrane2

Inhibition2

Glial3

Transaminase1

Receptors revealed2

Oxidative2

Antibodies1

Cholinergic3

Cell10

Neuromuscular junction1

Processes4

Molecule3

Astrocytic1

Cytoskeleton1

Gene3

Dysfunction2

Subunits2

Reactive1

Concentrations1

Selective1

Structural1

Subunit2

Synthesis1

Electrogenic1

Prefrontal Cortex1

Retina1

Currents1

Sodium1

Channels3

Potential1

Cannabinoid1

Catalytically1

Function3

Neuronal1

Spinal cord1