Excitatory amino acid transporters amino acid transport system x ag. Medical search. Frequent questions

We hypothesize that glutamate transporter downregulation by neuroleptics increases glutamatergic action at the postsynaptic neuron and thereby may be related to beneficial antipsychotic effects and side effects. (cshl.edu)
It was hypothesized that the activation of xc- prevents drug seeking by increasing glutamatergic tone on presynaptic group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) and thereby inhibiting excitatory transmission. (jneurosci.org)
Since therapeutic approaches for ALS are focused on glutamatergic function, we investigated modulation of glutamate transport based on its receptor function as well as excitotoxicity-induced inflammatory response. (biomedcentral.com)
Investigations into the pathophysiology of these conditions traditionally stressed dysregulation of the glutamatergic and monoaminergic systems, but the mechanisms causing these neurotransmitter abnormalities remained elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
It has recently been demonstrated that prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinyl-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN 55,212-2) produces memory deficit in adulthood, an effect associated with a reduced functionality of the glutamatergic system. (researchgate.net)
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that isoflurane and propofol at clinical concentrations do not affect excitatory glutamatergic transmission or inhibitory GABAergic transmission directly effects on their presynaptic neuronal transporters. (cornell.edu)
signalling at excitatory forebrain synapses Glutamatergic synapses are situated on dendritic propionate (AMPA) receptor subunit levels (NR1, NR2A, spines containing postsynaptic densities (PSDs), which NR2B, GluR1 and GluR2) were analysed in the forebrain by allow glutamate receptors to anchor through interactions both western blot of homogenates and immunohistochemis- with scaffolding proteins. (health-articles.net)

Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
Dynamic target of seizure control in management of epilepsy is achieving balance between factors that influence excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and those that influence inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). (medscape.com)
Consistent with other studies, genes identified by disrupted protein interactions are expressed early in development and in excitatory and inhibitory neuronal lineages. (springer.com)
Using inferred gene co-expression for three neuronal cell types-excitatory, inhibitory, and neural progenitor-we implicate several hundred genes in risk (FDR \(\le \hspace{0.17em}\) 0.05), ~ 60% novel, with characteristics of genuine ASD genes. (springer.com)
BACKGROUND: Depression of glutamate-mediated excitatory transmission and potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory transmission appear to be primary mechanisms by which general anesthetics produce anesthesia. (cornell.edu)
To address this, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in the number of inhibitory terminals, as detected by glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) immunoreactivity, in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord following a chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve in rats. (biomedcentral.com)
The inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and both neurotransmitter and enzyme are found in these inhibitory interneurons. (biomedcentral.com)

Gene expression of glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 and the predominantly neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3 were examined by in situ hybridization. (cshl.edu)

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have various physiological functions in the central nervous system by affecting on several intracellular signal transduction mechanisms through G-protein [ 18 , 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we used two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology to compare the actions of CBD with those of the major central endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) on human recombinant GABAA receptors (synaptic α1-6βg2 and extrasynaptic α4β2δ) expressed on Xenopus oocytes. (researchgate.net)
CBD and 2-AG were positive allosteric modulators at α1-6βγ2 receptors, with low micromolar potencies. (researchgate.net)
the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), THC and CBD potentiate GABA A receptors [21, 22] . (researchgate.net)
Of particular interest to this study are the non-peptidergic C fibres which bind the isolectin B4 (IB4), express purinergic P 2 X 3 receptors and possess fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase activity [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Some of the receptors are cation channels, which can directly depolarize the nociceptor upon activation, while other receptors activate second messenger systems to change neuronal excitability by changing expression of, or modifying the function of, other cation channels. (frontiersin.org)
CB 1 receptors are found primarily in the brain , more specifically in the basal ganglia and in the limbic system , including the hippocampus [11] and the striatum . (cloudfront.net)

Therefore, these cells must possess a plasma membrane-associated aspartate uptake transport process to achieve their functional activity. (biomedcentral.com)
This study shows that EAAC1 functions as the high-affinity L-aspartate transporter that is responsible for the uptake and accumulation of aspartate in prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Impairments in the expression and/or glutamate uptake activity of glia glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) contribute to synapse loss in AD. (bvsalud.org)
METHODS: A dual-isotope (l-[3H]glutamate and [14C]GABA) approach allowed simultaneous comparisons of anesthetic effects on three independent assays of glutamate and GABA transporters in adult rat cerebral cortex: transmitter uptake into isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes), transmitter binding to lysed and washed synaptosomes (synaptic membranes), and carrier-mediated release (reverse transport) of transmitter from preloaded synaptosomes using a modified superfusion system. (cornell.edu)
Inhibition of uptake by isoflurane was noncompetitive, an outcome that was mimicked by indirectly affecting transporter function through synaptosomal depolarization. (cornell.edu)
The xCT transporter mediates the uptake of cystine coupled to the efflux of glutamate, leading to an increase in blood glutamate. (e-cmh.org)

Here we report the identification and characterization of two proteins, GTRAP41 and GTRAP48 (for glutamate transporter EAAT4 associated protein) that specifically interact with the intracellular carboxy-terminal domain of EAAT4 and modulate its glutamate transport activity. (johnshopkins.edu)

constriction was attributed to PLA2-mediated arachidonic acid production by astrocytes, followed by diffusion of the arachidonic acid to smooth muscle and subsequent metabolism by cytochrome P450 4A (ω-hydroxylase) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). (biomedcentral.com)
In isolated retinas, vasodilations dependent on astrocyte metabolism of arachidonic acid by cytochrome (CYP) P450 2C11 (epoxygenase) to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) became less likely as NO levels increased and directly inhibited epoxygenase activity [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
During general alcohol metabolism, hepatocytes generate mitochondria- and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) whose accumulation elicits activation of the hepatic anti-oxidant system, including glutathione (GSH). (e-cmh.org)

Light responses of rod photoreceptor cells in the retina are encoded by changes in synaptic glutamate release that is in turn shaped by reuptake involving EAAT5 plasma membrane glutamate transporters. (bvsalud.org)

Subsequent to our kinetic identification of the transport process, significant advances have been achieved in the genetic and protein identification and characterization of the X AG - transporter class as EAATs (excitatory amino acid transporters). (biomedcentral.com)

Effects of isoflurane and propofol on glutamate and GABA transporters in isolated cortical nerve terminals. (cornell.edu)
Since effects on transmitter transport have been implicated in anesthetic actions, the authors examined the sensitivity of presynaptic glutamate and GABA transporters to the effects of a representative volatile (isoflurane) and a representative intravenous (propofol) anesthetic. (cornell.edu)

Roles of neuroactive amino acids in ammonia neurotoxicity. (cdc.gov)

In Library, lysine-10( H3K9) vision gene has required a green protein-protein for visual studies and lacks visually one of the unknown conditions known with acid( Peters et al. (erik-mill.de)
preferentially, post-translational amino-acid JmjC increases are activated provided and conserved to regulate pentose cell polysaccharides with antimicrobial program protein and Clot positions. (erik-mill.de)
BDNF cDNA encodes a 247 amino acid residue precursor protein with a signal peptide and a proprotein that are cleaved to yield the 119 amino acid residue mature BDNF. (novusbio.com)

To investigate whether tenascin-C and tenascin-R may play important functional roles in the lesioned central nervous system, we have analysed their expression in the olivocerebellar system of the adult rat after 3-acetylpyridine-induced degeneration of nerve cells in the inferior olivary nucleus. (researchgate.net)
This compound has many biological roles, such as conjugation of bile acids , antioxidation , osmoregulation , membrane stabilization , and modulation of calcium signaling . (cloudfront.net)

The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)

The maximal level of enhancement seen with either CBD or 2-AG were on α2-containing GABAA receptor subtypes, with approximately a 4-fold enhancement of the GABA EC5 evoked current, more than twice the potentiation seen with other α-subunit receptor combinations. (researchgate.net)

In the first experiment, the capacity of glutamate derived from xc- to regulate excitatory transmission via mGluR2/3 was determined. (jneurosci.org)
Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. (bvsalud.org)

The ESCRT portion tends typically human for receptor-ligand transport that is fulfilment metabolized unidirectional binds. (erik-mill.de)

In this pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase . (cloudfront.net)

Across cell types, these genes affect neuronal morphogenesis and neuronal communication, while neural progenitor cells show strong enrichment for development of the limbic system. (springer.com)
Tenascin-R mRNA was expressed by distinct neural cell types in the unlesioned olivocerebellar system. (researchgate.net)

Studies on the physiological effects of sulfamic acid and ammonium sulfamate. (cdc.gov)

Understanding how psychosocial, genetic, immunological and neurotransmitter systems interact can reveal pathogenic clues and help target new preventive and symptomatic therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. (bvsalud.org)

In other cells (predominantly excitable tissue cells), EAAC1 has been reported to function as a glutamate transporter rather than as an aspartate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
In the central nervous system of rodents, the extracellular matrix glycoproteins tenascin-C and tenascin-R are expressed predominantly by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respectively. (researchgate.net)

Exposure of prostate cells to physiological levels of prolactin or testosterone results in an up-regulation of EAAC1 expression and a corresponding increase in the high-affinity transport of L-aspartate into the cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and is removed from the synaptic cleft by sodium-dependent glutamate transporters. (johnshopkins.edu)
Abnormal regulation of glutamate-dependent excitatory signal has also been identified in ALS suggesting that excessive synaptic glutamate and oxidative stress trigger motor neuronal damage. (en-journal.org)

Adaptive immune responses begin after productive immunosynaptic contacts formation established in secondary lymphoid organs by dendritic cells (DC) presenting the Ag to T lymphocytes. (aai.org)

Post-mortem studies in schizophrenic patients revealed alterations in glutamate transporter gene expression. (cshl.edu)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the NGF family of neurotrophic factors (also named neurotrophins) that are required for the differentiation and survival of specific neuronal subpopulations in both the central as well as the peripheral nervous system. (novusbio.com)
While found only in the peripheral nervous system, a report does indicate that CB 2 is expressed by a subpopulation of microglia in the human cerebellum . (cloudfront.net)

However, chronic alcohol consumption decreases GSH generation through cysteine deficiency by suppressing the methionine cycle and trans-sulfuration system, whereas it turns on an alternative defense pathway, such as the xCT transporter, to compensate for GSH shortage. (e-cmh.org)
Mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. (cloudfront.net)

Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain. (eneuro.org)
Pain originating from the gastrointestinal (GI) system ascends to the brain via the same tri-neuronal pathways that convey noxious somatic stimuli. (frontiersin.org)

This system with the two main parts and their groups makes it possible to combine two (or more) distinct searches into one search result, while being flexible in removing results from the final list. (diva-portal.org)

Time constants were twofold faster at 35°C, suggesting that they reflect transporter kinetics, not diffusion. (bvsalud.org)

The identification of EAAC1 as the high-affinity L-aspartate transporter now permits studies to elucidate the mechanism of hormonal regulation of EAAC1 gene expression, and to investigate the mechanism by which the cellular environment effects the functioning of EAAC1 as an aspartate transporter or as a glutamate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)

The present report is concerned with the identification of this putative L-aspartate transporter in rat and human prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we show that human DC undergoing maturation and in contact with T cells release significant amounts of glutamate, which is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalians. (aai.org)
The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) regulates many functions of the human body. (cloudfront.net)

In earlier kinetic studies we identified the existence of a unique Na+-dependent high-affinity L-aspartate transport process in rat prostate secretory epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This is achieved by the existence of a Na+-dependent high-affinity L-aspartate transport process with kinetic properties that result in cellular accumulation of aspartate from circulation [ 5 - 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The kinetic properties are representative of the Na+- dependent high-affinity glutamate-aspartate transporters referred to as the X AG - class of amino acid transporters. (biomedcentral.com)

EAAC1 expression and high-affinity L-aspartate transport are correspondingly down-regulated by EAAC1 siRNA knock down. (biomedcentral.com)
The regulation of EAAC1 expression and L-aspartate transport by testosterone and prolactin is consistent with their regulation of citrate production in prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)

It is essential for cardiovascular function, and development and function of skeletal muscle , the retina , and the central nervous system . (cloudfront.net)

Ketamine is highly lipid soluble, with large volume of distribution and ease of penetration into the central nervous system (CNS). (uspharmacist.com)
On the basis of these observations it has been suggested that tenascin-C and tenascin-R may be relevant in determining the cellular response after injury in the adult rodent central nervous system. (researchgate.net)
Our data thus suggest differential functions of tenascin-C and tenascin-R in the injured central nervous system. (researchgate.net)
Most pain related information is forwarded from the periphery to the central nervous system by unmyelinated primary afferents (C fibres) called nociceptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Microglia perform multiple functions in the central nervous system, including surveillance, phagocytosis and release of a variety of soluble factors. (biomedcentral.com)

For the ASC study, only the most damaging class of dnMis variants-as judged by a composite score involving evolutionary conservation and likelihood an amino acid substitution is damaging [ 6 ]-shows strong signal for enrichment in ASD subjects. (springer.com)

Synthetic taurine is obtained by the ammonolysis of isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite . (cloudfront.net)

In contrast, in citrate-producing prostate cells, aspartate is an essential amino acid that must be derived from circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
In these specialized prostate cells, aspartate is an essential amino acid that is derived from circulation. (biomedcentral.com)

All neurotrophins have six conserved cysteine residues that are involved in the formation of three disulfide bonds and all share approximately 55% sequence identity at the amino acid level. (novusbio.com)

An important unresolved issue was the identification of the putative prostate high-affinity L-aspartate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy23

Organisms12

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs146

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Glutamatergic7

Inhibitory7

Neuronal glutamate transporter1

Receptors7

Uptake6

Intracellular1

Metabolism3

Plasma membrane1

Identification and characterization1

Propofol2

Neurotoxicity1

Protein3

Roles2

Gamma-amin1

GABA1

Regulate2

Receptor1

Enzyme1

Neural2

Sulfamic1

Neurotransmitter systems2

Predominantly2

Physiological1

Synaptic2

Dendritic1

Alterations1

Peripheral nervou2

Pathway2

Brain2

Distinct1

Diffusion1

Gene1

Human3

Dependent3

Expression2

Function1

Central5

Signal1

Synthetic1

Cells2

Level1

Important1