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Kynurenic AcidExcitatory Amino AcidsReceptors, Amino AcidExcitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1KynurenineExcitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2Amino AcidsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsExcitatory Amino Acid Transporter 4Glutamic AcidQuisqualic AcidGlutamate Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsN-MethylaspartateExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsAmino Acid Transport System X-AGKainic AcidGlutamatesReceptors, GlutamateAspartic AcidExcitatory Amino Acid Transporter 52-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateQuinolinic AcidSequence Homology, Amino AcidReceptors, NeurotransmitterIbotenic AcidQuinolinic AcidsReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateTransaminasesNeuronsXanthurenatesAmino Acid SequenceQuinoxalinesKynurenine 3-MonooxygenaseDizocilpine Maleate6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneSynaptic TransmissionExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsAmino Acid SubstitutionCloning, MolecularRats, Sprague-DawleyMedulla Oblongataalpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic AcidGlycineDibenzocycloheptenesHippocampusgamma-Aminobutyric AcidSynapsesAmino Acid Transport SystemsBicucullineAminooxyacetic AcidTryptophanBase SequenceSpinal CordOxadiazolesRats, WistarKineticsMicrodialysisStrychnineGABA AntagonistsAminobutyratesMolecular Sequence DataElectric StimulationAmino Acids, EssentialRats, Inbred StrainsElectrophysiologyEvoked PotentialsExcitatory Amino Acid AgentsBrainValineCerebral CortexMicroinjectionsSequence Alignmentalpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorNeurotransmitter AgentsNeurotoxinsAction PotentialsNeural Inhibition2-Aminoadipic AcidEscherichia coliGalantamineReceptors, AMPAPipecolic AcidsMembrane PotentialsBinding SitesSymportersDose-Response Relationship, DrugCycloleucineTetrodotoxinMutationCells, CulturedD-Aspartic AcidPatch-Clamp TechniquesAmino Acid MotifsCorpus StriatumReceptors, Kainic AcidBiological TransportTectum MesencephaliSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidDNA

NeuroactiveGlycineInhibitGlutamateMetaboliteKynurenineInhibitoryGABANeurotransmitterKYNAOrganic acidsReceptorMetabolismPrecursorsProteinsConcentrationsBileBiosynthesisSignificantAceticSulfamicGlutamicIncreasesAnticonvulsantUrineMood disordersCreatinineArginineEnzymesTissuesLevelsDiseaseResultFoundCellsContributeForm

Neuroactive3

• It has been shown that kynurenic acid possesses neuroactive activity. (wikipedia.org)
• Disturbance in the kynurenic pathway, by which tryptophan is converted to neuroactive kynurenines, has also been implicated. (medscape.com)
• Roles of neuroactive amino acids in ammonia neurotoxicity. (cdc.gov)

Glycine3

• Kynurenic acid acts in the brain as a glycine-site NMDAr antagonist, key in glutamatergic neurotransmission system, which is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. (wikipedia.org)
• Increased levels of glycine, organic acids (from phenylalanine), and free tryptophan and decreased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the CSF may be responsible for early phases of the disorder. (medscape.com)
• Guanidinosuccinic acid, methylguanidine, guanidine, and creatinine inhibited responses to GABA and glycine (inhibitory amino acids) in cultured mouse neurons. (medscape.com)

Inhibit3

• Guanidinosuccinic acid can inhibit transketolase. (medscape.com)
• Guanidinosuccinic acid can also inhibit excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus, an effect that may contribute to cognitive symptoms in UE. (medscape.com)
• Corticosteroids inhibit formation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids when cell membranes are damaged. (unboundmedicine.com)

Glutamate2

• The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia was proposed in 2007, based on its action on midbrain dopamine activity and NMDArs, thus linking dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia with the glutamate hypothesis of the disease. (wikipedia.org)
• By far the most prevalent transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. (wikidoc.org)

Metabolite1

• Aminoadipic acid (2-aminoadipate) is a metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. (np-mrd.org)

Kynurenine3

• Elevated levels of kynurenic acid compared to kynurenine appear to be associated with poorer T cell response and higher mortality in male subjects with COVID-19, suggesting an explanation for the poorer clinical outcomes observed in males than in females. (wikipedia.org)
• The peripheral administration of kynurenic acid (KYNA) precursor, kynurenine (KYN) was found to lead to neuroprotection in hypoxic-ischemic animal models [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
• Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential dietary amino acid that, unless otherwise committed to protein synthesis, undergoes metabolism via the Tryptophan-Kynurenine (TRP-KYN) pathway in vertebrate organisms. (mdpi.com)

Inhibitory1

• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid that functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. (healthmatters.io)

GABA4

• Endogenous GABA is produced by the decarboxylation of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamic acid. (healthmatters.io)
• Petty F. Plasma concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and mood disorders: a blood test for manic depressive disease? (healthmatters.io)
• Elevated plasma gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in autistic youngsters: stimulus for a GABA hypothesis of autism. (healthmatters.io)
• Also, since GABA can be made endogenously from glutamic acid and other pathways, low glutamic acid levels, issues with enzymes like DAO, or an altered microbiome should also be considered. (healthmatters.io)

Neurotransmitter1

• It is a building block of proteins, participates in the citric acid and urea cycles, and is a neurotransmitter. (unboundmedicine.com)

KYNA3

• Kynurenic acid (KYNA or KYN) is a product of the normal metabolism of amino acid L-tryptophan. (wikipedia.org)
• The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is poorly permeable to kynurenic acid (KYNA). (encyclopedia.pub)
• The chemical structure of kynurenic acid (KYNA). (encyclopedia.pub)

Organic acids1

• Aminoadipic acid is an organic acid and abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. (np-mrd.org)

Receptor1

• However, recently (2011) direct recording of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor currents in adult (noncultured) hippocampal interneurons by the Cooper laboratory validated a 2009 study that failed to find any blocking effect of kynurenic acid across a wide range of concentrations, thus suggesting that in noncultured, intact preparations from adult animals there is no effect of kynurenic acid on α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor currents. (wikipedia.org)

Metabolism2

• Significant (after false discovery rate correction) KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways included aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, and metabolism of multiple amino acids. (nature.com)
• Chronically high levels of aminoadipic acid are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism including, 2-aminoadipic aciduria and 2-oxoadipic aciduria. (np-mrd.org)

Precursors1

• Neurotransmitters are synthesized from plentiful and simple precursors, such as amino acids , which are readily available from the diet and which require only a small number of biosynthetic steps to convert. (wikidoc.org)

Proteins2

• It results from accumulating metabolites of proteins and amino acids and concomitant failure of renal catabolic, metabolic, and endocrinologic processes. (medscape.com)
• Accumulating metabolites of proteins and amino acids affect the entire neuraxis. (medscape.com)

Concentrations2

• One controlled study kept mice on a ketogenic diet and measured kynurenic acid concentrations in different parts of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
• It found that the mice on the ketogenic diet had greater kynurenic acid concentrations in the striatum and hippocampus compared to mice on a normal diet, with no significant difference in the cortex. (wikipedia.org)

Bile2

• This compound has many biological roles, such as conjugation of bile acids , antioxidation , osmoregulation , membrane stabilization , and modulation of calcium signaling . (cloudfront.net)
• Any of the complex acids that occur as salts in bile, e.g., cholic, glycocholic, and taurocholic acids. (unboundmedicine.com)

Biosynthesis1

• Immunocytochemical evidence suggesting that diamine oxidase catalyzes biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid in antropyloric gastrin cells. (healthmatters.io)

Significant1

• The results show that this compound induced a significant reduction of the acid-induced writhing at doses ranging from 25 to 75 mg/kg. (researchgate.net)

Acetic2

• In this study, the antinociceptive activity of (-)-linalool was examined in two different pain models in mice: the acetic acid-induced writhing response, a model of inflammatory pain, and the hot plate test, a model of supraspinal analgesia. (researchgate.net)
• Glacial (highly purified) acetic acid contains at least 99.5% acetic acid by weight. (unboundmedicine.com)

Sulfamic1

• Studies on the physiological effects of sulfamic acid and ammonium sulfamate. (cdc.gov)

Glutamic1

• Glutamic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)

Increases2

• 100-fold increases in levels of guanidinosuccinic acid and guanidine, 20-fold increases in levels of methylguanidine, and 5-fold increase in levels of creatinine in various regions of the brain. (medscape.com)
• in diabetic ketoacidosis, when the conversion of fatty acids to ketones increases. (unboundmedicine.com)

Anticonvulsant1

• It acts as an antiexcitotoxic and anticonvulsant, most likely through acting as an antagonist at excitatory amino acid receptors. (wikipedia.org)

Urine3

• Kynurenic acid was discovered in 1853 by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in dog urine, which it was apparently named after. (wikipedia.org)
• High levels of kynurenic acid have been identified in human urine in certain metabolic disorders, such as marked pyridoxine deficiency and deficiency/absence of kynureninase. (wikipedia.org)
• C 4 H 8 O 3 , any of the acids present in the urine, esp. (unboundmedicine.com)

Mood disorders1

• Kynurenic acid is reduced in individuals with mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, especially during depressive episodes. (wikipedia.org)

Creatinine1

• Levels of some of the guanidine compounds, including guanidinosuccinic acid, methylguanidine, guanidine, and creatinine, increase in patients with uremia who are or who are not receiving dialysis. (medscape.com)

Arginine1

• C 10 H 18 N 4 O 6 , a compound intermediate in the synthesis of arginine, formed from citrulline and aspartic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)

Enzymes1

• C 20 H 32 O 2 , an omega-6 fatty acid formed by the action of enzymes on phospholipids in cell membranes. (unboundmedicine.com)

Tissues2

• 18448817 ). Proteolytic breakdown of these tissues can lead to the release of free 2-aminoadipic acid. (np-mrd.org)
• Taurine ( / ˈ t ɔː r iː n / ), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid , is a non-proteinogenic amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. (cloudfront.net)

Levels4

• Conversely, increased levels of kynurenic acid have also been linked to certain pathological conditions. (wikipedia.org)
• High levels of kynurenic acid have been identified in patients with tick-borne encephalitis, schizophrenia and HIV-related illnesses. (wikipedia.org)
• When researchers decreased the levels of kynurenic acid in the brains of mice, their cognition was shown to improve markedly. (wikipedia.org)
• 24091325 ). In particular, aminoadipic acid lowers fasting plasma glucose levels and enhances insulin secretion from human islets. (np-mrd.org)

Disease1

• The acid is a known carcinogen, and its use has been associated with and may cause end-stage renal disease and cancers of the urinary tract that may occur many years after usage has stopped. (unboundmedicine.com)

Result2

• As a result, kynurenic acid has been considered for use in therapy in certain neurobiological disorders. (wikipedia.org)
• What does it mean if your g-Aminobutyric Acid result is too low? (healthmatters.io)

Found2

• [6] The sulfonic acid has a low p K a [7] ensuring that it is fully ionized to the sulfonate at the pHs found in the intestinal tract. (cloudfront.net)
• The acid is found in many foods. (unboundmedicine.com)

Cells1

• A Buttery Taste to Vascular Biology: Endothelial Cells Generate and Release γ-Aminobutyric Acid. (healthmatters.io)

Contribute1

• In addition, D-enantiomers of amino acids and D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) have been observed to contribute to L-amino acid concentration. (encyclopedia.pub)

Form2

• Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine . (cloudfront.net)
• An acid reacts with a metal to form a salt, neutralizes bases, and turns litmus paper red. (unboundmedicine.com)