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Guanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsGuanine NucleotidesRho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factorsras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsGuanineGuanosine DiphosphateGuanosine TriphosphateNucleotidesProto-Oncogene Proteins c-vavGTP-Binding Proteinsras-GRF1Molecular Sequence Datacdc42 GTP-Binding ProteinADP-Ribosylation Factorsrac1 GTP-Binding Proteinrho GTP-Binding ProteinsAmino Acid Sequencerac GTP-Binding ProteinsGTPase-Activating ProteinsGTP Phosphohydrolasesrap1 GTP-Binding ProteinsrhoA GTP-Binding ProteinGuanine Nucleotide-Releasing Factor 2Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation InhibitorsGuanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)Guanylyl Imidodiphosphateral Guanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorProtein BindingSOS1 ProteinProtein Structure, TertiaryADP-Ribosylation Factor 1KineticsSignal Transductionrap GTP-Binding ProteinsSon of Sevenless Proteinsras ProteinsMutationrab GTP-Binding Proteinsral GTP-Binding ProteinsBase SequenceThionucleotidesSequence Homology, Amino AcidProteinsEukaryotic Initiation Factor-2BAdenine NucleotidesCell LineCloning, MolecularEnzyme ActivationCell MembraneCOS Cellsrho-Specific Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation InhibitorsBinding SitesAdenylate CyclaseProto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)rab5 GTP-Binding ProteinsPurine NucleotidesMonomeric GTP-Binding ProteinsAdaptor Proteins, Signal TransducingRecombinant Fusion ProteinsCell Cycle ProteinsIMP DehydrogenasePertussis Toxinp21-Activated KinasesGuanosine MonophosphatePolymorphism, Single NucleotideTransfectionVirulence Factors, BordetellaEscherichia coliGTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae Proteinsran GTP-Binding ProteinRecombinant ProteinsGuanine DeaminaseTwo-Hybrid System TechniquesPhosphorylationCoat Protein Complex IProtein TransportCarrier ProteinsModels, MolecularDNA3T3 CellsProto-Oncogene ProteinsModels, BiologicalActinsSequence AlignmentHeLa CellsCyclic AMPEukaryotic Initiation Factor-2rab1 GTP-Binding ProteinsHSP110 Heat-Shock ProteinsBrefeldin AFungal Proteinsrho Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor alphaAdenosine TriphosphateCells, CulturedAdenosine Diphosphate RiboseMagnesiumPlasmidsras GTPase-Activating Proteins

ProteinsGTPasesProteinGEFsGTPaseMeSHEncodesGeneticsCytosineRhoAAdenosineReceptorExpressionNerve growthCellularReceptorsBindingFamilyActivityFunctionsCellTopicArticleGrowth factorAlsinRapgef2ActivateEIF2BRegulateInhibitorRhoGEFGeneCharacterizationLARGNervous systemMRNADomainsMutationSequenceEukaryoticStructuresBoundRecruitmentBindsPromoteMemberInitiationExpressed in the brainAreaReportGeneticsPreviouslyPlay

Proteins9

• Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins or protein domains that activate monomeric GTPases by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). (wikipedia.org)
• Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins or protein domains involved in the activation of small GTPases. (wikipedia.org)
• Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. (ouhsc.edu)
• From these studies, the emerging picture is that the RLD is a versatile domain which may perform many different functions, including guanine nucleotide exchange on small GTP-binding proteins, enzyme inhibition or interaction with proteins and lipids. (nih.gov)
• The role of Mg2+ cofactor in the guanine nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis reactions of Rho family GTP-binding proteins. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
• The rationale of this organization may be related to important roles of these proteins as "exchange hubs" for the signaling proteins for their migration from the subcortical cytosol to the membrane. (frontiersin.org)
• The normal rate of Ras catalytic GTPase (GTP hydrolysis) activity can be increased by proteins of the RasGAP family, which bind to Ras and increase its catalytic rate by a factor of one thousand - in effect, increasing the rate at which Ras is inactivated. (bionity.com)
• The encoded protein belongs to a family of cytoplasmic proteins that activate the Ras-like family of Rho proteins by exchanging bound GDP for GTP. (antibodies-online.com)
• We have revealed the design principles and functions of "pH sensors" described as endogenous proteins regulated within the cellular pH range, including guanine nucleotide exchange factors regulating cell polarity (Frantz et al. (ucsf.edu)

GTPases7

• GTPases contain two loops called switch 1 and switch 2 that are situated on either side of the bound nucleotide. (wikipedia.org)
• The C9orf72 protein is predicted to be a differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells domain protein implying that C9orf72 functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) to regulate specific Rab GTPases. (bath.ac.uk)
• A novel group of bacterial virulence factors termed the WXXXE family has emerged as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for these GTPases. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
• Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)
• By another (separable) guanine exchange factor domain domain Sos modulates activity of Rac/Rho GTPases. (novusbio.com)
• In cell signalling , Son of Sevenless , or SOS , is a gene encoding a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that acts on Ras - GTPases . (bionity.com)
• SOS (and other guanine nucleotide exchange factors) act by binding Ras-GTPases and forcing them to release of their bound nucleotide (usually GDP). (bionity.com)

Protein8

• However, there are some similarities in how different GEFs alter the conformation of the G protein nucleotide-binding site. (wikipedia.org)
• Iyer, S , Subramanian, V & Acharya, KR 2018, ' C9orf72, a protein associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor ', PeerJ , pp. 1-29. (bath.ac.uk)
• This gene encodes a protein that has been shown to function as a guanine nucleotide release factor in mouse and to regulate the expression and function of the Nav1.5 cardiac sodium channel in human. (nih.gov)
• A rat gene, mss4, that encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Sec4 was recently cloned by its ability to rescue defects in protein transport of a yeast temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant, sec4-8. (elsevierpure.com)
• Metformin Enhances the Effect of Regorafenib and Inhibits Recurrence and Metastasis of Hepatic Carcinoma After Liver Resection via Regulating Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factors 2α (HIF-2α) and 30 kDa HIV Tat-Interacting Protein (TIP30). (cancerindex.org)
• Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. (novusbio.com)
• The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos (Son-of-sevenless) is a complex multidomain protein that activates the small GTPase Ras (H-Ras, K-Ras, N-Ras, but not functionally distinct R-Ras) in response to receptor tyrosine kinase stimulation. (novusbio.com)
• Researchers also treated an extensively tested line of neuronal cells with Rhosin, along with nerve growth factor, a protein that is important to the growth and survival of neurons. (cincinnatichildrens.org)

GEFs3

• Thus, GEFs both destabilize the GTPase interaction with GDP and stabilize the nucleotide-free GTPase until a GTP molecule binds to it. (wikipedia.org)
• TARP functions by binding two distinct Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), Sos1 and Vav2, in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner. (elsevierpure.com)
• The researchers also wanted to make sure Rhosin effectively blocked what are known as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). (cincinnatichildrens.org)

GTPase4

• These regions and the phosphate-binding loop of the GTPase interact with the phosphates of the nucleotide and a coordinating magnesium ion to maintain high affinity binding of the nucleotide. (wikipedia.org)
• The distinctive presence of both Rab- and Rho-GTPase GEF activities suggests that C9orf72 may function as a dual exchange factor coupling physiological functions such as cytoskeleton modulation and autophagy with endocytosis. (bath.ac.uk)
• We also show that dissociation of the GDP.Mg(2+) complex is preceded by the displacement of the metal ion to the alpha-phosphate of the nucleotide, diminishing its affinity to the GTPase. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
• Once released from SOS, the Ras-GTPase quickly binds fresh guanine nucleotide from the cytosol. (bionity.com)

MeSH1

• Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ouhsc.edu)

Encodes1

• HER2/neu (also called ERB B2 ) is the gene that encodes the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2. (cancerquest.org)

Genetics1

• We did not detect association between the remaining risk factors and neonatal FeNO levels.Increased FeNO in healthy newborns seems strongly influenced by genetics including father's atopy and child's variants in the DENND1B locus at chromosome 1q31.3. (nih.gov)

Cytosine3

• DNA is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the sugar attached to 1 of 4 possible nucleotide bases (adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine). (cdc.gov)
• These bases attach to each other in a specific pattern: adenosine:thymidine and cytosine:guanine. (cdc.gov)
• In the steps, adenine is paired with thymine and guanine is paired with cytosine. (msdmanuals.com)

RhoA2

• Structure of Shigella IpgB2 in complex with human RhoA: implications for the mechanism of bacterial guanine nucleotide exchange factor mimicry. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
• Northwestern Events Calendar: 10/5/2023 CAN SEMINAR SERIES: 'Altered Cortical Expression of a RhoA-specific Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor in Bipolar Disorder Causes Altered Synaptic Stability and Cognitive Dysfunction ' with Michael Cahill Ph.D. (northwestern.edu)

Adenosine1

• Binding to cAMP, the nucleotide cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate). (mcw.edu)

Receptor3

• The guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Vav is a crucial regulator of B cell receptor activation and B cell responses to nonrepetitive antigens. (ox.ac.uk)
• These results provide the first genetic evidence on the role of the guanine exchange factor Vav in immune responses to viral infections and antigenic challenge in vivo, and suggest that Vav adjusts the threshold for Ag receptor-mediated B cell activation depending on the nature of the Ag. (ox.ac.uk)
• This receptor is found in moderate levels on some normal cells and as the gene's name implies, it is involved in cellular responses to growth factors. (cancerquest.org)

Expression1

• Network analysis of disrupted genes with high brain expression identified significant enrichment in pathways of the cholinergic synapse, guanine-exchange factor activation and the mammalian target of rapamycin. (bmj.com)

Nerve growth1

• Rhosin worked with nerve growth factor in a dose-dependent way to promote the proliferation of branching neurites from the neuronal cells. (cincinnatichildrens.org)

Cellular1

• RasGRPs are guanine nucleotide exchange factors that are specific for Ras or Rap, and are important regulators of cellular signaling. (rcsb.org)

Receptors1

• The mammalian homologue similarly functions downstream of many growth factor and adhesion receptors. (bionity.com)

Binding3

• Dynein light chain LC8-nNOS from acto-myosin Va is possibly exchanged with shank, which thereafter facilitates transposition of nNOS for binding with palmitoyl-PSD95 at the nerve terminal membrane. (frontiersin.org)
• Nucleotide exchange activity of Sos is stimulated by allosteric Ras binding. (novusbio.com)
• As shown below, binding of the growth factor can lead to cell division. (cancerquest.org)

Family1

• The Sec7 domain is a guanine-nucleotide-exchange-factor (GEF) for the pfam00025 family. (nih.gov)

Activity1

• A variety of unrelated structural domains have been shown to exhibit guanine nucleotide exchange activity. (wikipedia.org)

Functions2

• The structure of alsin predicts that it functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). (medscape.com)
• SOS-1 is a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor that functions in the transduction of signals that control cell growth and differentiation 9,10 . (bvsalud.org)

Cell1

• P-Rex1, a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), was previously identified in this lab in a transcriptional screen for mediators of cell invasion. (gla.ac.uk)

Topic1

• This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors" by people in this website by year, and whether "Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ouhsc.edu)

Article1

• Is the Subject Area "Guanine nucleotide exchange factors" applicable to this article? (plos.org)

Growth factor1

• These phenotypes are dependent on Rac1, PI3 kinase and GPCR signalling and can be stimulated by growth factor mediated accumulation of PIP3. (gla.ac.uk)

Alsin1

• The structure of alsin predicts that it functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). (medscape.com)

Rapgef21

• Jiang SZ, Shahoha M, Tejeda HA, Ashery U, Eiden LE (2022) Hippocampal cAMP-dependent synaptic potentiation, ERK-dependent immediate-early gene activation, and context-dependent fear conditioning in mice are linked through dependence on the guanine nucleotide exchange factor RapGEF2. (nih.gov)

Activate1

• EFA6A is a member of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors that can specifically activate ADP ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6). (elsevierpure.com)

EIF2B2

• We identified the eIF2α phosphatases in yeast and made key contributions to elucidating the mechanism whereby phosphorylated eIF2 inhibits its GDP-GTP exchange factor, eIF2B, defining the catalytic and regulatory subcomplexes of eIF2B and their distinct roles in binding phosphorylated or nonphosphorylated eIF2. (nih.gov)
• TC abundance is reduced in starved cells by phosphorylation of eIF2α by Gcn2, converting eIF2 from substrate to inhibitor of its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) eIF2B. (nih.gov)

Regulate1

• Early accomplishments of the SNCGE in this area include discovering the novel regulatory mechanism that induces translation of GCN4 mRNA via small upstream ORFs (uORFs) in the mRNA leader by phosphorylation and inhibition of eIF2 by the kinase Gcn2, now understood to regulate expression of key transcription factors (Atf4 and Atf5) in mammals and implicated in learning and memory. (nih.gov)

Inhibitor4

• Nintedanib is a potent small molecule inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases PDGF receptor, FGF receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. (ersjournals.com)
• Nintedanib (international non-proprietary name), formerly known by its development code BIBF 1120, is a small molecule that was originally designed as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2. (ersjournals.com)
• As nintedanib is also an inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α and β, it was selected for development as a potential treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). (ersjournals.com)
• The interplay between the Escherichia coli Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor effectors and the mammalian RhoGEF inhibitor EspH. (kegg.jp)

RhoGEF2

• Through mutational analysis we show that full nucleotide exchange activity requires a novel N-terminal extension on the DH domain that is predicted to exist in a broader family of RhoGEFs that includes p115-RhoGEF, Lbc, Lfc, Net1, and Xpln, and identify regions within the LARG PH domain that contribute to its ability to facilitate nucleotide exchange in vitro. (rcsb.org)
• 2. Direct interaction of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor with leukemia-associated RhoGEF. (nih.gov)

Gene1

• 2023) Hippocampal delivery of neurotrophic factor-α1/carboxypeptidase E gene prevents neurodegeneration, amyloidosis, memory loss in Alzheimer's Disease male mice. (nih.gov)

Characterization1

• 1. Characterization of leukemia-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (LARG) expression during murine development. (nih.gov)

LARG1

• 18. The semaphorin receptor plexin-B1 signals through a direct interaction with the Rho-specific nucleotide exchange factor, LARG. (nih.gov)

Nervous system1

• Pathfinding of growing axons in the developing nervous system is guided by extracellular factors, which trigger a cascade of cytoplasmic signaling events that determine the direction of growth cone extension. (jneurosci.org)

MRNA1

• Rattus norvegicus rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 38-like (LOC102556447), transcript variant X2, mRNA. (genscript.com)

Domains1

• A variety of unrelated structural domains have been shown to exhibit guanine nucleotide exchange activity. (wikipedia.org)

Mutation1

• This mutation is an addition of a single building block of DNA (nucleotide). (nih.gov)

Sequence1

• 3. Molecular cloning, sequence and expression pattern analysis of the mouse orthologue of the leukemia-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor. (nih.gov)

Eukaryotic1

• How much of the eukaryotic genome codes for factors involved in cell signalling? (flashcardmachine.com)

Structures1

• Similar changes were previously observed in structures of nucleotide-free Ras and Ef-Tu. (rcsb.org)

Bound1

• Post-translational modification within the G4 and G5 motifs activates RAS by populating the GTP-bound "ON" state, either through enhancement of intrinsic guanine nucleotide exchange or impairing GAP-mediated down-regulation. (nih.gov)

Recruitment1

• However, factors associated with non-canonical ATG16L1 recruitment and CASM induction remain unknown. (babraham.ac.uk)

Binds1

• In starvation conditions, the reinitiating ribosomes bypass uORFs 2-4 and reinitiate at GCN4 instead, owing to lowered availability of the ternary complex (TC)-comprised of initiation factor 2 (eIF2), GTP, and initiator Met-tRNAi-which binds to the small (40S) ribosomal subunit to assemble a 43S preinitiation complex (PIC). (nih.gov)

Promote1

• Guanidine exchange factors promote the GTP activation of Rho GTPase's by catalyzing the exchange of GDP for GTP. (nih.gov)

Member1

• From a dominant loss-of-function genetic screen, this study discovered that mutations of a Dbl-family member, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor DRhoGEF2 ( DRhoGEF2 2(l)04291 ), suppressed the PTEN-overexpression eye phenotype. (sdbonline.org)

Initiation1

• ii) identifying a higher-order assembly of initiation factors 1, 2, 3, and 5-the multifactor complex (MFC)-and elucidating its roles in PIC assembly and accurate start codon selection. (nih.gov)

Expressed in the brain1

• We demonstrate that a newly identified guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GEFT, is widely expressed in the brain and highly concentrated in the hippocampus, and the Purkinje and granular cells of the cerebellum. (psu.edu)

Area1

• Is the Subject Area "Guanine nucleotide exchange factors" applicable to this article? (plos.org)

Report1

• We report a subtractive CRISPR screen that identifies factors required for non-canonical LC3 lipidation. (babraham.ac.uk)

Genetics1

• While genetics contributes to depression risk, so do environmental factors such as adverse life events and stress, particularly among individuals who develop depression later in life. (genomeweb.com)

Previously1

• Previously, treatment of a disease with biological factors and products which are treed in D24, required coordination of the disease with /therapy rather than /drug therapy. (nih.gov)

Play1

• A number of profibrotic mediators including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor-β are believed to play important roles in the pathogenesis of IPF. (ersjournals.com)