• The eIF2 protein is called an initiation factor because it is involved in starting (initiating) protein synthesis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • genes EIF2B1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) and is the guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) for eIF2. (amsterdamumc.org)
  • Activation of PKR leads to phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) on the α-subunit, which inhibits translation initiation by competing with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (eIF-2B) for the exchange of GDP for GTP on eIF2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • EIF2 - (Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2) is an eukaryotic initiation factor. (en-academic.com)
  • EIF2S1 is one subunit of the translation initiation factor EIF2, which catalyzes the first regulated step of protein synthesis initiation, promoting the binding of the initiator tRNA to 40S ribosomal subunits. (ptglab.com)
  • The translation initiation factor EIF2 catalyzes the first regulated step of protein synthesis initiation, promoting the binding of the initiator tRNA to 40S ribosomal subunits. (nih.gov)
  • Phosphorylation of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 by Heme-Regulated Inhibitor Kinase-Related Protein Kinases in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Is Important for Resistance to Environmental Stresses. (en-academic.com)
  • Under some conditions, eIF2B increases protein synthesis by helping to recycle molecules called GTP, which carry energy to the initiation factor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Under other conditions, it slows protein synthesis by binding tightly to the initiation factor, which converts the eIF2B protein into an inactive form and prevents recycling of GTP. (medlineplus.gov)
  • abstract = "Autosomal recessive mutations in eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) cause leukoencephalopathy vanishing white matter with a wide clinical spectrum. (amsterdamumc.org)
  • Mutations affecting the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) cause one of the most common leukodystrophies, the autosomal recessive childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination (CACH), or vanishing white matter disease (VWM). (medlink.com)
  • Under normal cellular conditions, eIF-2{alpha} productively interacts with eIF-2B, giving rise to guanine-nucleotide exchange activity that is essential for protein translation. (en-academic.com)
  • The eukaryotic translation initiation factor EIF-2B is a complex made up of five different subunits, alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon, and catalyses the exchange of EIF-2-bound GDP for GTP. (embl.de)
  • For example, they may impair the ability of one of the protein subunits to form a complex with the others, or make it more difficult for the protein to attach to the initiation factor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Furthermore, interferon leads to upregulation of MHC I and therefore to increased presentation of viral peptides to cytotoxic CD8 T cells, as well as to a change in the proteasome (exchange of some beta subunits by b1i, b2i, b5i - then known as the immunoproteasome) which leads to increased production of MHC I compatible peptides. (wikidoc.org)
  • A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that acts to restore EIF-2 to its GTP bound form . (dictionary.net)
  • Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ouhsc.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors" by people in this website by year, and whether "Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors" by people in Profiles. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Translation initiation factor eIF-2B subunit epsilon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF2B5 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scheper GC, Proud CG, van der Knaap MS. Defective translation initiation causes vanishing of cerebral white matter. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Many of these proteins were initially annotated as putative translation initiation factors despite the fact that there is no evidence for the requirement of an IF2 recycling factor in prokaryotic translation initiation. (embl.de)
  • It is required in the initiation of translation. (en-academic.com)
  • Heterogeneous population of RNA granules serve as motile units to translocate, store, translate, and degrade mRNAs in the dendrites contain cis -elements and trans -acting factors such as RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs to convey stimulus-, transcript-specific local translation. (frontiersin.org)
  • eukaryotic translation initiation f. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Recent evidence links synaptic plasticity and mRNA translation, via the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) and its only known substrate, eEF2. (nature.com)
  • In the brain, mRNA translation is a critical cellular mechanism, providing tailored responses to the different demands of general homeostasis and synaptic plasticity, and is regulated in both its initiation and elongation phases [ 6 ]. (nature.com)
  • The PKR is indirectly activated by the dsRNA (actually by 2'-5' oligoadenylate produced by the 2'-5' oligoadenylate-synthetase which is produced due to TLR3 activation), and begins transferring phosphate groups ( phosphorylating ) to a protein known as eIF-2 , a eukaryotic translation initiation factor. (wikidoc.org)
  • Initiation factor 2 binds to Met-tRNA, GTP and the small ribosomal subunit. (embl.de)
  • Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF-2 and release of an eIF-2-GDP binary complex. (ptglab.com)
  • This complex binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to form a 43S pre-initiation complex. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, Notch is responsible for the regulation of known stem cell factor genes. (nature.com)
  • Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. (ouhsc.edu)
  • The 26S proteasome is the principal ATP-dependent protease in eukaryotic cells and responsible for the majority of targeted protein turnover, both through the degradation of short-lived regulatory proteins and the clearance of damaged or misfolded polypeptides for protein-quality control ( Hershko and Ciechanover, 1998 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • It imports hundreds of nucleus-encoded proteins, and diverse metabolites are continuously exchanged across the two chromatophore envelope membranes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Often starting as a phagosome in the endocytic compartment, these bacteria-occupied vacuoles transition into organelles with novel molecular features via remodeling of host proteins and lipids through the highly coordinated actions of bacterial factors [3] [5] . (microbialcell.com)
  • When DNA damage occurs, a damage signal corresponding to the strand exchange protein RecA bound to single-stranded DNA causes the LexA repressor to be degraded, resulting in the induction of transcription of a large number of repair proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings imply that similar to the situation in mitochondria and plastids, also in P. chromatophora nuclear factors evolved that control metabolite exchange and gene expression in the chromatophore. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition to the cis -elements in its 3′UTR and trans -acting factor Staufen, posterior localization of oskar mRNA requires deposition of exon junction complex (EJC) in its first exon through splicing ( Hachet and Ephrussi, 2004 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we demonstrate that the epitope-tagged RNA binding protein, PABP, expressed separately in tumor cells and endothelial cells can be used to discriminate their respective mRNA targets from mixtures of these cells without significant mRNA reassortment or exchange. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Low concentrations of heme activate Heme-Regulated Inhibitor Kinase, which phosphorylates the Serine-51 of eIF-2{alpha}, and makes its interaction with eIF-2B nonproductive(eIF-2{alpha} sequesters eIF-2B). (en-academic.com)
  • Activation of PKR also leads to activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which is responsible for the increased expression of major components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A key element regulating the elongation phase is the eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF2) pathway [ 8 ]. (nature.com)
  • In order for eIF-2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF-2 must exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by eIF-2B. (ptglab.com)
  • Mutations linked to leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter impair the function of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B complex in diverse ways. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Two critical factors during this dauntingly complex process appear to be the establishment of metabolic connectivity between the symbiotic partners, and the evolution of nuclear control over protein expression levels within the organelle. (frontiersin.org)
  • Differential effects on the expression of the three transcription factor B ( tfb ) genes hint at a mechanism for the modulation of transcriptional patterns in response to DNA damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The material was named proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF), because of its ability to directly induce protein loss in murine myotubes and isolated muscle preparations, and because this was the name given to an unidentified factor in human serum, which was capable of inducing proteolysis in isolated muscle preparations [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepatocytes with large droplet (Ld-MaS) or small droplet (Sd-MaS) macrovesicular steatosis may coexist in the human liver, but the factors associated with the predominance of one type over the other, including hepatic fibrogenic capacity, are unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • The dsRNA acts like a trigger for the production of interferon (via Toll Like Receptor 3 ( TLR 3 ) a pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system which leads to activation of the transcription factor IRF3 and late phase NF kappa Beta). (wikidoc.org)
  • Complement C3a receptor 1 is the receptor for complement factor C3a, a component of the alternative complement cascade. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
  • In addition to humoral factors, tumour-derived molecules have also been proposed as mediators of cancer cachexia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the E-value for the IF-2B domain shown below is 2.4e-31. (embl.de)
  • HMG-box transcription factor 1 [Sou. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • activating transcription factor 3 [Sour. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • TFB3, which is strongly induced following UV irradiation, competes with TFB1 for binding to RNA polymerase in vitro , and may act as a repressor of transcription or an alternative transcription factor for certain promoters. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this work, we used cytotoxicity and enzymatic assays and morphological analysis to examine the effects of a proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF)-like molecule purified from ascitic fluid of Walker tumour-bearing rats (WF), which has been suggested to be responsible for muscle atrophy, on cultured C 2 C 12 muscle cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, the multiple cell types present in a tumor or organ are interdependent and exchange biochemical signals as a means of cell-cell communication [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Patients with advanced cancer suffer from cachexia, which is characterised by a marked weight loss, and is invariably associated with the presence of tumoral and humoral factors which are mainly responsible for the depletion of fat stores and muscular tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The endosymbiotic acquisition of mitochondria and plastids more than one billion years ago was central for the evolution of eukaryotic life. (frontiersin.org)
  • These results indicate that WF has similar effects to those of proteolysis-inducing factor, but is less potent than the latter. (biomedcentral.com)