• 2007. Sex chromosome-linked species recognition and evolution of reproductive isolation in flycatchers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secondary contact of closely related species may lead to hybridization if reproductive isolation is incomplete. (biorxiv.org)
  • Thus, areas of secondary contact between recently diverged species are required to study the evolution of reproductive barriers due to reinforcement. (biorxiv.org)
  • However, few studies have shown natural examples of rapid evolution giving rise to new species in marine environments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using microsatellite markers, we show the evolution of a new species of brown macroalga ( Fucus radicans ) in the Baltic Sea in the last 400 years, well after the formation of this brackish water body ~8-10 thousand years ago. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To identify incipient mechanisms of lineage divergence and isolation, we compared host choice, mate choice, and phenotypic divergence among natural grasshopper populations in zones of contact with populations encountering only one of the host species. (ksu.edu)
  • No evidence for reinforcement in the zone of contact was detected, suggesting that divergent selection for host plant use promotes sexual isolation in this species. (ksu.edu)
  • He focused his conference on the appearance of new species through evolution. (metode.org)
  • According to Roger Butlin, to understand how reproductive isolation is achieved to allow new species to appear, we need to take into account three main categories of driving forces: the mutation order process, which occurs when two populations evolve genetic differences due to the spread of new mutations that happen to occur only in one population or the other. (metode.org)
  • For our understanding of the process of speciation, this raises a question that has fascinated evolutionary biologists for a long time: If closely related species live in the same habitat, and individuals of different species are sexually attracted to each other, what is the reproductive barrier that keeps them distinct and prevents the separate species from blending back into one? (gigasciencejournal.com)
  • If the species are active at different times of the day, they are less likely to encounter specimens of their sister species, thus maintaining reproductive isolation. (gigasciencejournal.com)
  • Overall, the new high-quality assembly and annotation of these three species of Morpho butterflies reveal differences in chromosome numbers, the presence of several long inversions in the Z chromosome, and genetic divergence among copies of genes that may play a significant role in reproductive isolation. (gigasciencejournal.com)
  • Similar mechanisms have been described previously in other butterfly species, but this new work brings the emblematic Morpho butterflies into play as one of the organisms where fundamental questions of evolution can be studied at a detailed genomic level, and provide far greater understanding of the processes of speciation. (gigasciencejournal.com)
  • Reinforcement contact zones, which are secondary contact zones where species are diverging in reproductive behaviors due to selection against hybridization, represent natural laboratories for studying speciation-in-action. (fsu.edu)
  • Here, we examined replicate localities across the entire reinforcement contact zone between North American chorus frogs Pseudacris feriarum and P. nigrita to investigate geographic variation in hybridization frequencies and to assess whether reinforcement may have contributed to increased genetic divergence within species. (fsu.edu)
  • Previous work indicated these species have undergone reproductive character displacement (RCD) in male acoustic signals and female preferences due to reinforcement. (fsu.edu)
  • Furthermore, this work suggests that the dual action of cascade reinforcement and partial geographic isolation is promoting genetic diversification within one of the reinforced species. (fsu.edu)
  • The nature of the dynamics and continuity of population evolution makes it hard to define the concept of species. (biodiversity-science.net)
  • We discussed three geographical patterns of speciation (sympatric, parapatric, and allopatric speciation) and reviewed the corresponding empirical evidence from recent studies, based on the classical concept of biological species coined in terms of reproduction isolation. (biodiversity-science.net)
  • I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. (easynotecards.com)
  • The species boundaries are maintained by reproductive barriers. (easynotecards.com)
  • Steve's first science book for non-scientists The Evolution Explosion explored how human accelerate evolutionary change in the species around us. (stanford.edu)
  • Reproductive characteristics of two Hyperoliidae species (Afrixalus septentrionalis -Schiøtz 1974, and Hyperolius v. ngorongoriensis - Schiøtz 1975) from a miombo seasonal wetland in Northern Tanzania. (uc.edu)
  • Also, among organisms that reproduce only asexually , the concept of a reproductive species breaks down, and each clone is potentially a microspecies. (atozwiki.com)
  • Ernst Mayr emphasised reproductive isolation, but this, like other species concepts, is hard or even impossible to test. (atozwiki.com)
  • Post-mating and post-zygotic barriers on their own still result in wasted reproductive effort ( Butlin 1987 ) thus, pre-mating isolation is required to complete speciation and maximize fitness. (biorxiv.org)
  • suggesting that post-zygotic reproductive barriers are incomplete. (biorxiv.org)
  • It is a process in which the within population variation transforms into distinguishable groups of individuals through the evolution of intrinsic reproductive barriers [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We finally discussed the relationship between mating system, one of the pre-zygotic isolation barriers, and speciation. (biodiversity-science.net)
  • What are some reproductive barriers? (brainscape.com)
  • Her current research interests include speciation and reinforcement, mate choice, and learning with a particular focus on evolutionary mechanisms that promote premating (prezygotic) isolation. (wikipedia.org)
  • We investigated mechanisms of reproductive isolation in livebearing fishes (genus Poecilia) inhabiting sulfidic and nonsulfidic habitats in three replicate river drainages. (datadryad.org)
  • Although sulfide spring fish convergently evolved divergent phenotypes, it was unclear if mechanisms of reproductive isolation also evolved convergently. (datadryad.org)
  • Overall, reproductive isolation and genetic differentiation appear to be replicated and direct consequences of local adaptation to sulfide spring environments, but the relative contributions of different mechanisms of reproductive isolation vary across these evolutionarily independent replicates, highlighting both convergent and nonconvergent evolutionary trajectories of populations in each drainage. (datadryad.org)
  • The evolution of cognitive mechanisms in response to cultural innovations. (weebly.com)
  • 1) Fragmentation, Climate Change, and Landscape Genetics, 2) Biodiversity and Community Studies, 3) Conservation Genomics and Ancient DNA, and 4) Speciation Mechanisms and Reinforcement. (uc.edu)
  • Allopatric speciation results from geographic isolation between populations. (nature.com)
  • Early stages of lineage divergence in insect herbivores are often related to shifts in host plant use and divergence in mating capabilities, which may lead to sexual isolation of populations of herbivorous insects. (ksu.edu)
  • Using microsatellites, we found strongly reduced gene flow between adjacent populations from different habitat types, suggesting that local adaptation to sulfidic habitats repeatedly caused the emergence of reproductive isolation. (datadryad.org)
  • Reproductive isolation is the reduction in successful interbreeding between divergent populations. (metode.org)
  • Speciation requires that reproductive isolation evolves to completion, that is, to the point where either no mating occurs between populations or mating results only in unviable or sterile offspring. (metode.org)
  • Fig. 3 Allopatric speciation: The two populations evolve independently due to geographical isolation (without gene flow) and eventually produce reproductive isolation. (biodiversity-science.net)
  • It initially appeared that genetic data resolved the basic models of recent human evolution in favor of the "out-of-Africa replacement" hypothesis in which anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa about 150,000 years ago, started to spread throughout the world about 100,000 years ago, and subsequently drove to complete genetic extinction (replacement) all other human populations in Eurasia. (bioone.org)
  • As the authors point out in conclusion, "the study opens new avenues into the investigation of the ecological and genomic factors involved in sympatric speciation and its reinforcement. (gigasciencejournal.com)
  • Unfortunately, many of the genetic studies on recent human evolution have suffered from scientific flaws, including misrepresenting the models of recent human evolution, focusing upon hypothesis compatibility rather than hypothesis testing, committing the ecological fallacy, and failing to consider a broader array of alternative hypotheses. (bioone.org)
  • Konuma, J. & Chiba, S. (2007) Ecological character displacement caused by reproductive interference. (mapress.com)
  • Servedio and Noor 2003 ), or through the evolution of any kind of reproductive barrier as a by-product of ecological divergence (e.g. (springer.com)
  • By showing that hybridization occurs in all sympatric localities, this study provides the fifth and final line of evidence that reproductive character displacement is due to reinforcement in the chorus frog contact zone. (fsu.edu)
  • Servedio, M. R. & Noor, M. A. The role of reinforcement in speciation: theory and data. (nature.com)
  • mutation order , divergent selection and reinforcement . (metode.org)
  • Butlin, R. K. Reinforcement: an idea evolving. (nature.com)
  • Roger Butlin en el Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva. (metode.org)
  • Mate choice experiments revealed the evolution of assortative mating preferences in females from nonsulfidic but not from sulfidic habitats. (datadryad.org)
  • Reinforcement is the evolution of stronger assortative mating (the tendency of individuals in one population to reproduce with other individuals from the same population, rather than from a different population) as a result of low fitness of hybrid offspring produced by between-population matings. (metode.org)
  • Through integrative approaches and collaborations, she uses mathematical models along with experimental, genetic, and comparative techniques to draw conclusions on how evolution occurs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Natural selection acts on the phenotype, the characteristics of the organism which actually interact with the environment, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives that phenotype a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population . (handwiki.org)
  • While genotypes can slowly change by random genetic drift , natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution . (handwiki.org)
  • Genetic variability arises from mutations and recombination , while organisms themselves are mobile, leading to geographical isolation and genetic drift with varying selection pressures . (atozwiki.com)
  • Thus we show the potential for reinforcement to drive rapid allopatric speciation. (nature.com)
  • Many transgender women had the biological characteristics of women even though they had male reproductive organs. (debbieballard.org)
  • The male reproductive organs are formed late in the pregnancy, and many of those with any of the biological indicators have smaller than normal penis and the testicles are still up inside, sometimes not even in the inguinal canal. (debbieballard.org)
  • The addition of molecular genetics has led to evolutionary developmental biology , which explains evolution at the molecular level. (handwiki.org)
  • We further discussed the molecular genetics basis of postzygotic reproductive isolation and the evidence derived from analyses of applying population genomic data, including BDMI (Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility), QTLs (quantitative trait loci) analysis, Haldane's rule and the large X-chromosome effects. (biodiversity-science.net)
  • Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 79, 231-239. (mapress.com)
  • In addition, basic work on the molecular evolution of reproductive isolation and its influence on patterns of speciation uses marine model systems such as sea urchins. (stanford.edu)
  • This work is expanding our view of the evolution of gamete morphology and the genes involved. (stanford.edu)
  • In each case, match the various descriptions of frogs below with the appropriate reproductive barrier listed. (easynotecards.com)
  • She served as Vice President of the American Society of Naturalists in 2018 as well as serving as handling editor for Evolution since 2015. (wikipedia.org)
  • He clipped fish fins and handled a laser beam to shoot at reproductive organs of worms. (gigasciencejournal.com)
  • in some cases, the doctors may not even know, without an MRI or CAT scan whether the reproductive organs are ovaries or testes. (debbieballard.org)
  • Despite many examples that show that mating signals in urban conditions differ from those in rural conditions, we do not know whether these differences provide a combined reproductive and survival benefit to the urban phenotype. (bvsalud.org)
  • The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical genetics formed the modern synthesis of the mid-20th century. (handwiki.org)
  • Starting with "mitochondrial Eve" in 1987, genetics has played an increasingly important role in studies of the last two million years of human evolution. (bioone.org)
  • As more and more loci became available, genetics will undoubtedly offer additional insights and resolutions of human evolution. (bioone.org)
  • His research group studies the genetics, evolution, conservation, population biology and systematics of a diverse array of marine organisms. (stanford.edu)
  • Her research spans a wide range of topics in evolutionary biology from sexual selection to evolution of behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • He has been the past president of European Society of Evolutionary Biology (ESEB) for 2013-2015 and was awarded in 2015 the Darwin-Wallace Medal of the Linnean Society of London to his outstanding contribution to research on Evolution. (metode.org)
  • It's a theory that links the evolution of the mammalian autonomic nervous system to social behavior and emphasis, the importance of physiological state, of the expression of behavior problems. (lornebrown.com)
  • Given 20-30 thousand years of this kind of evolution, the omega males would reproduce more often, with their sons being even more feminine. (debbieballard.org)
  • The inferred strength of sexual selection against immigrants (RIs) was negatively correlated with the strength of natural selection (RIm), a pattern that could be attributed to reinforcement, whereby natural selection strengthens behavioral isolation due to reduced hybrid fitness. (datadryad.org)
  • Other factors affecting reproductive success include sexual selection (now often included in natural selection) and fecundity selection . (handwiki.org)
  • Daito, Y., Hiramoto, M. & Yoshimoto, Y. (1998) Development of post- mating isolation in the Tago's brown frogs (Rana) II. (mapress.com)
  • We show that reinforcing natural selection has resulted in significant premating isolation of a population in the contact zone not only from the other lineage but also, incidentally, from the closely related main range of its own lineage. (nature.com)
  • Natural selection and the reinforcement of mate recognition. (progenesis.ch)
  • Evolution of learning and levels of selection: a lesson from avian parent-offspring communication. (weebly.com)
  • In other words, natural selection is a key process in the evolution of a population. (handwiki.org)
  • The model of recent human evolution that emerges from a statistical hypothesis-testing framework does not correspond to any of the traditional models of human evolution, but it is compatible with fossil and archaeological data. (bioone.org)
  • It is a key mechanism of evolution , the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. (handwiki.org)
  • Her dissertation was titled "Preferences, signals and evolution: theoretical studies of mate choice copying, reinforcement, and aposematic coloration. (wikipedia.org)
  • And traditionally people have thought that mutation order processes only happen in spatial isolation. (metode.org)
  • 2003. The role of reinforcement in speciation: theory and data meet. (wikipedia.org)
  • Modelling how cleaner fish approach an ephemeral reward task demonstrates a role for ecologically tuned chunking in the evolution of advanced cognition. (weebly.com)
  • Rapid chromosomal evolution in island mice. (progenesis.ch)
  • This reproductive mode is likely to have facilitated the rapid foundation of the new taxon. (biomedcentral.com)