• 2005) revealed that the majority of CNVs were shared between the human and chimpanzee genomes, but approximately one-third of the CNVs observed in the human genome were unique to our species. (nature.com)
  • Genomic structural variants constitute the majority of variable base pairs in primate genomes and affect gene function in multiple ways. (nature.com)
  • To understand the evolution of this gene, we analyzed mammalian and primate genomes within a comparative framework. (nature.com)
  • When two genomes from the same primate species are compared with each other, structural variants constitute 2 to 7 times more base pair differences than single nucleotide variants 2 . (nature.com)
  • When comparing the human genome to related primate or mammalian genomes two major classes change are: single base pair substitutions and larger structural rearrangements such as insertion of new DNA. (escholarship.org)
  • Human Accelerated Region 1 (HAR1) is defined as the region of the human genome most significantly changed since we diverged from chimpanzees as it contains 18 substitutions in a 118bp region that has been conserved in our genomes from chicken to chimpanzee at 96% identity. (escholarship.org)
  • We conducted a comprehensive genomic analysis of glycolytic enzymes in the human and mouse genomes and identified several intronless copies for all enzymes in the pathway, except Pfk . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our analysis detected frequent, recent, and lineage-specific retrotransposition of orthologous glycolytic enzymes in the human and mouse genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • And indeed, no one would ever mistake a chimpanzee genome for a human genome, in part because they differ in DNA amount and chromosome number (human chromosome 2 is a product of fusion of what remain as two separate chromosomes in other great apes). (science20.com)
  • This study focuses on two subjects: the divergences between human and the great apes, and an in-depth research of the divergence between human and chimpanzee using a relatively large data set. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • It is located in an intronic sequence of the DGKB gene on chromosome 7 and is highly conserved in Hominidae (the great apes), but absent from Hylobatidae (gibbon and siamang). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the gene SRY , which by default triggers male development. (iiab.me)
  • In mammals, the Y chromosome contains a gene, SRY , which triggers embryonic development as a male. (iiab.me)
  • The question is, how many of these gene families show gain or loss of numbers during mammalian evolution? (blogspot.com)
  • Here, we focus on the salivary mucin-7 gene ( MUC7 ) to study the evolution and functional impact of subexonic repeats. (nature.com)
  • a) Genomic location, organization and subexonic copy number variation of the MUC7 gene in the human reference genome (GRCh37/hg19). (nature.com)
  • There he did research on the X chromosome, with hopes of someday finding the gay gene or genes themselves. (geeayewhy.com)
  • Structural variants (SVs) play a crucial role in gene regulation, trait association, and disease in humans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Copy number variations (CNVs) have been linked to dozens of human diseases, but can they also represent the genetic variation that was so essential to our evolution? (nature.com)
  • I used molecular, genetic and biochemical methods to assign HAR1 RNAs a cellular function, and to test the hypothesis that the HAR1 containing RNAs contribute to human specific features of brain development. (escholarship.org)
  • Reproductive compatibility (which is not synonymous with reproductive isolation) clearly demonstrates a close genetic relationship (such as the same number of chromosomes). (educatetruth.com)
  • Theistic evolution affirms neo-Darwinian evolution (a.k.a., the "new synthesis") which affirms that all organisms descended from a common ancestor via natural selection and genetic mutations over the course of about 3.8 billion years. (bagbyministries.org)
  • Even if evolution could explain biological similarities - which is debatable - how does evolution explain the vast differences - particularly genetic differences - between organisms? (bagbyministries.org)
  • Hamer had just published a study that claimed not only to have finally proved that male homosexuality was at least partially genetic but also to have pinpointed the stretch of chromosome where one of the genes involved resided. (geeayewhy.com)
  • Language is a complex communicative behavior unique to humans, and its genetic basis is poorly understood. (comparative-cognition-and-behavior-reviews.org)
  • Here, we review these recent findings that implicate genetic factors in human speech. (comparative-cognition-and-behavior-reviews.org)
  • We therefore discuss how songbird studies have contributed to the current understanding of genetic factors that impact human speech, and support the continued use of this animal model for such studies in the future. (comparative-cognition-and-behavior-reviews.org)
  • For the genetic algorithm, see Chromosome (genetic algorithm) . (wikipedia.org)
  • A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The idea that the Y chromosome was named after its similarity in appearance to the letter "Y" is mistaken. (iiab.me)
  • Humans have ~150 primate-specific KZNFs that could recruit KAP1-corepressor complex through their KRAB domain to target active or recently active mobile elements for transcriptional repression. (escholarship.org)
  • [1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
  • The X and Y chromosomes are thought to have evolved from a pair of identical chromosomes, [11] [12] termed autosomes, when an ancestral animal developed an allelic variation, a so-called "sex locus" - simply possessing this allele caused the organism to be male. (iiab.me)
  • More recently, both aneuploidy and chromosomal translocations have been causally implicated in human cancers . (nature.com)
  • Indeed, for as long as cytogeneticists have studied chromosomes under microscopes, they have observed variations in chromosomal structure. (nature.com)
  • In yet another example of a phenotypic link to a chromosomal anomaly, in humans, the duplication of part or all of chromosome 21 has been associated with Down syndrome . (nature.com)
  • Although the number of SVs (20-30 k) is less abundant than single-nucleotide variants (SNVs, 3-4 M), these can cause more than three times more base-pair differences among humans than SNVs [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Y is normally the sex-determining chromosome in many species, since it is the presence or absence of Y that typically determines the male or female sex of offspring produced in sexual reproduction . (iiab.me)
  • Their data showed that almost all animal species on Earth today emerged about the same time as humans. (educatetruth.com)
  • And, the mutation rate based on phylogenic evolutionary relationships suggests that all of these tens of thousands of different species, including humans, came into existence between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago. (educatetruth.com)
  • In a broad sense, a genome can be considered as the collective set of genes, non-coding DNA sequences, and all their variants that are located within the chromosomes of members of a given species. (science20.com)
  • In terms of DNA sequences on a large scale, members of the same species are extremely similar: overall, any two human beings are probably about 99.9% the same genetically. (science20.com)
  • Modern humans as a species arose, like every other species currently on Earth, from common ancestors. (sciencemeetsreligion.org)
  • Contrary to what some might think, the mitochondrial mutation rate used here was not determined by any sort of direct analysis, but by supposed phylogenic evolutionary relationships between humans and chimps. (educatetruth.com)
  • Thus, even though humans and chimpanzees are about 98% identical in terms of their DNA sequences, there is still such as thing as a 'human genome' and a 'chimpanzee genome' rather than a continuum with humans and chimps at two mildly divergent extremes. (science20.com)
  • Nine basepair deletion of COII/tRNA Lys intergenic region had occurred in two clades. (scialert.net)
  • The first are known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, 'snips') and are as their name implies: differences at the level of single base pairs that are present in at least 1% of the population. (science20.com)
  • The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines "evolution" as "a theory that the various types of animals and plants have their origin in other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations" [ Merriam2009 ]. (sciencemeetsreligion.org)
  • The Human Genome Project has generated 3 Giga base pairs (bp) of DNA that can be visualized and analyzed on the UCSC Genome Browser. (escholarship.org)
  • Two independent research groups reported draft sequences of the human genome in February 2001: the publicly-funded and internationally collaborative Human Genome Project and the private company headed by J. Craig Venter known as Celera Genomics . (science20.com)
  • The Human Genome Project, being a public effort, had an official policy of releasing all sequence data to public databases within 24 hours of completion, thereby making the information freely available to anyone who carried a copy of the 'human genome' in their cells. (science20.com)
  • Several convergent lines of evidence show that mitochondrial diversity in modern humans follows from sequence uniformity followed by the accumulation of largely neutral diversity during a population expansion that began approximately 100,000 years ago. (educatetruth.com)
  • It is estimated that there are some 3 million SNPs in the human genome (definition #1), with one occurring about every 100-300 base pairs along the more than 3 billion base pair sequence. (science20.com)
  • The average sequence divergence was only 1.24% ± 0.07% for the human-chimpanzee pair, 1.62% ± 0.08% for the human-gorilla pair, and 1.63% ± 0.08% for the chimpanzee-gorilla pair. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • To study the genomic divergences among hominoids and to estimate the effective population size of the common ancestor of human and chimpanzee we selected 53 autosomal intergenic noncoding DNA segments from the human genome and sequenced them in a human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • on average, the sections of Neanderthal DNA that have been recovered and sequenced are 99.5% identical to that of humans -- but these, too, are considered to be part of a separate genome. (science20.com)
  • Because the DNA sequences of even close family members are not identical, it can also be said that each individual carries a unique genome consisting of the DNA in his or her chromosomes. (science20.com)
  • The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes ( allosomes ) in mammals, including humans , and many other animals. (iiab.me)
  • Most therian mammals have only one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. (iiab.me)
  • The Y chromosomes of humans and other mammals also contain other genes needed for normal sperm production. (iiab.me)
  • [18] This re-estimation of the age of the therian XY system is based on the finding that sequences that are on the X chromosomes of marsupials and eutherian mammals are present on the autosomes of platypus and birds. (iiab.me)
  • It has been argued that the ability to hybridize should be limited to taxa of the same genus, which has been proposed for the classification of mammals (American Museum Novitates 2635:1-25, 1977) but not birds. (educatetruth.com)
  • Likewise, Collins talks about how humans share many similar genes with other mammals and even non-mammals, and he affirms that this "provides powerful support for Darwin's theory of evolution" (Collins, 126-129). (bagbyministries.org)
  • Mammals first appeared approximately 175 million years ago, and modern humans first appeared approximately 300,000 years ago. (sciencemeetsreligion.org)
  • If one conservatively estimates that 10% of these directly touch on evolutionary science, and if one disregards papers in the other tabulated fields (chemistry, physics, geosciences, medical sciences, etc.) that may be relevant to evolution, then one still has at least 35,000 papers per year on some aspect of evolutionary science. (sciencemeetsreligion.org)
  • [7] All Y-linked genes are expressed and (apart from duplicated genes) hemizygous (present on only one chromosome) except in the cases of aneuploidy such as XYY syndrome or XXYY syndrome . (iiab.me)
  • However, there is no study to our knowledge that specifically investigated the evolution of copy number variable subexonic repeats from their initial emergence as functional units to the adaptive constraints and mutational properties that contributed to their extant variation in primates. (nature.com)
  • MUC7 provides an opportunity to assess the broader implications of subexonic repeat variation within the context of the functional evolution of the mucin functional group and primate salivary adaptation. (nature.com)
  • Nevertheless, complete genome sequencing, though conducted primarily under definition #1, has revealed two major sources of variation among individuals. (science20.com)
  • Their restricted expression profile suggests that retrotransposition may play a significant role in the evolution of sperm glycolytic enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Population genetics tells us that the greatest population bottleneck in our history occurred about 80,000 years ago, when the human population was reduced to 15,000-20,000 breeding pairs. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular Genetics of Human Reproductive Failure. (infertile.com)
  • and human spermatogenic stem cell culture to treat azoospermia, and to preserve fertility in pre-pubertal boys undergoing cancer treatment. (infertile.com)
  • Sexual selection defines evolution and creation-such a major -player in determining society-and we have no idea how it works. (geeayewhy.com)
  • The last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees lived roughly 6 million years ago. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • Until recently, the X and Y chromosomes were thought to have diverged around 300 million years ago. (iiab.me)
  • If evolution is true, then we would expect to see biological similarities in organisms. (bagbyministries.org)
  • Neither Gingerich nor Collins attempts to demonstrate that evolution explains biological similarities better than YEC. (bagbyministries.org)
  • We demonstrate that human ZNF93 recognizes L1PA4, and show that in the last common ancestor of humans and gorilla, a new family of L1, L1PA2, evaded this response by loss of the ZNF93 binding site. (escholarship.org)
  • 1. How long are the days in Genesis 1? (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • First, MUC7 carries subexonic repeats that are 69 bp (23 amino acids) long and are copy number variable in humans 5 . (nature.com)
  • For that matter, scientists do not "believe" in evolution, nor do they say that evolution is "proven. (sciencemeetsreligion.org)
  • All that matters is that the events described in Genesis 1 cover a period of billions of years, and are presented in an incorrect order. (freethoughtblogs.com)
  • Genesis 1-11, along with Exodus 20:11, indicates that God created everything described in Genesis 1-2 in six 24-hour days around 6,000-7,500 years ago. (bagbyministries.org)
  • [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among humans, some men have two Xs and a Y ("XXY", see Klinefelter syndrome ), or one X and two Ys (see XYY syndrome ), and some women have three Xs or a single X instead of a double X ("X0", see Turner syndrome ). (iiab.me)
  • It is entirely coincidental that the Y chromosome, during mitosis, has two very short branches which can look merged under the microscope and appear as the descender of a Y-shape. (iiab.me)
  • In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
  • Economies in Japan, the United States, southern Europe, and even China are threatened by a decreasing population of young people having to support an increasing population of elderly and retirees [1]. (infertile.com)
  • The Y chromosome was identified as a sex-determining chromosome by Nettie Stevens at Bryn Mawr College in 1905 during a study of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor . (iiab.me)
  • Recently, a collaboration of international research laboratories has begun compiling a complete catalog of existing CNVs in the human genome. (nature.com)
  • This pioneer research has significant impacts on future studies in molecular evolution. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Part of this misconception may be due to the fact that relatively few people are aware of the extensive scope of scientific research in general, and of research on evolution in particular. (sciencemeetsreligion.org)
  • In any event, claims such as "evolution is just a theory," as well as other arguments of a purely philosophical, social or historical nature, have no currency in the real world of scientific research one way or the other (see Postmodern ). (sciencemeetsreligion.org)
  • Gingerich mentions that human DNA is similar to the DNA of other organisms, and he implies that this supports evolution (Gingerich, 12). (bagbyministries.org)
  • These data indicate that human FOXP2 exerts a greater neurogenic effect, which is perhaps significant for the construction of the brain, including neural circuits involved in language processing. (comparative-cognition-and-behavior-reviews.org)
  • This seemingly stealth-like amplification, ongoing at a very low rate over millions of years of evolution, suggests that this shared insertion may represent an ancient backseat driver of Alu element expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fourteen years later, neither Bocklandt nor any other researcher has pinpointed the precise base pairs that might turn a man gay. (geeayewhy.com)
  • Although first observed in the 19th century, their structures were not identified until in the 1960s and their presence and fuller relevance in the human genome only clarified in the last few years. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • We provide evidence for the evolution of a lineage-specific subfamily of this shared Alu insertion in orangutans and possibly the lineage leading to humans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the most common misconceptions in the public scientific arena is that evolution is "just a theory. (sciencemeetsreligion.org)
  • This distinction is the root of the widespread misunderstanding of the phrase "theory of evolution. (sciencemeetsreligion.org)
  • Evolution is most certainly not termed a "theory" because it is a sketchy conjecture that has never been seriously tested, but instead because it is a general principle with substantial explanatory power and falsifiability that has withstood very rigorous scrutiny over an extended period of time (see summary below). (sciencemeetsreligion.org)
  • Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hamer and his colleagues conducted extensive interviews with 76 pairs of gay brothers and their family members and found that homosexuality seemed to be inherited through the maternal line. (geeayewhy.com)
  • In keeping with this outlook, the HGP implemented procedures intended to circumvent the focus on individuality and to keep their results in line with definition #1. (science20.com)
  • For that matter, evolution touches numerous other fields outside the life sciences, including organic chemistry, physics, mathematics and computer science. (sciencemeetsreligion.org)
  • The purpose of this review is to summarize science-based new treatments for human reproductive failure and future developments. (infertile.com)