• The ubiquitin, once it reaches its destination, ends up being attached by an isopeptide bond to a lysine residue, which is part of the target protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • The final step in the first ubiquitylation event is an attack from the target protein lysine amine group, which will remove the cysteine, and form a stable isopeptide bond. (wikipedia.org)
  • E3 ubiquitin ligases catalyze polyubiquitination events much in the same way as the single ubiquitylation mechanism, using instead a lysine residue from a ubiquitin molecule currently attached to substrate protein to attack the C-terminus of a new ubiquitin molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • The secretin complex of Thermus thermophilus is an oligomer of the 757-residue PilQ protein, essential for DNA uptake and pilus extrusion. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition, activation by phosphorylation of the serine residue at position 40 of NRF2 is increased in the cytoplasm of wt-ORF6-expressing cells, supporting the presence of an altered redox state, although NRF2 nuclear translocation is hindered by the viral protein to fully antagonize the cell response. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, wt-ORF6 leads to phosphorylation of a stress-activated serine/threonine protein kinase, p38 MAPK, suggesting a role of the viral protein in regulating p38 activation. (bvsalud.org)
  • cAMP exerts its effects by activating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which transduces the signal through phosphorylation of different target proteins. (nih.gov)
  • A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
  • FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
  • Measuring protein phosphorylation and expression in glioblastoma cells across 40 signaling pathway nodes in response to different drugs and for different oxygen tensions revealed that SHP2 antagonism has network-level, context-dependent signaling consequences that affect cell phenotypes (e.g., cell death) in unanticipated ways. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In human cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1 the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is activated but phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) and total shutoff of protein synthesis is observed only in cells infected with gamma(1)z34.5- mutants. (scienceopen.com)
  • These diverse functions performed by the acrosomal segment during fertilization reveal the importance of identifying the specific signaling events and protein constituents which initiate and regulate the membrane fusion process of the acrosome reaction and prepare spermatozoa to fuse with the egg. (ommegaonline.org)
  • As an indicator of downstream apoptotic events in response to bortezomib treatment, the protein expression of BIM splice variant was increased upon bortezomib treatment. (mi-rna.com)
  • Neurons from patients with fAD and patients with sAD showed increased phosphorylation of TAU protein at all investigated phosphorylation sites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BAX translocation, Bim phosphorylation, cytochrome c release, and caspases 9 and 3 activation were measured by Western blot or immunofluorescence. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • PTPN2 silencing and exposure to type I and II IFNs induced BAX translocation to the mitochondria, cytochrome c release, and caspase 3 activation. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In contrast, phosphorylation of Parkin by PINK1 is dispensable for its translocation but required for its activation. (sdbonline.org)
  • Taken together, these findings suggest that autophosphorylation of PINK1 is essential for the mitochondrial translocation of Parkin and for subsequent phosphorylation and activation of Parkin. (sdbonline.org)
  • It has been known for many years that the fundamental transforming event in BL is the translocation of the MYC gene, and the events that bring about this translocation and those that allow cells to survive with the constitutive expression of MYC have been the subject of intense investigation. (bmj.com)
  • Mitochondria are the energy producing organelles in eukaryotic cell providing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
  • This activates cascade of events which, in the end, affects oxidative status of the cells and provides robust protection against oxidative challenge. (springer.com)
  • Oxidative stress is an inescapable concomitant of the life of aerobic organisms, given that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by energy generation by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phosphorylation of PINK1 is not only required for the PINK1-mediated mitochondrial recruitment of Parkin but also induces its kinase activity toward Parkin. (sdbonline.org)
  • Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) / SHAGGY kinase (SGG) are multifunctional non receptor serine/threonine kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LKB1 is a serine/threonine kinase mutated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), implicated in many cellular processes including energy metabolism, cell polarization and cell cycle arrest and has also been shown to play an essential role as a tumor suppressor gene by negatively regulating the mTOR pathway. (scirp.org)
  • Sema 3A mediated retraction appears to be related to its binding to Npn 1 and Plxn A2 receptors, thus activating the downstream Fyn tyrosine kinase pathway that promotes the threonine-serine kinase cyclin-dependent kinase 5, CDK5, phosphorylation at the Tyr15 residue and the CDK5 processing to generate the active fragment p35. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Collectively the data suggest that EBNA3C interacts with Gadd34, activating the upstream component of the UPR (eIF2α phosphorylation) while preventing downstream UPR events (XBP1 activation and ATF6 cleavage). (scienceopen.com)
  • Using LC-MS/MS analysis, Serine 346 was identified as the sole autophosphorylation site of Drosophila PINK1 and it was found that substitution of Serine 346 to Alanine completely abolishes the PINK1 autophosphorylation. (sdbonline.org)
  • This is a relatively rapid event, with Nrf2 exhibiting a short half-life of approximately 20 min [ 6 ]. (springer.com)
  • We presently evaluated the mechanisms by which PTPN2 , a candidate gene for T1D, modulates β-cell apoptosis after exposure to type I and II interferons (IFNs), cytokines that contribute to β-cell loss in early T1D. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced CYP2E1 induction count in stabilisation against proteo- lytic turnover outstanding to stop of kinase-dependent phosphorylation of serine residues in 2E1 that normally signal proteosomal degradation. (ul-online.ru)
  • Studies reveal that chronic exposure of T cells to TNF uncouples TCR signal transduction pathways by impairing the assembly and stability of the TCR/CD3 complex at the cell surface. (biomedcentral.com)
  • That reason, the inflammatory retort increases with the horde of exposures and not during the separate view to a higher concentration of the antigen. (ul-online.ru)
  • As important regulators of alternative splicing (AS) events, serine/arginine (SR)-rich proteins play indispensable roles in the growth and development of organisms. (bvsalud.org)
  • We also found that SRC-3 depletion in cultured HESCs results in a significant attenuation in the induction of a wide-range of established biomarkers of decidualization, despite exposure of these cells to a deciduogenic stimulus and normal progesterone receptor expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • The present study was designed to evaluate whether those receptor subtypes also colocalize at the central nervous system to mutually interact, and whether their expression and colocalization are regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes, as they are in human chromaffin cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
  • Beyond this protective role, Mrr can inflict chromosomal DNA damage that elicits the SOS response in the host cell upon heterologous expression of specific methyltransferases such as M.HhaII, or after exposure to high pressure (HP). (uci.edu)
  • Upon prolonged high intracellular rises in Ca 2+ , platelets develop a procoagulant phenotype that is characterized by the surface membrane exposure of phosphatidylserine and by the inactivation of integrin α IIb β 3 (procoagulant platelet population) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In another embodiment, serine-67 is present in a peptide of less than 30 amino acids that comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 4. (justia.com)
  • These results strongly circumscribe the possible mechanisms of PINK1 action in the mitochondrial life cycle and also raise the possibility that mitochondrial turnover events that occur in cultured embryonic axons might be restricted to the cell body in vivo, in the intact nervous system. (sdbonline.org)
  • Based on a single ancestral gene in the last common ancestor of all land plants, paralogs were acquired and retained through paleopolyploidization events, resulting in six to eight genes in angiosperms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among all OsSR genes, 14 genes exhibited NAGNAG acceptors, and only four OsSR genes had AS events on the NAGNAG acceptors. (bvsalud.org)
  • The hierarchy of T-cell dysfunction from peripheral blood to inflamed joint suggests that these defects are acquired through prolonged exposure to proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More recent duplication events have increased the number up to ten in some lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The synteny analysis revealed that segmental duplication events were critical for the expansion of OsSR gene family. (bvsalud.org)
  • Subsequently, a cascade of signaling events initiated by the preconditioning stress establishes delayed protection. (jneurosci.org)
  • When endothelium is physically damaged or becomes dysfunctional, a cascade of immunologically-mediated events is precipitated. (medscape.com)
  • Next, a transthiolation reaction occurs, in which an E2 cysteine residue attacks and replaces the E1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (lookformedical.com)
  • We sought to identify PKA phosphorylation sites in PLIN5 and assess their functional relevance in cultured cells and the livers of mice. (uci.edu)
  • This chapter aims to explore this theme in more depth, beginning with an outline of the molecular events that dictate the differentiation of T helper (Th) cells at the outset of adaptive immune responses in regional lymph nodes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is now good evidence that there exists a coordinated programme of molecular events initiated at the outset of T-cell differentiation that leads to the generation of CD4 + Th effector cells [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function. (lookformedical.com)
  • relevant active site residues of SXN motif are nearly identical (Ser 110 and Asn 112 of sPBP5 vs. Ser 109 and Asn 111 of sDacD). (phosphorylaseinhibitors.com)
  • The close resemblance in the orientation topology of the active-site residues of sDacD with sPBP5 may explain the similarity in enzymatic activities during deacylation. (phosphorylaseinhibitors.com)
  • Mapk8 is a member of the MAP kinase group that is activated by dual phosphorylation at thr and tyr residues during exposure to stress such as UV irradiation. (creativebiomart.net)
  • This feedback amplifies the cycle of inflammation-mediated events and the release of acute phase reactants (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Recent evidence suggests that the risk of clinical events is related not only to local factors within the atherosclerotic plaque (such as the state of the necrotic core or the fibrous cap), but also to blood-borne or systemic factors. (medscape.com)
  • According to a common concept of thrombosis and hemostasis, damage or injury of a vessel wall and ensuing exposure of extracellular matrix components to the blood stream triggers platelets from the circulation to become adherent and to assemble into a thrombus, thus limiting the extravasation of blood ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. (lookformedical.com)
  • In contrast, the etiology of the remaining 95% cases of late-onset AD, often referred to as sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD), requires further investigation owing to the various factors involved in the pathology, including genetic and environmental exposures [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the conserved first step, an E1 cysteine residue attacks the ATP-activated C-terminal glycine on ubiquitin, resulting in a thioester Ub-S-E1 complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2, 3] Recent infection may also serve as an acute precipitant of vascular events, including stroke. (medscape.com)